◆ because/since/as/for
这四个词都是表示原因或理由的连接词,但是as,because,since是从属连词,引导原因状语从句,for是并列连词,所引导的不是原因状语从句,而是表示理由的对等句子,是对前面所讲内容补充和说明。在语气上由强至弱依次为because→since→as→for。because引导的从句多置于句末,表示直接的原因或理由,表示产生那种结果的必然的因果关系,在回答why的提问时,必须用because作答。 如:We stayed at home because it rained.因为下雨我们呆在家里。
as与since引导的从句多置于句首,不过as表示十分明显的原因,只说明一般的因果关系,可译为“因为、由于”;而since则表示稍加分析、对方已知的原因,一般可译为“既然”。如: As he was not feeling well,I decided to go there alone.由于他身体欠佳,我决定独自去那里。 Since everyone is here,let's start.既然大家都到了,咱们就开始吧。
for引导的从句一般放在句末,其前用逗号,它所叙述的理由是间接的,即推测性理由,或是对前面叙述的事实或看法的补充说明。如: There must be nobody in the classroom,for the light is off. 教室里一定没有人,因为灯灭了。(推测性理由)
believe;believe in
believe作及物动词时,其后可跟名词,表示“相信”;后接从句或复合宾语时,表示“认为;料想;相信”等。如: I believe what he says.我相信他的话。 I believe that he will succeed.我相信他会成功的。
believe in 是一个动介型短语动词,表示“信奉;信仰”(指对某种思想、主张、观念、行动具有信心)和“信任(have trust in)”。如: They believe in God.他们信仰上帝。 I believe in having plenty of exercise.我相信多锻炼有好处。
believe和believe in后均可接表示人的名词或代词,但含义不同。试比较: I believe in him(I think he is a frustworthy man).我信任他。 I believe him.(I believe what he says).我相信他的话。
belief faith trust confidence 都含有“相信”的意思。
belief 指“承认某事是真的, 尽管有或没有确凿的证据”, 如: belief in ghosts.相信有鬼。
faith 指“认为有确凿证据或道理而完全相信”, 如: I have faith in his ability to succeed. 我相信他有成功的能力。
trust 指“信赖”、“信任”, 含有“坚定的信念”的意思, 如: enjoy the trust of the people得到人民的信任。
confidence 指“在有证据的基础上相信”, 也常指“自信”、“有把握”, 如: She has great confidence in her success.她对自己的成功充满信心。
besides;except;but
三者都可以用作介词。用于肯定句中时,except/but意为“除……外(不再有)”;besides意为“除……外(还有)”。请比较: All of them have seen the film except/but Wu Dong. 除了吴东外,他们都看过了那部影片。 All of them have seen the film besides Wu Dong. 除了吴东看过那部影片外,他们也都看过了。
except后接名词、代词、-ing或不定式时,可以与but互换;except后接副词、介词短语时,一般不能为but所替换。如: I’ll do everything except/but cook. 除了做饭,我什么事情都干。 This window is never opened except in summer. 除了在夏天,这个窗子从不打开。
用在否定句中,三者可以互换。如: There aren’t any other people to do the work except/but/besides you. 除了你,没人能做这工作。
be anxious to; be anxious for; be anxious about ;be anxious that◇ be anxious to表示“急于”、“渴望”,其中to是不定式符号,后面接动词原形;
be anxious for表示“渴望”,后面接名词或代词时,强调渴望得到某物或渴望了解某事;后面接sb.to do sth.时,表示“渴望某人能做某事”,其中for sb.to do sth.是不定式复合结构。
be anxious about 表示“对…感到不安”、“为…担心”、“为…忧虑”; be anxious that表示“渴望”,后面接从句,that从句的谓语动词须用虚拟语气; [EXERCISES] I ____ the result of the examination. We ____ know the result of the examination. We ____ Mr Liu to help us with our English. Mr Li ____ a new car. They ____ arrive home before dark. (Key: am anxious about/for are anxious to ③are anxious for ④is anxious for ⑤are anxious to) 1) The girl ____ a new dictionary. 2) All the students ____ their results of this examination. 3) Everyone _____ know their results of the competition. 4) We ___Mr Zhao to return. 5) We _____ she should do her best. Key: 1) was/is anxious for 2) are anxious about 3) is anxious to 4)are anxious for 5) are anxious that
be known as; be known for; be known to; be known in
be known as 意为“作为……而著名”,其后的名词表示一个人的身份、职业等。如: Liu Huan is known as a singer.刘欢作为一个歌手而出名。 We’re sure you’ll be well-known as an artist.我们相信你会成为一位著名的画家。
be known for 意为“因……而著名”,其后所接内容表示某人或物的特点、特长等。如: Guilin is known for her beautiful mountains and rivers.桂林因其美丽的山水而闻名。 Mr Geldof is well-known for organizing two big pop concerts on the same day. 盖尔多夫先生因在同一天组织两场大型的流行音乐会而出名。
be known to “为……所了解/知道”,其后接表示人的词语。“(人们都)知道”,其后接动词原形。如: He is known to all in our village.村子里的人都了解他。 He was known to have invented many things.=It was known that he had invented many things. 人们都知道他已经发明了很多东西。
be known in 意为“在某地很著名”。如: He is well-known in the town where he was born. 他在自己出生的那个镇子上很出名。
be made of/be made in/be made from/be made by/be made up of
be made of表示“由……制成”,指从原料到制成品,只发生了形状变化,没有发生本质变化(属物理变化)。
be made in当后面接时间的数词或名词时,表示“某物何时制造的或何时产的”。当后面接指地点的名词时,表示“某地产某物”。
be made from表示“由……制成”,指从原料到制成品,发生了质的变化,已无法复原(属化学变化)。
be made by表示“由……制做”,后面接指人的名词或代词,强调动作的执行者。
be made up of表示“由……构成(组成)”,强调主语由两部分或两个以上的部分构成或组成。 【练习】用be made in,be made of,be made from,be made by或be made up of填空。 This bike Tianjin. This table wood. The car 1999. Paper wood. The kite my mother. The teamten members. 【Keys】was made in; is made of ;was made in ;is made from;was made by;is made up of be used for/be used as/be used by
be used for表示“被用作……”或“被用来作……”,后面接名词或v-ing,其中for表示目的。
be used as表示“作为……而用”或“用作……”,后面接名词或动词不定式,强调使用的工具及手段。
be used by表示“由……使用”,后面接指人的名词或代词,强调使用者。 【练习】用be used for,be used as或be used by填空。 A telephone better communication(交流). The motorbike Liu Ming. A ruler often a knife by him to cut a piece of paper open. 【Keys】is used for;is used by;is,used as
be pleased with; be pleased at(或about);be pleased to 1) The manager ___ you before. 2) My boss must ___ see you again in HongKong. 3) I ___ seeing so many students present. 4) I hear Mr Zhao ___ your article. 析: was pleased with。表示“对……满意;喜欢……”后面通常接指人的名词或代词。 be pleased to。表示“很高兴或很乐意做某事”,其中to是不定式符号,后面接动词原形。 am pleased at(或about)。be pleased at(或about)表示“对(看到或听到的)事感到高兴,”后面接指事的名词或v-ing。 is pleased at(或about)。解析同。
be to do sth;be about to do sth;be going to do sth.
be to do sth.表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作,后可跟时间状语。如: You're to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.十点钟以前你得交上试卷。 be about to do sth.表示打算或安排即将发生的动作,它通常不与时间状语连用。如: I was about to go out when someone knocked at the door.我正要出去,这时有人敲门。
be going to do sth.有三层含义: 表示打算、计划或决定要做某事。如: We're going to spend our holidays in Wales this year. 今年我们打算到威尔士度假。 用以表示某事物即将发生或很可能发生。如: I'm going to be twenty next month. 下个月我就二十岁了。 有迹象表明即将发生的动作或状态。如: Look at those black clouds, there is going to be a storm. 瞧那些乌云,暴风雨就要来了。
beat; strike; hit ◇ strike通常表示“打一下、打若干下”,不一定都是有意的;还有“打动、使……着迷、某种想法突然闪现在脑海里”的含义;也可指“打、擦出(火),(蛇、兽)抓,咬,或(钟)敲响”。
hit指“打中”或“对准……来打”,“敲打或打击对方的某一点”。
beat着重“连续地打击”。如:殴打或体罚;也指在游戏、竞赛或战争中击败对方;也指“心跳”。
blame; scold blame“责备;责怪”,指某人应对自己不好的行为负责(常与for连用),或将某件不好的事情归咎于他人(常与on或upon连用),往往含有把自己当作评判人来评判某事,没有用言语来进行责骂的意思。例如: He blamed Tom for the failure. 他责怪汤姆造成了失败。 Don't blame it on him, but on me. 别怪他,该怪我。
scold“责骂”,指唠唠叨叨地数说某人,多用于上级对下级、长辈对晚辈的“责骂”。例如: Don't scold the child.It's not his fault. 不要责骂那孩子,这不是他的过失。 I hate to scold, son, but you mustn't stay out so late at night. 我不喜欢斥责,孩子,可你不该呆在外面那么晚不回家。
blow down; blow in; blow off; blow over ◇ blow down表示“吹倒”、“刮倒”;blow in表示“吹进”、“吹入”;blow off表示“吹掉”、“炸掉”、“发泄”;blow over表示“ 暴风雨 吹散”、“过去”、“结束”。 [EXERCISES] 1) The high winds yesterday _____ thousands of trees. 2) We sometimes had quarrels, but they soon _____. 3) I had my hat ____ by the wind. 4) A lot of dust ____.You must clear it away. Key: 1) blew down 2) blew over 3) blown off 4) has blown in
break up; break down; break out; break into; break in; break away; break through ◇ break up表示“打碎”、“变坏”、“分解”、“终止”、“破裂”。
break down表示“瓦解”、“分解”、“失败”、“出故障”、“破坏”、“拆毁”。
break out表示“爆发”、“突然发生”。
break into表示“强行进入”、“闯入”、“破门而入”、“打断(谈话、讨论)”、“突然……起来”。
break in表示“闯入”、“打断”、“插嘴”,其中in是副词。
break away表示“脱逃”、“脱离”、“突然离开”、“革除”、“戒除”,常与from连用。
break through表示“战胜”、“突围”、“穿过……而出现”、“突破”。 [练] He said his computer _____. Those old cars will be ____ for scrap(废铁). Last night somebody ____ Mr Brown's house and took away many things. A fire ____ after we had gone home. The boy often ____ while his parents are speaking. You must ____ from bad habits. After the heavy rain the sun ____ the clouds. A thief ____ and stole a lot of things last night. Tom ____the motor bike which he bought five years ago. The ice began to ____ on the river. (Key:had broken down ②broken up ③broke into ④broke out ⑤breaks in ⑥break away ⑦broke through ⑧broke in ⑨broke down ⑩break up) ◆ bring on;bring in;bring out
bring on 使发生;引起;端上(饭菜)。如: Tom often brings on meals and his brother,Jim picks up the dishes after meals. 汤姆常常端上饭菜,(而)他弟弟吉姆饭后收拾碗碟。 The sudden cold weather brought on his cold again. 天气突然变冷,使他再次感冒。
bring in 引来;引进;吸收。如: His new business brings in 1,000 dollars. 他的新生意使他赚了一千美元。 We also brought in some words from English. 我们也从英语中吸收了一些词汇。
bring out 取出;说出;阐明;出版。如: He brought out his gun and pointed at me.他掏出枪来指着我。 Bring out the meaning more clearly.请把意思讲清楚些。 They have brought out a set of children’s books.他们出版了一套儿童读物。
bring down; bring back; bring up; bring in ◇ bring down表示“使倒下”、“减少”、“降低(价格、温度)”; bring back表示“使回想起”、“归还”、“带回来”; bring up表示“呕吐出”、“养育”; bring in表示“把......引进来”、“赚入”、“获利”、“把......拿进来”、“吸收”。 [EXERCISES] 1) Her singing _____ memories of my mother. 2) They also ____ some words from their own languages. 3) The wind ____ a number of trees. 4) He _____ all he had eaten. 5) Can you try to get them to ____ the price﹖ 6) All library books must be ____ before June 25. 7) Mr White ____ $500 a week. 8) You must manage to _____ the temperature. Key: 1) brings back2) brought in 3) brought down 4) brought up 5) bring down 6) brought back7) is bringing in8) bring down ◆ broad; wide ◇ 两者都表示两边或两点之间的距离都有“宽的”之意, 但broad着重某物覆盖面的范围 (如肩、背、胸等的宽),还可表示“宽宏大量”;wide着重指边沿间相隔的距离以及“广泛”之意。如: Looking at the new-type camera, the young man with broad shoulders was surprised with his mouth wide open. 看着那个新型相机,那个肩宽背阔的年轻人惊奇得张大了嘴巴。 He’s a broad-minded person; he’ll never be disappointed by such a small failure. 他是个心胸宽广的人;决不会因为那么一次小小的失败而感到失望。
but/however 这两个连词都有“但是,可是,然而”之意。but连接两个分句或有关部分,表示转折或逻辑上的对比关系,使用最广,口语中更为常见。如: We love peace but we are not afraid of war.我们热爱和平,但我们并不害怕战争。
however转折意味比but弱,连接的两个分句或有关部分的关系较为松弛,后一部分常起附带说明或衬托作用。however常以插入语形式出现在句子中间,前后用逗号隔开,也可置于句首或句末。如: Later,however,he decided to go.可是后来他决定去了。
by oneself;oneself
by oneself=alone,without help。强调“在无他人或他物的情况下”或“无帮助的情况下”;
oneself作同位语,表示强调本人。 试比较: If you come to my house,I’ll cook for you myself. 如果你来我家,我将亲自下厨。(强调亲手为你做饭) Can you cook by yourself now? 你现在能单独做饭了吗?(强调无他人协作)
by sea;by the sea
by sea意为“走海路;坐轮船”,其中by表示乘坐交通工具或行走方式,by与名词间不可用冠词;by the sea意为“在海边”,其中by表示“在……旁边”,by与后面的名词间常有冠词修饰。如: They will go to America by sea. 他们将坐轮船去美国。 There is a small village by the sea.海边有个小村庄。 请比较下面类似有这样区别的短语: by ship 乘船 by a ship 在一艘轮船旁边 by land 从陆路 by the land 在岸边(在陆地旁边) by taxi 乘出租车 by the taxi 在出租车旁边 by road 从陆路 by the road 在路边