The train arrived ten minutes ago. 火车10分钟前就到了。 Mother said father didn't like smoked food. 母亲说父亲不喜欢熏制食品。 If I were you, I would choose to work at home. 假如我是你，我会选择在国内工作。 二、过去进行时的动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去进行时动词与always, continually, frequently 等词连用时，表示明显的感情色彩。进行时与when连用表达“正在做某事，突然……”的意思。短暂性动作用于进行时时，表达“慢慢地”的意思。常见时间状语有this time yesterday/last month/last year等，表达“过去这个时候”的意思。 This time yesterday, we were having an English lesson. 昨天这个时候，我们正在上英语课。 She was setting the table when it began to shake terribly.
她摆桌子时突然感到桌子剧烈地震动起来。 In Qing Dynasty, China was always saying Yes to western powers.
清朝时，中国总是屈服于西方列强。 三、过去完成时的基本含义表示在过去某一参照时间或动作之前动作已经发生或到过去某一参照时间或动作为止动作或状态已经持续一段时间。用过去完成时，必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照，说明在此之前某动作已发生或某状态已经存在。体会 “过去的过去”或“从过去到过去”是理解过去完成时的关键。具体时间状语有：by＋过去时间或before＋过去时间。 She had visited China twice before she came last year. 她去年来这里前两次访问过中国。 By the middle of last month, I had lived in Beijing for five years.
到上月中旬，我已在北京住了5年了。If I had attended the meeting last night, I would have seen Mr. Li, chairman of the meeting. 要是昨晚我参加了会议(事实上没去)，我就会见到会议主席李先生了。 He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught redhanded.
他刚偷到钱包就被当场抓获。 I had hoped that nothing would get worse.
我原本希望情况不会更糟(事实上更糟)。 四、过去将来时表示相对过去某时间而言将要发生的事情，多用在宾语从句中。表达形式多样：主语＋would/should＋动词；主语＋was/were going to ＋动词；主语＋was/were to＋动词；主语＋was/were about＋动词。 They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon. 他们问我是否很快要去广州。 I told her I was going to see her that afternoon. 我告诉她我那天下午要去看她。 She and I were to meet at an agreed place. 她和我将在一个约定的地方见面。 Mrs. Brown was about to begin, but Jennie spoke first. 布朗夫人刚要开始，但是珍妮先说话了。 五、过去完成进行时表示一直持续到过去某个时间的行为动作，此行为动作或刚结束、或还没结束。这一时态经常与一般过去时一起使用，该过去时动作起参照作用。 When we arrived, the roads were dangerous, for it had been raining for a week.
我们赶到时，道路很危险。当时雨一直下了一个星期。 They were tired because they had been working since dawn.
当时他们累了，因为从天亮开始他们就一直在工作。 六、过去将来完成时表示到相对过去某一特定时间而言的未来时间为止状态或动作已经持续一段时间或动作已经完成。该时态多用于宾语从句，常用时间状语为by＋点时间。 The traveler said he would have been away from home for 30 years by the next year. 旅行者当时说到下一年为止他离开家里30 年了。 七、过去将来进行时指相对过去时间而言的未来时间正在发生的动作。
My son was born in 1998 and I would be working in another city far away from home the next year and I had to employ a babysitter to take care of my son and my wife as well. 我儿子1998年出生，而我第二年将在离家很远的一个城市工作，于是我雇了个保姆照顾儿子和妻子。 八、过去将来完成进行时表示到过去的将来时间为止，动作一直持续一段时间，可能继续下去或宣告终止。注意其中动词必须为延续性动作。该时态更多用于间接引语。常用时间状语为by＋点时间。 The model worker said he would have been working in the factory for 40 years by the time he retired. 那个模范工人说到他退休时他在这个工厂工作满40年了。 1．一般过去时 (1)有具体的过去的时间只能用一般过去时。这个考点只要是考到一般过去时，基本上会考到。只不过是出题人往往会通过对话的方式来隐含这个过去的时间。 (2)used to do表示过去经常但现在已经不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词原形。be/become/get used to doing sth.表示“习惯于做某事”。 (3)在时间和条件状语从句中，代替将来时。 He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise. 如果他提了工资，就答应给我买一台电脑。 2．过去进行时 (1)在复合句中，如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的，那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。 While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper. 他边等车边看报。 (两个动作都是延续的) He was cleaning his car while I was cooking.
他擦车时我在做饭。(两个动作同时进行) (2)通常不能用于过去进行时的动词主要有：agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, have(拥有), hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish等。 误：I was knowing the answer. 正：I knew the answer. 我知道答案。 误：I wasn't understanding him. 正：I didn't understand him. 我不明白他的意思。 (3)过去进行时与一般过去时的区别
①进行时表某一行为的“片断”，一般时表示行为的“整体”和存在的状态。
I was reading the book at that time. (未读完，“读”的片段)
I read the book yesterday. (已读完，表整个“读”)
②一般持续时间状语多与进行时连用
It was raining all night.(优先用was raining ，rained 为持续动词，故也可使用)
He was writing a letter the whole of afternoon.
(短暂动词与持续时间连用，表反复，连续发生，不可用一般过去时)
③while 时间状语从句中用短暂动词时只能用进行时。
He broke a chair while he was jumping up and down.
④while 所在主从句动作大致持续相等时主从句一般都用进行时，但若是持续动词可都用一般过去时，两个动作一长一短时短的用一般时，长的用进行时。
I was cooking the dinner while he was playing the piano.(平行)
3．过去完成时 (1)能用这种时态的动作肯定发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用。 They finished earlier than we had expected. 他们完成得比我们想象的要早。 (2)用在hardly/scarcely…when…； no sooner…than…的句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。 I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me. 他来看我时我刚刚完成工作。 (3)表示“第几次做某事”和“自从……多长时间”，主句用一般过去时，从句用过去完成时。 That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather. 那是她第二次看到她的外祖父。 (4)动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan用于过去完成时，表示“过去未曾实现的愿望，打算和意图”。 I had intended to see you but I was too busy. 我本想去看你，但我太忙了。 4．过去将来时 (1)一般用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中。
He said he would stay with us.
他说他要与我们待在一起。 (2)“was/were going to ＋ 动词原形”或“was/were ＋动词不定式的完成式”可表示未能实现的过去将来时间的动作。
Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained.
上星期天我们本想去游览长城的，但却下雨了。(没有去成) (3)“be about to do” 和 “be on the point of doing”结构一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用，但后面可以接when引导的分句。
I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain.
我正要动身天突然下雨了。 (4)come，go，leave，arrive，start等动词可用过去进行时代替过去将来时。 He said the train was leaving at six the next morning. 他说火车将于第二天早晨6点离开。 1. — Jeff, you look so excited today. — Sure I am, I ________ a good job in a big company, you know.
A. offered
B. will offer
C. have been offered
D. was offered
C 句意：——杰夫，你今天显得好兴奋。——那确实，我在一家大公司谋得了一份好工作。此题中“得到工作在过去，高兴到现在”。 2. Mary ________ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made
B. is making
C. was making
D. makes C 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，“玛丽在做衣服时”提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。 3. As she ________ the newspaper, Granny ________ asleep.
A. read; was falling
B. was reading; fell
C. was reading; was falling
D. read; fell B 句中的as ＝ when, while，意为“当……之时”。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行时；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意 “在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。”句中的 fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。 4. — He will come tomorrow.
— But I'd rather he ________ the day after tomorrow.
A. will come
B. is coming
C. came
D. had come C 此题容易误选A或B，因为上文的 He will come tomorrow 以及下文的时间状语 the day after tomorrow 似乎都表明空白处应填一个一般将来时态。但实际上此题的最佳答案是 C，这与 would rather 的用法有关。按照英语习惯，would rather 后接that 从句时，其谓语的时态规律是：用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成时表示过去。 5. Mr. Smith ________ a book about China last year but I don't know whether he has finished it.
A. has written
B. wrote
C. had written
D. was writing
D 此题应选D，这是由 but I don't know whether he has finished it 这一句话的语境决定的，全句意“史密斯先生去年在写一本书，但我不知道他现在是否写完了”。有的同学可能由于受 last year的影响而误选B。但若选B，则句子前半部分的意思则为“史密斯先生去年写了一本书”，既然是“写了”，那么这与下文的“但我不知道他现在是否写完了”相矛盾。 * ③He soon ________ a reputation for himself.
他很快就成名了。 ③won ④We shall ________ experience through much practice.
我们要通过大量的实践来获得经验。 ④gain ⑤It was the last question on the paper that _________________________________________me.
卷子上的最后一个问题使我受到挫折。 ⑤defeated 1、be made up of 由……组成；由……构成 ◆Animal bodies are made up of cells.
动物的身体是由细胞组成的。 ◆Society is made up of people of widely differing abilities.
社会是由能力迥异的人组成的。 be made of 由……制成……(制成品能看出原材料是什么) be made from由……制成……(制成品不能看出原材料是什么) be made in 在……生产(制造)的 be made into 把……制成……(材料制成产品) ①The government has sent a medical team ______________________________ (由10名医生和6名护士组成) to the village. ①made up of 10 doctors and 6 nurses ②Our association (协会) (由……组成) people from every field of life. ②is made up of 2、 take control of 掌管
◆It's no easy task to take control of a class of children.
管住一个班的小孩子可不是件容易的事。 ◆The British government at that time took control of the island.
当时的英国政府控制该岛。 As Mary was in poor health, I was asked to ______ the business.
A. in control of B. under the control of C. take control of D. have a control of
C take control of 掌管。 3、辨析at one time, at a time (1)at one time 一次，同时；一度，曾经 ◆At one time they met frequently.
他们一度经常见面。 (2)at a time 每次，一次 ◆Order! One at a time, please.
守秩序！请一个一个来。 ◆Take two pills at a time.
一次服两颗(药)。
at times 有时，间或 at the time of…在……时候 at all times 始终，经常 at any time 在任何时候 at the same time 同时，而 at no time 在任何时候都不 in no time 立刻，马上 for the time being 暂时 for some time 一段时间 by the time…到……的时候 from time to time 有时 in time 及时；迟早 on time 准时 Experts have been warning ______ of the health risks caused by passive smoking.
A. at a time
B. at one time
C. for some time
D. for the time being C 句意：专家们提醒注意被动吸烟给健康带来的危害已有一段时间了。考查介词搭配。A每次、逐一、依次；B一度，曾经；C一段时间；D暂时，眼下。 4、 consist of
由……组成，不能用于被动语态(＝be made up of)
The committee ______ nine members set out for the disaster area immediately.
A. consisted of
B. consisting of
C. made of
D. made up for B consisting of 由……组成。在句中作定语。 Today, the spread of ‘borrowed words’ is mostly due to easily accessed Internet and television programmes from across the world. 今天，世界各地大多都可以方便地上网和收看电视节目，使得外来词广为传播。 (1)easily accessed 是定语，修饰后面的television and radio programmes。 ◆The easily accessed computer system is unsafe from hackers. 这个易进入的电脑系统，很不安全，会遭到黑客的攻击。 (2)due to 由于，因为 ◆Due to his illness, Mike didn't come to school today. 由于生病，迈克今天没来上学。 1. A 用不定式表示目的，引起人们对食品安全的关注。 1．More TV programs, according to government officials, will be produced ________ people's concern over food safety.(2011·重庆)
A. to raise
B. raising
C. to have raised
D. having raised 2. A One reason…is that… 固定句型。 2. One reason for her preference for city life is ________ she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants.(2010·上海)
A. that
B. how
C. what
D. why 3. C hopefully 充满希望地； normally 正常地； thankfully 谢天谢地；非常感谢地； conveniently 方便地。 3. ________， I managed to get through the game and the pain was worth it in the end.(2011·安徽)
A. Hopefully
B. Normally
C. Thankfully
D. Conveniently 4. A 句意“如果你偶然发现瑕疵而又还想要这辆自行车，你可以让店员降低价格。” care about 关心，在乎； look for 寻找； focus upon 集中(注意力)，都与题意不符，只有come across意为“偶然发现，偶遇”符合句意，故正确答案为A。 4. If you ________ faults but you still want the bicycle, ask the shop assistant to reduce the price.(2011·安徽)
A. come across
B. care about
C. look for
D. focus upon
如何写好it句型
动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句在句子中作主语、宾语时，转换用it作形式主语、宾语可以使句子的表达更地道，增加了语言的美感。此外，it还可以用于强调句型。 掌握下面的有关it的一些常用句型有助于写作水平的提高。 【句型1】It ＋ be(其他动词) ＋ adj. / n. ＋ 不定式(v.ing分词，从句) It is difficult for us to work out the problem.
对我们来说，解出这道题是很难的。
例：To write the article will take him a long time. It will take a long time to write the article. 【句型2】It takes sb. some time to do sth. 【句型3】It is said (suggested / reported… etc.) ＋ that从句 It is suggested that we should put off the meeting.
(有人) 建议会议延期召开。
【句型4】It seems ＋ that从句 / as if从句 【句型5】主语 ＋ 谓语 ＋ it ＋ 宾补 ＋ 不定式/ v．ing分词/ 从句 I found it important to learn spoken English. 我发现学习英语口语非常重要。 【句型6】It ＋ be ＋ 被强调部分 ＋ that从句
翻译下列句子 1. 我很荣幸在这里谈谈全球水资源短缺的问题。
________________________________________________________________________ 1. It's my great honor to be here to say something about the global water shortage.
2. 是我们该为它做点什么事情的时候了。
________________________________________________________________________ 2. It's high time that we did something about it.
3. 对我来说，学好英语最重要。
________________________________________________________________________ 3. It's very important for me to learn English well. 4. 在中国，中学生得每天晚上花4小时完成作业。 ________________________________________________________________________ 4. In China, it takes 4 hours for middle schools' students to finish their homework. 5. 会议将在大厅里举行。 ________________________________________________________________________ 5. It is in the hall that the meeting will be held. 动词的时态(Ⅱ) 一、一般过去时通常表示过去一段时间的习惯性动作或状态或过去某一具体时间发生的动作或所处的状态。但过去时有时并不实际表示过去的动作或状态。受主句过去时态影响，从句用过去时态；表示虚拟语气时用过去时态。与一般过去时连用的时间状语(举例时)有 yesterday, (two days…) ago, last (year…)，the other day(前几天)，once upon a time(很久以前)，just now(刚才)，in the old days(在过去的日子里)，before liberation(解放前……)，When I was 8 years old(当我8岁时……)，at (7 o'clock…)等。 Unit 2
Language 1、 ban
vt. 禁止，取缔 ◆Bicycles are banned from the newlybuilt motorway.
自行车禁止上新建的机动车道。 forbid, ban二者都含有“禁止” 的意思。 forbid 是常用词，指 “命令某人不做……”。 ban语气较重，指权威机关“正式禁止”，含“严厉谴责”之意，只能用事物作其宾语。 ◆The doctor forbids him to smoke.
医生禁止他吸烟。 ◆Ban atomic and nuclear weapons!
禁止原子武器和核武器。 2、 access
n. 通路，接近/使用进入某地的方法/权利/可能性，接近某人的方法/权利/可能性 ◆He is a man of easy access. 他是一个很好接近的人。 ◆Citizens may have free access to the library. 市民可以免费使用这个图书馆。 ◆We have access to the Internet in the classroom. 我们在教室里可以上互联网。 ◆The only access to the man is through his secretary. 唯一能接近此人的方法是通过其秘书。 v. 接近，使用 ◆I can't access the file on your company because I've forgotten the code. 我无法使用贵公司的文件， 因为我把代码忘了。 2、 access
accessible adj. 可接近的；可使用的；随和的 be accessible to sb. 能为某人接近或使用的 have / gain / obtain access to sb. / sth. 得以接近/会见某人/某物；得以进入/使用某物 available
adj. 能够被获得的/使用的/到达的/(人)有空闲的
◆Medicine should not be kept where it is accessible to children. 药品不应放在儿童容易拿到的地方。 I'm afraid these shoes are not ______ in your size.
A. applicable
B. available
C. accessible
D. adaptable B available 可得到的。 3、raise vt. (1) 举起 ◆She raised her finger to her lips as a sign for silence. 她举起一根手指放在唇边，示意安静。 (2) 提高(音量、价格、程度等) ◆The landlord raised my rent. 房东提高了我的租金。 (3)种植(农作物等)、饲养(家禽等)、抚养(子女) ◆The farmer raises chickens and corn. 农夫养鸡和种植玉米。 3、raise vt. (4)筹集(资金) ◆We hope to raise a lot of money for the people suffering in the earthquake. 我们想为这次地震受灾者筹一大笔钱。 (5)唤起、引起 ◆His funny stories raised a few laughs. 他有趣的故事引来一阵笑声。 (6) 提出(问题等) ◆I wonder if I could raise this problem with you now. 不知我现在能否向您提及这问题。 raise sb. to one's feet 把某人扶起来 raise one's voice 提高声音 raise a family 养家糊口 Steam can be seen ______ from wet clothes.
A. rose
B. raise
C. to raise
D. to rise D see…rise 看到……升起来。rise意为“升起来”，不及物动词，raise 是及物动词必须接宾语。 4、indicate vt. 表明，指示，表示，显示，示意 ◆What do they indicate?
他们表示什么意思？ ◆The symptoms indicate immediate surgery.
症状表明急需外科手术。 ◆When quoting old sayings, please indicate the specific reference(s)．
引用名言时必须加列参考书目。
There is a great deal of evidence ______ that music activities engage different parts of the brain.
A. indicate
B. indicating
C. to indicate
D. to be indicating B 句意“有大量证据表明音乐活动调动大脑不同的部位。”考查非谓语动词作定语。B项作定语表主动，相当于which indicates。 5、contribute vt. & vi. 捐献，捐赠；贡献出；投稿(＋to) contribute sth. to sth. 将某物捐献/贡献给……；向……供稿 contribute to sth.也是……的原因，促成/助长…… ◆The writer personally contributed 5,000 dollars to the earthquake fund.
那位作家个人给地震基金会捐赠了5000美元。 ◆His carelessness contributed to the accident.
他的粗心大意是造成事故的原因。 ◆He contributes regularly to English Weekly.
他定期给《英语周报》投稿。 ◆I'm sure regular exercise will contribute to curing your disease.
我相信有规律地锻炼将有助于治疗你的病。 ◆Honesty and hard work contribute to success and happiness.
诚实加苦干有助于成功和幸福。 contribute vt. 捐助， 投稿 contributing adj. 贡献的 contribution n. 贡献， 捐款(赠)
make contributions to 为……作贡献
①中国对世界的经济作出了很大的贡献。
______________________________________ ①China has made great contributions to the economy development of the world.
②当然，来自不同国家的人们对美式英语的发展作出了杰出的贡献。
__________________________________________ ②Of course, people from many different countries made their contributions to the development of American English.
③All union members should
________________________the Welfare Fund.
所有工会会员都应向福利基金会捐款。 ③contribute to 6、combine
vt. 使联合，结合 ◆Some movies combine education with recreation.
有些电影寓教于乐。 combination n. 联合；结合 be combined with 与……结合 connect…with… 和……有联系 connect to 连接；接通 combine theory with practice 理论与实践相结合 ①We think it necessary that theory
practice.
我们认为理论与实际相结合是必要的。 ①(should) be combined with ②Study can ____________________ pleasure.
可以做到学习和娱乐两不误。 ②be combined with ③He __________________________ that company
no longer.
他不再和那家公司有联系了。 ③was connected with 7、辨析beat, defeat, win, gain (1) beat着重“连续地击打”，如殴打、体罚、海浪拍岸、心跳。另外可指“击败”，此时其宾语必须是人或一个集体，是游戏比赛的专门用词。 (2) defeat 意为“打败，击败”，与beat同义，其宾语也必须是人或一个集体。尤指在战场上打败敌人。 suffer a defeat 战败； 遭受挫败 conquer指“征服、战胜”，特别指“获得对人、物或感情的控制”。 conquer nature 征服自然 overcome 战胜、压倒、克服(尤指“感情”而言) overcome difficulties 克服困难 (3) win 表示在较强的竞争中取胜，其宾语常是game, war, prize, fame, battle等。其反义词为lose。 (4)gain表示获得需要的东西，它常跟的宾语有one's living, experience, strength, time, knowledge, attention, respect, admiration等。 ◆His father beat the naughty boy.
他的父亲打了这个调皮的男孩。 ◆The hopes were defeated.
希望落空了。 ◆Their team has won the game.
他们队赢了这场比赛。 ①He's alive — his heart is still ________.
他还活着——心脏还在跳。 ①beating ②Our men were heavily ________ in the battle.
我军在此次战役中受到重创。 ②defeated *