B2U4
2．decrease vi. & vt.(使)变小或变少
4．hunt vt. & vi.5．respond vi.7．contain vt.container n．容器
9．affect vt.10．appreciate vt.11．succeed vi. vt.接替；继任
12．employ vt.(时间、)
13．harm n. & vt.harmful adj.有害的
14．bite vt. & vi.bit(过去式)→bitten(过去分词)
15．inspect vt.
1．respond vi.response n. 回答，回复；反应
respond to sb./sth.回答(比 answer, reply to正式)
respond to sb./sth. (with/ by sth.) 用……回应某人(事)
respond to (疾病、)对医药有良好反应
response to sb./sth. (对人/物)的回答/回复/反应
in response to 作为对……的反应
[即学即练1](1)They still haven't ____________ my letter.
他们至今仍没有回我的信。
(2)He ____________ my suggestion ________ a laugh/______ laughing. 他对我的建议报以一笑。
(3)His illness didn't ____________ treatment by drugs.
他的疾病对药物治疗没有反应。
(4)My mother opened the door ____________________ the knock, but there was no one outside.
听到敲门声后，我妈妈打开了门，但外面一个人都没有。
responded to//responded
to
with by//respond to//in response to
3．contain vt. 包含；容纳(＝hold)；抑制(＝control)
[即学即练3](1)His paper ___________ no mistakes at all.
他的试卷没有一点错误。
(2)Orange juice ____________ things which help keep you healthy.
橘汁里含有有益于健康的东西。
(3)This bottle ___________ two glasses of beer.
这个瓶子可容纳两杯啤酒。
(4)He couldn't ____________ for joy.他不胜欢喜。
Contained//contains//contains//contain himself
4．affect vt.影响；感动；(疾病)侵袭
be greatly/deeply affected 很/深受感动
be affected by heat/cold 中暑/着凉
be affected with high fever 发高烧
[即学即练4](1)The amount of rain ______ the growth of crops.降雨量直接影响庄稼生长。
(2)One of her lungs ____________ a little so that she has to rest.她的一叶肺有些感染，所以她不得不休息。
(3)The audience ____________________ by his speech.
听众被他的演讲深深打动了。
affects
is
affected
were deeply affected
5．appreciate vt. 欣赏；感激；喜欢
appreciation n. 欣赏；感激
appreciate sth. (thank sb.) 感激某事或某人
appreciatedoing sth.感激做某事
one/one's doing sth.感激某人做某事
I would appreciate it if... 如果……，我将不胜感激。
[即学即练5](1)He highly __________________________.
他非常感谢他的帮助。
(2)We shall ___________________________ you again.
我们将很高兴再次收到您的来信。
(3)I really ____________________________ to the party.
你能来参加这次聚会我太高兴了。
(4)I would ______________________ you could help me.
如果你能帮助我，我将不胜感激。
appreciated
his
help//appreciate
hearing
from//appreciate
your
coming//appreciate
it
if
6．succeed v．成功
success n. [U]成功；成就 [C]成功的人或事
successful adj. 成功的
successfully adv. 成功地
succeed in doing sth.
have success in doing sth.
be successful in doing sth.成功做某事
achieve great success 取得巨大的成功
sb./sth. is a success 成功的人或事
[即学即练6](1)We all _____________________ the mid－term examination.我们都成功地通过了期中考试。
(2)Failure is the mother of __________.失败是成功之母。
(3)He was _________________________ as a novelist.
他是非常成功的小说家。
succeeded
in
passing//success//a
success
7．harm vt. & n．损害；危害
harmful adj.有害的
be harmful to＝do harm to
do sb. harm＝do harm to sb.对……有害
There is no harm in doing sth.
＝It does no harm (for sb.)to do sth.
做某事是个好主意(或没有坏处)。
[即学即练7](1)The dog seems fierce, but it won’t ______ anyone.这条狗看上去很凶，但它不会伤害任何人。
(2)Fruit juice can ______________________ children’s teeth.
果汁可能损坏儿童的牙齿。
(3)He may say no, but ___________________________ asking.他可能拒绝，但问一问也无妨。
Harm//be
harmful
to//there
is
no
harm
in
8．die out 灭亡，逐渐消失
die out 绝种，灭绝；熄灭；(风俗、习惯等)逐渐消失
die off(家族、种族等)相继死亡；(草木)先后枯死
die away(声音、光线、风等)渐弱，渐息，平息
die down(火、光线、兴奋、暴风雨等)渐弱，渐息；(声音)
静下来
die of 指死于疾病、衰老、饥饿、悲伤等
die from 指由于外伤、外界原因、粗心、不注意、劳累过度
等而死
[即学即练8](1) Scientists said that those plants ______ a century ago.科学家们说那些植物一个世纪前就绝种了。
(2) Many old customs ___________________________.
许多古老的风俗正逐渐消失。
(3)If the snowstorm does not blow over, the cattle will ______________.如果暴风雪不停息，牲畜就要死掉了。
(4)Open the air hole; the fire is ___________________.
把气孔打开，火要熄了。
died out//are
dying
out//die
off//dying
down
(5)Every winter some old people _______________ hypothermia.每年冬天都有一些老人死于体温过低。
(6)Nowadays many people ________________ cancer.
现在有很多人死于癌症。
die
from//die
of
10．protect...from/against... 保护……免受……(的伤害)
defend...from/against...保卫……以抵制……
keep sb. from doing
stop sb. (from) doing
prevent sb. (from) doing阻止某人做
[即学即练10](1)Young plants should be well ______________ the cold.
幼苗必须被很好地保护以免受冻。
(2)The hen ___________ its young ___________ being attacked by the cat. 母鸡保卫小鸡使其免遭猫的袭击。
(3)Everyone should take up arms to __________ our country from invasion.
每个人都应当拿起武器保卫我们的国家不受侵犯。
(4)Nothing can ______ us ______ realizing our dreams.
什么也不能阻止我们实现梦想。
protected from//protected against//defend//stop from
提示：(1)protect against 和 protect from 意思相似，有时可互换。但是，对于较大的事情，如：敌人的入侵、天灾等，常用 protect against, 对于较小的事情常用 protect from。
(2)在 protect...from/against... 结构中，from和 against 后面常跟 sth.，有时 against 后跟 being done 来强调动作的被动性。
(3)主动句中 prevent/stop...from...中的 from 可省略，在被动句中 from不可省略，而 keep...from...中的 from无论是在主动句还是被动句中都不能省略。
11．pay attention to 注意
Attention, please! 请注意！ (演讲用语)
(＝May I have your attention, please？)
attract/catch/draw/get one's attention to 吸引某人的注意
fix/focus/concentrate one's attention on 将注意力集中于
devote one's attention to 专心致志于
call one's attention to 唤起某人对……的注意
提示：以上短语中的 to、on都是介词，其后接名词、代词或动名词。
[即学即练11](1)She ______________________________ her appearance.她很注重外表。
(2)A great deal of attention has been ______________ protecting the environment.
人们已对保护环境投入很多精力。
paid
much
attention
to//paid
to
12．come into being 出现；形成；产生
bring...into being 使形成；使产生
for the time being 暂时；眼下
[即学即练12](1)We don't know when the universe ________________________.
我们不知道宇宙是何时形成的。
(2)Such a custom ______________________ long ago.
这种风俗很久以前就有了。
came
into
being//came
into
being
提示：come into being是不及物动词短语，无被动形式，无进行时。类似短语有：come into power 当权
come into effect 生效
come into action 开始行动
come into office 就职
come into sight 看得见
come into use 开始使用
1. contain/include
(1)contain 意为“包含，含有，容纳，里面装有”，指的是包含的全部内容或容量，也可指里面所含的成分。其宾语与主语常是同位关系，不用于进行时态。
(2)include 意为“包含；连……在内，计入，算入，包括”，只能用于表示所包含之物中的一部分，其后的宾语往往是主语的一部分。常用 “including＋被包括部分”或“被包括部分＋included”。如：
Many people like tennis, including me/me included. 许多人喜欢网球，也包括我/我也在内。
[应用1] 用 contain和 include的适当形式填空。
(1)The Chinese diet is considered to be the healthiest in the world. It _____________ a lot of fruit and green vegetables.
(2)Everyone took part in the fight against the flood, _____________ old people.
(3)The __________ can __________ 100 litres of water.
Includes//including//container//contain
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1．roll vt. & vi. (使)摇摆 n．摇晃；卷；卷形物；面包圈
2．pretend vt.3．attach vt. & vi.4．form vt.()组成；形成；构成
5．earn vt.8．perform vt. & vi.performance n．表演；演奏
1．pretend vt. 假装；假扮
pretend sth. 伪称某事物(尤用做借口)
pretend to do...假装做……
pretend to be＋n. (adj.) 假装是……
pretend to be doing...假装正在做……
pretend to have done... 假装已做……
pretend that－clause 假装……
[即学即练1](1)He _______________________ yesterday.
昨天他假装头疼。
(2)We mustn't _______________________ what we don't know.我们不应不懂装懂。
(3)He _______________________________ when he met a bear.当他遇到熊时就装死。
pretended
a
headache//pretend
to
know//pretended
to
be
dead
2．attach vt. 系；贴；附加；认为有(重要性等)
attached adj. 依恋的，留恋的
attachment n. [C]附件[C，U]依恋；眷恋；深爱
attach sth. to sth. 把某物系到某物上
attach yourself to sb./sth. 参加，和……在一起
attach to sb./sth.与……有联系，与……有关联
be attached to sb./sth. 依恋，留恋
[即学即练2](1)She __________ a cheque ____ the order form.她在订货单上附了一张支票。
(2)Don't worry—there are no strings _____________.
不用担心——没有附加的条件。
(3)She ____________________________ the regular exercise.
她对常规训练极为重视。
(4)No blame __________________ him for the accident.
这次事故的责任与他无关。
(5)I am deeply _____________________ this novel.
我非常喜欢这部小说。
Attached to//attached//attaches great importance toattaches
to//attached
to
3．form vt. & vi. 形成；组织；养成；培养
n. 形式；表格；形状，外形；状况；精神
form(＝set up) a club 成立俱乐部
form a good habit 养成好习惯
form the habit of＝fall/get into the habit of
养成……的习惯
form an organization 成立一个组织
fill in the form 填表格
in the form of 以……的形式
in/out of form 状况良好/不佳
[即学即练3](1)The footballer's been ________________.这个足球运动员的状态不好。
(2)He is ____________ the application ______.
他正在填申请表。
(3)His research ______ the basis of the new book.
他的研究成果是这本新书的基础。
(4)The teacher ______ the students ______ a line.
老师让学生排成一行。
out
of
form//filling
in//form//formed//formedinto
4．earn vt. 赚得；挣得；获得
earn one's living＝make a living 谋生
earn one's own living 自食其力
earn money＝make money 挣钱
[即学即练4](1)His courage ______________________
of his classmates.
他的勇敢博得了同学们的赞扬。
(2)Do you know how much he ___________ a month?
你知道他一个月赚多少钱吗？
(3)He _________________________ by teaching at a language school.他在语言学校教书以维持生计。
earned him the admiration//earns//earns his living
5．perform vt.&vi 表演；履行；执行
performance n. 履行，执行；表演
performer n. 执行者；表演者
perform one's promise 守信；履行诺言
perform duty 尽职
perform a part in... 在……中扮演角色
perform an experiment 做实验
give/put on a performance 演出
[即学即练5](1)The students will ___________________ next Friday.
这些学生下星期五将演出一场歌剧。
(2)The police _________________________ in our society.
警察在我们的社会中起着极其重要的作用。
(3)You shall _________________________ the way they do.
你们要按照他们的方法去做实验。
(4)Our team _______________ in the match.
我们队在比赛中表现很出色。
perform an opera//perform
a
vital
role//perform the experiment//performed well
8．play jokes/a joke on 戏弄……；和……开玩笑
have a joke with sb. 和某人开玩笑
make a joke/jokes about sb./sth. 关于某人/某事说笑话
play tricks on sb.＝make fun of sb. 和……开玩笑；
捉弄某人
make a fool of
愚弄
laugh at 嘲笑
[即学即练8](1)It's not proper to ____________________ others in public.
在公众场所捉弄别人是不恰当的。
(2)She was __________________________ you.
她在跟你开玩笑。
(3)Don't ________________________ the handicapped.
不要说关于残疾人的笑话。
play
jokes
on//having
a
joke
with//make
jokes
about
9．rely on 依靠，信赖；指望
(1)依靠，依赖。同live on 或 depend on “依赖……”。
rely on one's own efforts 依靠自己的努力
(2)信任，依赖。同 believe in, depend on。
rely on/upon sb. to do sth. 指望某人做某事
rely on/upon sb. doing sth. 相信某人会做某事
rely on/upon it that... 相信……(事情)，指望……
[即学即练9](1)Nowadays we ______ increasingly ______ computers ______ help.
现今我们越来越依赖计算机协助工作。
(2)You can ____________ me ________________ your secret.
你尽管相信我一定为你保密。
(3)I ________________________________ early.
我指望你早来。
(4)You can __________________________ he will come.
你放心 ，他会来的。
Rely on for//rely
on//to
keep relied
on
your/you
coming//rely
upon
it
that
10．break up 分解；驱散，拆散；打碎；结束；散会；(关系)破裂；停课，放假
[即学即练10]写出下列break up的意思。
(1)The ice will break up when the warm weather comes.
______________________
(2)The police came and broke up the crowd.________
(3)The meeting broke up at eleven o'clock.__________
(4)Some sentences can break up into clauses.______
(5)Their marriage is breaking up._______________
破裂//驱散//结束//分解//破裂
拓展：(1)break away from 脱离
(2)break down 分解，出毛病，(计划、谈判)失败；(谈话、通讯)中断
(3)break into 闯入
(4)break in 强行进入，插话
(5)break off 打断，折断
(6)break out 爆发，发生(不用于被动语态)
(7)break through 突破
1. earn/gain/win
(1)如果为了钱(或任何其他报酬)而工作，这就是earn，而且含有这些报酬是应得的意思。
(2)win指在竞赛、战争、比赛中获胜，并可能由此得到奖赏。
(3)gain指获得有用或需要的东西，而且与win和earn不同，它用在与钱没有关系的场合。
[应用1] (1)She _______________ experience while working for the newspaper.
(2)She _______________ ￡1 000 a month.
(3)Who is going to _____________ the election?
Gained//earns//win
B3U1
1．starve vi. & vt.()饿死；饿得要死→starvation n．饿死 5．gain vt.7．gather vt. &vi.14．apologize vi.apology n．道歉 17．forgive vt.forgiveness n．原谅→forgiving adj.宽恕的；宽容的
2．gain vt. & vi. (钟表)走快 n. 利益 gain by/from...从……中获益 gain in 在……方面有所增加或增长
[即学即练2](1)I have ______________________________ since I arrived.我到这里以后，结识了很多朋友。(2)He had ________________ and looked much better. 他体重增加，。(3)He ______ much ______ from reading. 他从读书中获益良多。(4)This clock __________________ a day. 这个钟每天走快两分钟。(5)No ______， no ______. 。(6)___________ into the pit, ___________ in your wit. 吃一堑，。
3．award vt. n. 奖，奖品 award sb. sth./sth. to sb. 授予某人某物 be awarded for... 因……而受奖 win/receive/get an award for 因……而获奖
[即学即练3](1)They __________ John the first prize. 他们授予约翰一等奖。(2)The court ________ damages of $5 000 to the injured man.法庭判给受伤者5 000美元的赔偿。(3)He won ________________________ his excellent skill. 他由于他出色的技能而获奖。
A
4．admire vt. admiration n. 赞美，钦佩 admirable adj. 可饮佩的，极佳的 admiring adj. 赞赏的，羡慕的 admire sb. for sth. 因某事而钦佩某人 have admiration for sb./sth. 羡慕/钦佩某人/物 watch/gaze in admiration 赞赏地观看/凝视着
[即学即练4](1)The school is widely _____________ its excellent teaching.这所学校教学优秀，。(2)They looked ______ silent ______________ at the painting. 他们默默地欣赏着那幅画。(3)He gave her __________________________. 他向她投以赞赏的一瞥。
5．apologize vapology n．道歉 apologize to sb. for (doing) sth. ＝make an apology to sb. for (doing ) sth. ＝say sorry to sb. for (doing) sth. ＝offer sb. an apology for (doing) sth.因某事向某人道歉 accept/refuse an apology 接受/拒绝道歉
[即学即练5](1)Bill was ______________ his friend ______ having kept her waiting for a long time. 比尔因让他的朋友等了好长时间正在道歉呢。(2)I __________________________ my host and left early. 我向主人道过歉后提早离去。(3)Please ____________ my sincere _____________. 请接受我真诚的歉意。
6．remind vt. reminder n. 起提醒作用的人或物 remind sb. of sth./doing提醒某人(做)某事 remind sb. to do sth.提醒某人去做 remind sb. that...提醒某人……
[即学即练6](1)The pictures ______ me ______ my school days.这些照片使我想起学生时代。(2)I __________ him ______ he must go home before dark. 我提醒他必须在天黑前回家。(3)____________ me ________________ to Mother. 提醒我给母亲写信。
R
拓展：常用于 vt.＋sb.＋of sth./doing 的动词有 inform, warn, accuse, cure, suspect 等，如： inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某事 warn sb. of sth. 警告某人某事 accuse sb. of sth. 控告某人某事 cure sb. of sth. 给某人治愈某病 suspect sb. of sth. 怀疑某人某事
8．dress up dress sb./oneself 给……穿衣服；打扮 be/get dressed in＋(衣服或表颜色的词) 穿着…… dress＋adv.(或表目的、) 穿着……
[即学即练8](1)The girls all _______________ to take part in the evening party.姑娘们全部打扮起来去参加晚会。(2)The prisoners escaped by ______________________ guards.囚犯们伪装成哨兵逃跑了。(3)We should ______ a Christmas tree ______ lights. 我们应该用灯装饰圣诞树。
9．look forward to 期望；期待；盼望 [即学即练9](1)My mother said she was _______________ _______________ you.我妈妈说她正期待着与你见面。 (2)I was ____________________________ his comments on this new film.我期待听到他对这部新影片的评论。
looking forward to meeting//looking forward to hearing
提示：look forward to 结构中的 to为介词，其后接名词或动名词。类似的动词短语还有： be/become/get used to 习惯于……
pay attention to 注意 devote...to... 把……致力于……
get down to 着手做…… lead to 通向，导致
stick to 坚持 belong to 属于
object to 反对
listen to 听 prefer...to... 宁愿……也不…… give one‘s life to 把生命奉献给…… contribute to 为……作贡献
10．turn up [即学即练10](1)Guess who ___________________ at Mary's wedding.猜猜都有谁参加了玛丽的婚礼。(2)The book you have lost will __________________ someday. 你丢的那本书说不定哪一天又会找到。(3)Please ______________________________________. I want to listen to the news.请把收音机音量开大些，。
拓展：turn against背叛；(情况等)对……不利 turn away走开，离开；把……打发走 turn back折回，往回走；翻回到 turn down关小，调低；拒绝 turn off关(水源、煤气、电等)；令……厌烦 turn on打开；使……感兴趣 turn out结果是；证明是；生产，制造；培养，造就 turn to转向，变成；求救于，求助于 turn in上交，欺骗 turn over把……交给……；翻转
11．hold ones breath屏息；屏气 catch one’s breath(因恐惧、)一时停止呼吸，draw/take a deep breath深呼吸 take breath 歇口气 in the same breath异口同声地 out of breath上气不接下气 lose one’s breath喘不过气来；上气不接下气
[即学即练11]The race was so close that everyone was _____________________ at the finish.这是一场势均力敌的比赛，。
12．keep ones word守信用；履行诺言 get in a word插话/嘴 have a word with sb.与某人谈话 have words with sb.与某人吵架 in a/one word简言之，in other words(＝that is to say)换句话说 leave word留言 the last word最后决定；最后意见 word for word一字不差地；逐字地
【注意】keep one’s word相当于keep one’s promise，break one’s word/promise。word不可数，。
[12] (1)She is a girl who always ________________. 她是一个很讲信用的人。(2)Don’t __________________________， otherwise no one will trust you.，。
13．set off[即学即练13](1)If you want to catch that train we’d better __________________________ the station immediately. 你要是想赶上那班火车，。(2)What time are you planning to ____________________ tomorrow？你打算明天几点钟起程？ (3)Do be careful with those fireworks; the slightest spark could _______________________________. 对这些烟火要格外小心，。
拓展：set about着手 set aside保留，储蓄 set out动身，出发，着手 set to开始做某事 set up搭起；建立；设立
1. gain/acquire/earn/achieve
(1)gain 收获；获得。指获得有用或必需的东西。可以用于体重、力量的增加，奖学金的获得，更常用于经验、知识、教育、满足等的获得。
(2)acquire 购得，得到(尤指昂贵的或难以得到的东西)；获得，掌握(知识、技能等)。
(3)earn 取得；赚得。通常指通过工作挣钱，也可以用于应该得到的东西，如支持、认同、声望或尊敬。
(4)achieve 得到，获得。多指成就、目标、幸福的取得。
[应用1] 用 gain, acquire, earn, achieve的适当形式填空。
(1)The movie star _____________ success and wealth.
(2)He _________ a lot of praise from the public.
(3)I'm new in the job but I'm already ______ experience.
(4)I took on it as an opportunity to______ fresh skills.
Achieved//earned//gaining//acquire
2. award/reward
award vt.授予，，
be awarded for...因……而受奖
award sb. sth.颁发给某人某物
n.奖品，，prize(奖金)近义
reward vt.报答，，
reward sb. with sth.用……酬谢某人
n.赏金，，
[应用2] (1)The Olympic winner received a gold medal as an _________.
(2)Students who complete the course successfully will be ___________ a diploma.
(3)Everyone who reached the summit was ________ with a magnificent view.
(4)The prize was a just _________ for all his hard work.
Award//awarded//rewarded//reward
3. dress/wear/put on/have on
(1)dress是动作动词，表示“给(人)穿衣/打扮”，后面的宾语是表示人的名词。常见的用法有dress sb./oneself, be dressed(in), dress well/quickly等。
(2)wear是状态动词，表示“穿戴、佩戴(手表、首饰、花等)，留(发型、胡须)等”；还可表示“面露、面带(某种表情、样子等)”，意义广泛。
(3)put on是动作动词，表示“穿(衣)戴(帽)”，后面的宾语是表示衣服等的名词。
(4)have on是状态动词短语，除了表示“穿着，戴着”之外，还可表示树木等“披着，挂着”，不用进行时态。
[应用3] (1)It’s autumn. But the trees still ______ leaves ______.
(2)She was __________ in her brother’s clothes.
(3)She ______ an angry expression.
(4)He ______________ his coat and went out.
Have//on//dressed//wore//put
on
4. take place/happen/occur/break out/come about
(1)take place 其“发生”是按意图或计划进行，无偶然性，无被动语态。
(2)happen 普通用语，其“发生”带有意外和偶然性。另可作“碰巧”讲，用法是 happen to do sth.，无被动语态。
(3)occur 较正式用语，指具体事物时可与 happen互换(但 happen to do不可换成 occur to do)；另外 occur 有“突然想起”的意思，此时不可与 happen 互换，如 A good idea occurred to him.
(4)break out (战争、火灾等)爆发；(疾病)突然发生。无被动语态。
(5)come about “发生，产生”，指要解释或说明事情发生的理由，常与 how连用。
[应用4] 用 take place, happen, occur, break out, come about的适当形式填空。
(1)Our school sports meet will __________ next Friday.
(2)It never ________ to me that I had seen her before.
(3)How did these differences ______________？
(4)There ___________ to be the book I was looking for.
(5)SARS ________ all over China in the spring of 2003.
(6)The Olympic Games __________ every four years.
take place//occurred//come about//happened//broke out//take place