必备知识梳理 1．复合名词的主要构成方式 名词＋名词 blood test 验血；halfmoon 半月(形)；silkworm 蚕；classroom 教室；airport 飞机场 形容词＋名词 doubledealer两面派；shorthand速记；greenhouse温室 v.ing＋名词 reading room阅览室；meeting room会议室；swimming pool游泳池 动词＋名词 breakwater防波堤；pickpocket扒手 名词＋v.ing handwriting笔迹；sunbathing日光浴 动词＋副词 gettogether联欢会；breakthrough突破 副词＋动词 downfall垮台；outbreak爆发 2.复合形容词的主要构成方式 形容词＋名词＋ed coldblooded冷血的；kindhearted心肠好的 形容词＋名词 highclass高级的 形容词＋v.ing goodlooking好看的；easygoing随和的；finesounding动听的 形容词＋过去分词 newborn新生的；readymade现成的 形容词＋形容词 darkblue深蓝色的；lightgreen浅绿色 名词＋v.ing lifesaving救生的；oceangoing远洋的 名词＋过去分词 handmade手工制作的；icecovered冰雪覆盖的 名词＋形容词 nationwide全国性的；icecold冰冷的 数词＋名词＋ed oneeyed独眼的；twofaced双面的 数词＋名词＋形容词 fiveyearold五周岁的；twometretall两米高的 3.复合动词的主要构成方式 名词＋动词 sleepwalk梦游 副词＋动词 overcome克服；undergo经历；overthrow推翻；understand明白 形容词＋动词 whitewash粉刷；blacklist列入黑名单 4．复合代词的主要构成方式 代词宾格或物主代词＋self(selves) ourselves我们自己；herself她自己；themselves他们自己 某些不定代词some(any, no， every)＋body(one, thing) everyone; everybody; everything; anyone; anybody; anything; nothing; something 二、转化法 转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法。这种构词法词形没有改变，转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。现就常见的转化法分类列举并归纳如下： 名词转化为动词 face脸—face面对 hand手—hand传递 nurse护士—nurse护理 形容词转化为动词 dirty脏的—dirty弄脏 narrow窄的—narrow变窄 clean干净的—clean打扫 动词转化为名词 find发现—find发现物 divide划分—divide分界处 waste浪费—waste废物 形容词转化为名词 daily每日的—daily日报 weekly每周的—weekly周刊 形容词转化为副词 deep深的—deep深深地 sure确信的—sure的确 三、派生法 派生法是英语主要的构词法。此方法是借助于前缀或后缀，制造出派生词，主要有名词、形容词和动词三种。 1．前缀构词法 前缀是加在一个词根前面的音节，它并不是独立的单词，但本身有一定的含义，它不改变词性，但改变原词义。 常见前缀： 前缀 例词 dis(不，否定) dissatisfy使不满意；dishonest不诚实 un(不) unable不能够；unlucky不幸的 un(做相反动作) undress脱衣服；unload卸货 in(不，非) inactive不活跃的；incorrect不正确的 im(不，非) impolite没有礼貌的；impossible不可能的 ir(不，非) irregular不规则的；irresponsible不负责任的 il(不，非) illogical不合逻辑的；illegal非法的 前缀 例词 non(不，非) nonexistent不存在的； nonstop直达的 mis(错误的；坏的) misunderstand误解；misfortune厄运 re(重复，再) rewrite重写；remarry再婚 en(使可能) enrich丰富；enable使能够 ex(以前的，前任的) expresident前任主席/总统；exwife前妻 super(在……上面；超级) supermarket超市；supermodel超级名模 under(在……之下) underestimate低估；underground地下的 前缀 例词 sub(在……下；次于；低于) subway地(下)道；地铁；submarine潜水艇 inter(相互之间) international国际的；interact相互作用 semi(半) semifinal半决赛；semicircle半圆 multi(多，多种) multinational跨国的；multicoloured多种颜色的 kilo(千) kilometre千米，公里；kilogram千克 centi(一百；百分之一) centimetre厘米；centigram厘克 milli(毫；千分之一) millimetre毫米；milligram毫克 前缀 例词 tele(远) telephone电话；television电视 a(在……上/里；向……) aboard在船/火车/飞机上；ahead在前面；aside在旁边；abroad在国外 auto(自己的，独自的) automobile机动车，汽车；autobiography自传 over(太，完全，过度，多……) overfull太满的，过多的；overstudy用功过度 extra(额外，以外，特殊) extraordinary非凡的；extramarital婚外的 pre(预先，在……之前) predict预告；preview预习 2.后缀构词法 后缀是加在一个单词后面的音节，它本身一般也有一定含义，能够改变单词的词性，有的也可以改变词义。 (1)名词后缀 后缀 例词 age(状态；集合) shortage缺少；marriage婚姻 an/ian(人，……家) American美国人；Italian意大利人；musician音乐家 ence/ency(构成抽象名词) dependence依靠；frequency频率 ance(性质，状态) importance重要性；significance意义 后缀 例词 ant/ent(人) assistant助手；student学生 cion/sion/tion/ation(动作，状态) suspicion怀疑；tension紧张；repetition重复；preparation准备 ee(动作承受者或受影响者) employee受雇者；refugee难民 er/or(人或物) writer作家；actor演员；cooker炊具；tractor拖拉机 ess(女性) actress女演员；waitress女服务员；hostess女主人 ism(主义，……教) communism共产主义；socialism社会主义；Buddhism佛教 后缀 例词 ist(主义者，……家) communist共产主义者；dentist牙科专家；physicist物理学家 ment(行为；结果；状态；性质) argument争论；government政府；development发展 ship(关系，身份) friendship友谊；citizenship公民身份 hood(身份；性质；时代) childhood童年；neighbourhood街区；knighthood骑士身份 ty(状态；性质) plenty大量；difficulty困难；anxiety焦虑 ure(结果；行为；状态；实物) pressure压力；picture图画；pleasure高兴 al(动作过程；结果) arrival到达；approval同意 (2)形容词后缀 后缀 例词 able/ible/ble unbelievable不可信的；tolerable可忍受的；responsible负责的 al national国家的；continental大陆的 ed learned有学识的； talented有才华的 en golden金色的； woolen毛(织)的；wooden木制的 ful beautiful美丽的；useful有用的；colourful多彩的 ic/ical economic经济的；political政治的；electronic电子的 ish childish幼稚的； selfish自私的 后缀 例词 ive active积极的；productive有生产力的；creative有创造力的 less useless无用的；careless粗心的；meaningless无意义的 ly friendly友好的；deadly致命的；weekly每星期的 ous/ious dangerous危险的；glorious光荣的；famous著名的 ward downward向下的；backward向后的 y rainy多雨的；noisy吵闹的；snowy下雪的 (3)动词后缀
后缀 例词 en(使变得，使成为……) lengthen延长；harden使变得坚固；deepen加深 fy(使……化) satisfy使满意；beautify美化；simplify简化 ize/ise(使……变成……) realiz(s)e实现；industrializ(s)e使工业化 (4)副词后缀
后缀 例词 ly carefully小心地；beautifully美丽地；quickly迅速地 ward(s) forward向前；backwards向后；downwards向下；upwards向上 自主巩固练习 用所给单词的适当形式填空 (1)Her preparation course is helping her to get used to ________ (academy) requirements of a Western university. (2)A fireman ________ (accident) discovered the cause of the fire. (3)It cost ________ (approximate) $ 300—I can't remember it exactly. (4)________ (beg) can’t be choosers. (5)Other disabled people find the website ________ (benefit) because they can read about people with similar difficulties to their own. (6)She glanced ________ (casual) through a magazine as she waited. (7)The two of them are in a ________ (compare) financial situation. (8)He quit playing ____ (compete) football at the age of 24. (9)Man's social being determines his ________ (conscious)． (10)The caf has a relaxed ______ (continent) feel about it. (11)She has played a ________ (decide) role in the peace negotiation. (12)The man standing there is a ________ (distinguish) novelist and philosopher. (13)It is a ________ (drama) story about an invasion of the Earth by aliens from Mars. (14)The teachers are very ________ (enthusiasm) and friendly and the classrooms are amazing. (15)Building a new factory there would be ________ (environment) disastrous. (16)Yesterday we held a ceremony to welcome the ________ (honour) soldiers who just came back from Wenchuan. (17)To say you were ________ (ignore) of the rules is no excuse. (18)Tourists shouldn't miss the 103 bus which offers one of the most ________ (impress) routes. (19)His hesitation indicates ________ (will)． (20)You should ________ (loose) up your muscles before playing any sport. (21)This will help us achieve ________ (modern)． (22)Some groups, ________ (name) students and pensioners (退休人员), will benefit from the new tax. (23)Women increasingly went out to work, usually out of economic ________ (necessary)． (24)He breathed ________ (noise) through his nose. (25)He can be very ________ (persuade)． (26)The day before yesterday Professor Li made a speech ________ (plenty) of humor. (27)Our income has got smaller, so we must be ________ (reality) and sell our car. (28)The young woman is a ________ (reception) in a fivestar hotel of international standard. (29)These resources can be ________.(access) (30)My grandfather is ________ (energy) and never feels tired. [答案]1.academic 2.accidentally 3.approximately
4．Beggars 5.beneficial 6.casually 7.comparable 8.competitive 9．consciousness 10.continental 11.decisive 12.distinguished
13．Dramatic 14.Enthusiastic 15.environmentally 16.honourable
17．ignorant 18.impressive 19.unwillingness 20.loosen 21．modernization 22.namely 23.necessity 24.noisily 25.persuasive 26.plentiful 27.realistic 28.receptionist 29.accessible 30.energetic