(2)系表结构一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时等少数几种时态；而被动语态可用多种时态。 The composition is well written. 这篇作文写得很好。(系表结构) The composition is being written. 这篇作文正在写。(被动语态) (3)系表结构中的过去分词可被very, too, so修饰，被动语态中的过去分词须用much修饰。 The boy was too frightened to move. 这孩子吓得动也不敢动。(系表结构) He was very excited.他很激动。(系表结构) He was much excited by the news. 他听到消息后很激动。(被动结构) (4)be ＋ 不及物动词的过去分词通常是系表结构。 Her money is all gone. 她的钱都花光了。 The moon is risen. 月亮升起来了。 (5)表示“充满”意思的“be ＋ 过去分词 ＋ with”结构多为系表结构。 The mountain is covered with snow all the year round.这座山终年被积雪覆盖。 The classroom was crowded with pupils. 教室里挤满了学生。 The lake is dotted with fishing boats. 湖里渔帆点点。 The floor was piled with old books. 地板上堆满了旧书。 (6)remain, feel, lie, stand 以及 become, grow 等词 ＋ 过去分词结构多为系表结构。 The matter remained unsettled. 这件事悬而未决。 She felt disappointed. 她感到失望。 The road became crowded. 道路拥挤了。 (7)句中有时间状语和地点状语时，一般为被动语态，反之为系表结构。 The bank is closed. 银行现在关门了。(系表结构) The bank is usually closed at six. 银行通常6点关门。(被动语态) 1. The World Health Organization warned that Asian countries ________ attentive to bird flu since Asia ________ got rid of the disease completely. A. should keep; has
B. must remain; has not C. ought to stay; has been
D. shall be; has not been B 该题考查情态动词的用法和语态。第一空使用should keep 或 must remain 都能讲得通；但第二空必须使用现在完成时的否定式，且为主动语态。 2. We can't go on with the experiment because the computer________. A. hasn't been repaired B. hasn't repaired C. is not repaired D. hadn't been repaired A A项用了现在完成时的被动语态，意思是计算机“还未被修好”。B选项中repair为及物动词，缺宾语，填上后句子不通；C选项为一般现在时的被动语态，它只表示并不是“修过的”；D选项时态不对。 3. Mrs. Green wants to buy that kind of cloth because she ________ that the cloth________ very well. A. has been told; washes B. is told; is washed C. has been told; is washed D. is told ；is washed
A 根据语境，第一个空白处应该使用现在完成时的被动语态，第二个空白处应该选用washes，因为wash这个动词也可作不及物动词使用，它的词意是“耐洗”。英语中This cloth washes well.表达的是：这布很耐洗。 * 2. A 本题考查动词辨析。appeal to 吸引； belong to 属于； refer to 提到；涉及； occur to 突然想到。 句意为“他的演唱并不怎么吸引我。” 故最佳答案为A。 2. — How did you like Nick's performance last night?
— To be honest, his singing didn't ________ to me
much.(2010·安徽)
A. appeal
B. belong
C. refer
D. occur 3. C 本题考查与get相关的短语辨析。分析四个选项的意思：get away with 侥幸逃脱； get on with 与……友好相处； get through 接通，顺利通过，完成； get across 被理解，越过。根据语境：经过那件事之后，他明白了他能尽一切可能去顺利解决任何突发情况。 3. After that, he knew he could ________ any emergency by doing what be could to the best of his ability.(2010·浙江)
A. get away with
B. get on with
C. get through
D. get across 4. B 考查状语从句。句意为：尽管Tim不经常锻炼，但他身材很好。前后是让步转折关系，故选B项。 4. Tim is in good shape physically ________ he doesn't get much exercise.(2010·湖南)
A. if
B. even though
C. unless
D. as long as 5. C 考查从属连词。wherever 无论哪里； whenever 无论何时； as if 似乎； even if 意为“即使”，符合句意。“工程师们都很忙，他们没有时间进行户外运动，即使他们有这样的兴趣”。 5. The engineers are so busy that they have zero time for outdoor sports actives, ________ they have the interest.(2010·安徽)
A. wherever
B. whenever
C. even if
D. as if 如何写好状语从句
复合句是更高层次的句子。在写好简单句的基础上，根据两个或多个句子之间的逻辑关系，依据语法结构用一定的关系词连接起来构成复合句，将会凸显文章的亮点，使文章增添文采，自然也就使一篇习作明显地上了一个档次。这里主要讲解一下状语从句的写作：
状语从句的写作最主要的是选准关联词。 要了解上下句子之间的是逻辑关系来确定关联词的意义；其次要确定哪句是主句，哪句为从句，如： 【句型1】主句 ＋ when (while, as, before, after) ＋ 从句 【典型例句】
I took care of my little brother while Mother was away. 妈妈不在家，我照顾小弟弟。
He had finished his homework before I got home.
我回到家之前，他已经做完了家庭作业。
My brother learned English after he had entered the college. 我弟弟在考入大学后学的英语。 【句型2】主句 ＋ until / till＋从句 【典型例句】 He stayed up until / till it was four next morning.
他熬夜一直熬到第二天凌晨4点。 He did not go home until / till he finished his work.
他一直把工作做完之后才回家。 He read and read until / till it was dark.
他读着读着，一直读到天黑。 把下面两个简单句合成一个复合句 1. He took notes. He was listening to the teacher. ________________________________________________________________________ 1. He took notes as / while / when he was listening to the teacher.
2. I started home. I received the letter. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. I started home the moment I received the letter. 3. Everything is ready. We can begin our experiment. ________________________________________________________________________ 3. Since everything is ready, we can begin our experiment. 4. She wore a diamond necklace. People looked at her with admiration. _______________________________________________________________________ 4. She wore such a diamond necklace that people looked at her with admiration. 5. We can't hope to succeed. We have their support. ________________________________________________________________________ 5. We can't hope to succeed unless we have their support. (We can't hope to succeed if we don't have their support.) 动词的语态(Ⅱ)
主动形式的简单句中，主谓宾，主谓双宾，主谓宾补3类句子可以改为被动句。改为被动句的关键是句子中有“及物动词＋宾语”结构。连系动词be(am/is/are)，使役动词have (has/had)，半系动词及所有不及物动词均无被动语态。 主动表被动的句型 1．半连系动词主动表被动：look, sound, smell, taste, prove, feel等； 2．当open, close, shut, lock, move等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。它们常与can't, won't等连用； 3．在一般现在时的句子中，为表达生动、简洁，read, write, wash, sell, clean, cook, burn, draw, cut, wear等词常与well, easily, quickly 等副词连用，常用主动表被动，表示事物的属性特征； 4．表示开始和结束的动词begin, start, finish, end可用主动表被动，不强调动作的执行者。
1．在使用被动语态时，千万不要遗漏句末的介词或副词。 Such a bad habit should be got rid of. 这样的坏习惯应该改掉。 All the important matters have now been attended to. 现在，所有重要的事情都得到了处理。 2．双重被动结构 双重被动结构指的是句中谓语动词和其后的不定式均为被动结构，句子的主语既是谓语动词的承受者，同时又是不定式动作的承受者。 They asked us to discuss the problem at once.
We were asked to discuss the problem at once. The problem was asked to be discussed at once. 这个问题被要求立刻讨论。(双重被动) 3．下列句子变成被动语态时，要用with，不用by Smoke filled the meeting room. ⇒The meeting room was filled with smoke. A cloth covered the table. ⇒The table was covered with a cloth. 4．不能变为被动语态的结构 (1)受动词的限制 ①表示状态的及物动词，只能用于主动语态。 某些表示状态的及物动词，如have, own, cost, lack, want (缺乏), become (适合), fit, resemble, fail, last, flee, benefit, hold等作谓语时，不能变为被动句。 She resembles her mother. 她像她妈妈。 He lacks selfconfidence. 他缺乏自信。 This hall can hold 2,000 people. 这个大厅能容纳两千人。 ②当及物动词have表示“吃饭”、“患病”、“明白”、“知道”等意思时，没有被动语态形式。 Would you have a cup of tea?
你要喝杯茶吗？ ③当动词get，take表示“懂得”、“知道”，owe表示“欠”，cost表示“使失去(生命、健康等)”的意思时，动词没有相应的被动语态。 Do you get me? 你明白我的意思吗？ How do you take this passage? 这段话你怎么理解？ I owe 50 pounds to you.
我欠你50英镑。 (2)受宾语的限制 ①当宾语是相互代词、反身代词或具有类似相互代词的关系时，动词不能用于被动语态。 They simply cannot contain themselves for joy. 他们简直无法抑制内心的喜悦。 For years the two sisters looked after one another. 多年来两姐妹互相照顾。 ②当宾语前带有主语的形容词性物主代词时，谓语动词通常不能转换为被动语态。 I could not believe my eyes when I saw him still alive.
看到他还活着，我简直不相信自己的眼睛。 The doctor shook his head and then went out without any words.
医生摇了摇头，一句话也没说就出去了。 注意：动词的宾语是身体的一部分，一般不可变为被动语态，但也有例外。 He fixed his eyes on the oil painting. ⇒His eyes were fixed on the oil painting. ③当宾语起状语作用，表示数量、重量、大小或程度时，不能用被动语态。 This kind of dictionary costs ten dollars. 这种字典价值10美元。 The case weighs twenty kilos. 这箱子重20公斤。 ④当宾语是同源宾语时，通常不能转换成被动语态。 She dreamt a sweet dream. 她做了一个美梦。 ⑤如果宾语是动词不定式或动词的ing形式时，谓语动词一般不能转换成被动语态。 He admitted having done wrong. 他承认做错了。 He has decided to go and study abroad. 他已决定出国留学。 ⑥如果enter, leave, reach的宾语是地点、国家机关等，不能改为被动语态。 He left the army in 1998. 他1998年退伍。 She entered the hall at once. 她立刻就进入了大厅。 ⑦另外，不可拆开的短语动词，如take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of, change colour等，也不能改为被动语态。 The book belongs to me. 这本书是我的。 She caught a very bad cold. 她患了重感冒。
5．不能变为被动语态的动宾词组 catch a cold 感冒 eat one's words 食言 lose heart 丧失信心 lose patience 失去耐心 make a face 做鬼脸 make up one's mind 决心 make bed 铺床 make room for 为……腾出地方 keep watch 守望 keep silence 保持安静 speak one's mind 表明见解 take place 发生 take one's time 从容不迫 take office 就职 take one's leave 请假 take notes 做笔记 take up arms 拿起武器 take one's place 就位 6．含有would rather或情态动词dare的句子，不能改为被动语态。 I would rather do it now. 我宁可现在就干这件事。 He dare not do it. 他不敢干那件事。 7．被动语态与系表结构的区别 所谓系表结构，在此指“连系动词＋用作表语的动词ed形式”结构。它与被动语态的形式完全一样，所以在应用时应注意它们的区别。 (1)被动语态中的过去分词是动词，多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，多强调状态。前者通常可用by＋人或by＋抽象名词表动作的执行者，而后者则一般不用。 The gate to the garden was locked by the girl. 花园的门被那个女孩锁上了。(被动结构) The gate to the garden was locked. 花园的门锁了。(系表结构) The tree was blown down by the high winds. 那棵树被大风吹倒了。(被动结构)
The tree was blown down when we saw it. 我们看到那棵树时，它已经被吹倒了。(系表结构) 注意：少数“连系动词be ＋ 用作表语的动词ed形式”也带by短语。 The old man was surrounded by small children. 老人被孩子们团团围住。(被动语态) Guilin is surrounded by hills and mountains. 桂林周围都是山。(系表结构) We were held up by fog. 我们因雾受阻。(被动语态) The tree is known by its fruit. 看到果子就知道是什么树。(系表结构) Unit 1
Advertising 1、promote vt. 增进，促进；提升，使晋级；宣传，推广，推销(商品等)
commercials promoting a new product
促进新产品销售的商业广告
promote growth / prosperity / understanding
促进增长/繁荣/了解
be promoted (to be) captain / to the rank of captain
被提升为队长 ◆The boy was promoted to the fourth grade.
这个男孩升到四年级了。 2、 determine vt. 决定；决心，决意；确定；使下定决心
determination n. 决心 determined adj. 坚定的，坚决的 determine to do sth. 决心做某事 be determined to do sth. 决心做某事 determine on/upon sth. 对某事下定决心 determine sb. to do sth. 使某人决心做某事 ◆He determined to go / that he (should) go at once.
他决心立刻就走。 ◆He has been determined to learn English well.
他已下决心学好英语。 ◆They determined on an early start.
他们决定早些出发。 ◆I have determined on / upon going to the countryside after graduation.
我已决定毕业后到农村去。
“决定干某事”的其他表达法有： decide to do sth. 决定干某事 make a decision to do sth. 决定干某事 make up one's mind to do sth. 决心干某事
______ to win the gold medal, the athlete has been making preparations for more than three years.
A. Be determined
B. Determined
C. Determine
D. To determine B be determined to do中的determined事实上已转换成形容词，这里为形容词短语充当状语。 3、persuade
vt. 说服；使信服 persuade sb. to do/into doing sth. 说服某人做某事 try to persuade sb. to do/advise sb. into doing sth. 劝说某人做某事(不一定成功) persuade sb. not to do/out of doing sth. 劝阻某人做某事 persuade sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事 persuade sb. that 使某人相信…… ◆I persuaded him to go with me. 我劝他和我一起去。 ◆I will try to persuade him into returning home. 我试着劝他回家。 4、share vt. 分享 ◆Will you share your sandwich with me? 你可以和我分享你的三明治吗？ vi. 共同承担 ◆All the countries share in the responsibility for the financial crisis. 所有的国家都共同为金融危机负责。 n. 份额 ◆We must make sure that everyone gets equal shares of the food. 我们必须确保每个人都获得相同分量的食物。 ◆The total bill comes to ￡80, so our share is ￡20. 账单总共是80英镑，所以我们的份额是20英镑。
From my perspective, a real friend is one who will always ______ your sorrow and joy.
A. take
B. appreciate
C. share
D. share in
D share后常接表示具体意义的名词，而share in后常接表示抽象意义的名词。 5、serve vt. 服务 ◆That's the restaurant where they refused to serve Tom because he was so rude.
那个就是拒绝为汤姆提供服务的餐馆，因为他太粗鲁了。
vi. & vt. 提供食物；在……工作 ◆Breakfast is served in the restaurant between 7 and 9.
这个餐馆在7点到9点之间提供早餐。 ◆He served in the army in India for twenty years.
他在印度的部队里服役了20年。
In some parts of the world, tea ______ with milk and sugar.
A. is serving
B. is served
C. serves
D. served B 6、appeal n. & v. 呼吁；恳求；诉诸，求助；吸引(力) appeal to sb. for sth. / to do sth. 恳求某人某事 / 做某事 appeal to sb. 吸引某人 appeal to sb. 向某人申诉/上诉 appealing adj. 有吸引力的，有趣的 ◆The United Nations' appeal for a ceasefire has been ignored by both sides.
两边对联合国的停火呼吁不予理会。 ◆The idea appealed to Mary.
这个想法吸引了玛丽。 ◆These subjects have lost their appeal to most students.
这些科目对许多学生已经失去了吸引力。
The police (正呼吁公众) for information about the crime.
警方呼吁公众提供这宗罪案的有关信息。 are appealing to the public 7、recommend vt. 推荐，介绍
recommend sth. to sb. / recommend sb. sth. 向某人推荐…… recommend sb. / sth. as… 推荐某人 / 某物作为…… recommend sb. to do… 推荐某人做…… recommend (doing)… 建议做…… recommend (that)… 建议……(从句中用should＋动词原形充当谓语，should可省略) ◆Can you recommend me some new books on this subject?
就这门学科，你能向我介绍一些新书吗？ ◆I recommend you to comply with safety regulations.
我劝你遵守安全规定。 ◆I recommended Linda to the university as a psychology professor.
我推荐Linda到那个大学做心理学教授。 ◆His proposal has much to recommend.
他的建议有许多可取之处。 ◆They recommended that we (should) not waste money building a factory here.
他们建议我们不要浪费钱在这里建一家工厂。 1、 get across 使理解(某事)，讲清楚 ◆The young scientist tried to get his new theory across.
这位年轻的科学家设法让人们理解他的新理论。 ◆Your meaning didn't really get across.
你的意思并未真正为别人理解 2、be meant to do＝be intended to do 旨在，目的是
be meant for＝be intended for 打算用作…… ◆The building is meant for storage.
这座大楼预定作仓库用。 ◆The program was meant to entertain children.
这个节目是用来娱乐孩子的。 3、辨析care about, care for (1)care about 关心；介意；担忧 (2)care for 喜欢；照顾 ◆He never cares about what people think about his appearance.
他从来不在乎别人怎么看待他的相貌。 After the earthquake, the injured were ______ in the local hospitals or taken by air to the hospitals in the neighbouring cities.
A. cared with
B. cared for
C. taken care
D. cared after B care with 属搭配错误； care for 照顾； take care 小心、当心；没有care after 这个搭配。the injured 是“伤员”的意思，伤员应该被照顾，选B。 4、 deal with 处理，对付；论及，讨论；跟……做生意 ◆Such people are difficult to deal with.
有些人很难对付。 ◆Have you dealt with these letters yet?
你处理了这些信件吗？ ◆Her poems often deal with the subject of death.
她的诗歌时常涉及死亡的话题。 ◆I've dealt with this company for 20 years.
我已经和这家公司做生意20年了。
deal in 经营
deal out 分发，分配 ◆She deals in men's clothes.
她经营男式服装。 ◆The profits are dealt out among the investors.
利润分给了投资者。
During the war there was a serious lack of food. It was not unusual that even the wealthy families had to ________ bread for days.
A. eat up
B. give away
C. do without
D. deal with C 考查动词短语。根据上句During the war there was a serious lack of food.可推测出“即或是富裕家庭也得几天吃不上面包”，应选择do without表示“不用/吃……勉强度过”。eat up 吃完； give away 收拾； deal with 应付，处理。 故最佳答案为C。 Even if an ad does not lie，it does not mean it is altogether innocent. 即使广告没说谎，也不意味着它就是完全无辜的。
even if/though 虽然，即使 ◆Even if we can go out for a play, we won't do.
即使我们能出去玩，我们也不想去。 ◆Even if it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will still not be able to go.
即便明天不下雨，我们还是不能去。 even if / though是“即使；即便”的意思，引导让步状语从句。当从句的动作发生在将来时，从句应该使用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
even if 与as if /though ◆Even if you take a taxi, you will still miss your flight.
即使你搭出租车你还是赶不上你的航班的。 ◆He talks as if he had known everything in the world.
他说起话来好像他已知世界的一切。 通过对比我们不难发现他们的语义是不同的， even if是“即使；即便”的意思，而as if/though是“好像”的意思。 ①B 考查连词辨析。句意“我决心得到一张音乐会的座位票，即使意味着整夜排队。” ①I'm determined to get a seat for the concert ______it means standing in a queue all night.
A. as though
B. even if
C. in case
D. so that ②C 连接词引导状语从句的用法。本题的语义是：即使他们知道他的建议十分有价值，他们中的许多人仍对它置若罔闻。as if 好像；now that 既然；so that 为了，以便； 以至于；even though ＝ even if表示让步，所以答案是C。 ②Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice, ______ they knew it to be valuable.
A. as if
B. now that
C. even though
D. so that 1. D persuade 说服； request 请求； instruct 教育，指导； expect 期待。句意：“义务是人们通过社会习俗﹑法律或信仰期待你去采取某种行动和行为的过程。”根据语境应该选择expect sb. to do. sth.“期待/希望某人做某事”。故答案为D。 1．Duty is an act or a course of action that people ________ you to take by social customs, law or religion.(2010·湖北)
A. persuade
B. request
C. instruct
D. expect *