2．of/from, 用于常见结构： die of; die from; be tired of; be tired from; suffer from
3．with, 用于常见结构：be pleased with; be bored with; be satisfied with; be angry with; …with anger; …with cold 4．because of，同义表达有：on account of; as a result of; due to; owing to; thanks to 5. out of，接抽象名词，有“出于……”之意。 二、表示方式的介词有 1．by常接交通工具、通讯工具等，此时名词用单数且其前无修饰词。如：by plane，by bus, by radio, by telephone, by hand等。 2．in后接抽象名词，通常表“用……语言”，“用……颜色”等，如：in English, in blue。
3．with常接表达具体工具的词，如： with a pen, with a hammer有时也可接语言，如：with your own words(用你自己的话)。表示用何种字体时，书写工具名词用单数且其前无修饰词。 4．on表“凭借、依靠”，又如：live on grass (靠草为生)。on 表特殊行走，交通方式，仅限于on foot, on tiptoe, on horseback(骑马)等用法中。 5. by means of 表“以何种方式”。 6. through 强调“经历、经过”。
三、分清介词to与不定式符号to。常见的含介词to的短语有 be/get/become used to 习惯于…… be related to 和……有联系 be addicted to 沉溺于……；对……上瘾 be opposed to 反对 devote oneself to/be devoted to 献身于 be admitted to 被……录取， 准进入 be attached to 附属于，爱慕，爱恋，敬仰 adjust oneself 使……适应 get/be adjusted to 适应 adjust to 适应 be adapted to 适应
adapt oneself to 适应 be known to 为……所知 be married to 和……结婚 be sentenced to 被判处…… be connected to 和……连在一起 be exposed to 暴露于/遭受/接触 be compared to 被比喻成 compare…to… 把……比成…… be/become /get accustomed to 习惯于，有……习惯 accustom oneself to 使习惯于 be engaged to 和……订婚 get down to 着手做 lead to 导致 object to 反对 put one's mind to 全神贯注于 look forward to 盼望 pay attention to 注意 stick to 坚持 attend to 处理，照料 see to 负责 contribute to 对……作贡献 make contributions to 对……作贡献 apply oneself to 致力于 come close to 几乎，将近 reply to 回答 add to 增加 add up to 加起来 in addition to 除……之外(还) turn to 转向，求助于 look up to 向上看，尊敬…… belong to 属于 take to 喜爱，开始 respond to 回答 四、介词的宾语有 1．名词(短语)如：like a church mouse。 2．代词如：take pride in himself。 3．动名词(短语) 如：be good at telling stories。 4．过去分词如：as told。 5．从句如：be satisfied with what she said。 6．不定式如：have no choice but to wait。 7. “疑问副词 ＋不定式”结构如：advice on how to do it。 8. 副词如：from above。 10. 介词短语如：from across the street。 11．形容词如：far from true。 12．关系代词which作介词如：the speed limit beyond which drivers shall be fined。 注意：只有特定句型才能用过去分词、不定式、副词、介词短语作介词宾语，当从句作介词宾语时不能为that引导的从句，除but that, except that, in that之外。 高考湖南卷的介词常放到完形填空二，也就是Section C中考查，且每年必考一题，分值为1.5分。 其考查的重点是介词的常规用法和固定短语中的介词。 1．记住下面的介词的常规用法。 ①四季，早、午、晚要用in。at黎明、午、夜、点与分。in＋年、月、年月、季节、周，即在“某年”，在“某月”，在“某年某月”(但在某年某月某日则用on)等。 ②介词at和to都可以表示方向； 用at表示方向时，侧重于攻击的目标，往往表示恶意；用to表示方向时，突出运动的位置或动作的对象，侧重表示善意。 ③表示着火，罢工，偷偷地，出差、办公事；休假，准时用on。 ④在山脚下、在门口、在目前、速度、以……速率、温度、在日落时、在……核心要用at。 2．牢记下列常考含介词的短语。 at a time 一次，每次 at one time 曾经 at any time 在任何时候 at times 时常 at the same time 同时 at the end of 在……的尽头 at present 目前 at first sight 乍一看 according to 依据、根据 as a result of 作为……的结果 as a result 因此，结果 as a rule 通常、惯例 by the way 顺便说 by far ……的多 because of 因为 in spite of 尽管 in the way 挡路 in a way 从某种程度上说 in the end 最后 in secret 秘密地 in person 亲自地 in place of 代替、取代 in public 公开地 in return for 作为……的回报 in the long run 长期地 in sight 可看到的 in terms of 根据 on sale 有售 on a large scale 大规模地 on second thoughts 又一想、转念一想 so far 到目前为止 out of sight 看不到的 such as 例如 1. ________ the railways put on special trains.
A. In holiday
B. On holiday
C. In holidays
D. On holidays
D 大家知道，on holiday是习语，意为“在休假”，该短语通常用介词 on 而不用 in，且其中的holiday 通常不用复数，且其中也不用冠词，但有时可用物主代词 (此时可用复数，即 on one's holidays)。基于此认识，许多同学便选了B。其实此题最佳答案为D，on holiday 指“休假”或“度假”，on holidays 指“节假日”或“公共假日时”，即指诸如元旦、国庆等放假日。 2. ________ your students against or for the plan made by the teacher?
A. Do
B. Can
C. Are
D. Did C 此题正确答案是C，但很容易误选A，主要是没有意识到其后的 against 是介词，而不是动词。 注意：有些介词、形容词、副词等，具有动作意味，不要将其误认为是动词。 3. She looks forward every spring to ________ the flowerlined garden.
A. visit
B. paying a visit
C. walk in
D. walking in
D 此题考查的关键是短语 look forward to (盼望)，其中的 to 是介词，不是不定式符号。由于句中插入了 every spring 这一状语，使得 look forward 与介词 to 分离，从而使许多考生误选。有了以上分析，我们知道，空格前的 to 是介词，所以后接动词用动名词，所以应选B或D，由于 pay a visit 后不能带宾语(比较：pay a visit to 后可带宾语)，所以只能选D。 Module1 Unit 3
Looking good , feeling good（2） 1、 work out 锻炼；计算出，解答出(问题)；制定 ◆Do you often work out?
你经常锻炼吗？
◆She works out every morning in order to keep fit.
为保持健康她每天早上都锻炼。 ◆She worked out the maths problem and the teacher praised her.
她解答出了那道数学题，老师表扬了她。 ◆He has worked out a good plan.
他已制定出一个好计划。
The professor ________ his paper last night, but I don't know how it ________. A. was working; worked on B. was working on; worked out C. was working for; worked at D. was working on; worked for B work on sth. 忙于……工作；work out 产生结果。 2、 in the long term 从长远的角度来看
◆This is a right choice in the long term.
从长远来看，这是个正确的选择。 ◆He will become a successful singer in the long term.
从长远来看，他会成为一个成功的歌手。 in terms of从……方面，从……方面来说 in sb.'s terms在某人看来，根据某人的观点 in the short time从短期而言 in the medium term从中期而言 I don't doubt that our effort will work ________ the long term.
A. for
B. at
C. on
D. in D in the long term 从长远的角度来看。 3、 concentrate on/upon sth.
全神贯注于某事，专心
致志于某事 ◆I can't concentrate (myself) on my studies with all that noise going on.
吵闹声不绝于耳，我无法全神贯注学习。
◆The government is concentrating its efforts on improving education.
政府正致力于改进教育工作。
◆This firm concentrates on European market.
这家公司把工作重点集中在欧洲市场。 You should be ________ your lessons.
A. absorbed on
B. focused in
C. concentrated on
D. occupied by
C be concentrated on相当于be focused on, be occupied in, be absorbed in等。 4、 a good amount of
许多、大量，修饰不可数名 词 ◆They spent a good / large / great amount of money on the project.
他们在这个项目上投入大量的资金。
a good / great many (1)
a large / great / good number of
接可数名词复数
a good few / quite a few (2)
many a / an＋单数可数名词
(作主语时，谓语
more than a＋单数可数名词
动词用单数)
a great / large amount of
(3)
a great / good deal of
接不可数名词
quite a little
a lot of / lots of
plenty of
(4)
a large quantity of / large
可数/不可数名词
quantities of
a mass of / masses of ①______ student attends Mr. Smith's lecture on environmental protection.
A. A great deal
B. A lot of
C. A great many
D. Many a ①D many a意为“许多”，后接可数名词单数，但是谓语还是用单数；a great deal 作副词、代词； a lot of既可接可数名词复数，也可接不可数名词；a great many接可数名词复数。 ②________ students are now spending ________ time learning English. A. A good amount of; much B. Large amounts of; a lot C. A good number of; much D. large numbers of; many
②C a good number of ＋可数名词复数。 as引导方式状语从句，修饰look。 as作连词的用法小结： (1)作“当……的时候”或“按照……的样子”解，引导时间状语从句，表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生、同时进行。 ◆As he looked at her, she made a face. 当他看她时，她做了个鬼脸。 1、I think you look great as you are…
我觉得你目前这个样子就很棒…… (2)作“由于、因为”解，引导原因状语从句，表示比较明显的原因。由as引导的原因状语从句通常放在主句之前。 ◆As he didn't know much English, he took out his dictionary and looked up the word. 由于他不懂得多少英语，于是他拿出词典来查了这个词。 (3)作“如……一样；按照……的样子”解，引导方式状语从句或比较状语从句。 ◆He does not speak as the other people do. 他不像其他人那样说话。 ◆He is not so diligent as you.
他不如你勤奋。(so…as…只用于否定句，肯定句中必须用as…as…) (4)引导让步状语从句，作“虽然、尽管”解。这时要将表语或状语提到主语之前；如果表语是名词，放在句首时不能加冠词。 ◆Young as he is, he knows a lot. 尽管他年轻，却懂得很多。 ①According to statistics, a man is more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer ______ a woman.
A. than
B. such
C. so
D. as ①D 句意：据统计，男性死于皮肤癌的几率是女性的两倍多。考查倍数表达法中的as用法。其构成结构应为“倍数＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as＋另一个比较对象”，其中后一个as在这里是介词或连词。 ②Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially ______ Father was away in France.
A. as
B. that
C. during
D. if ②A 句意：妈妈因为小爱丽丝病了而着急，尤其是当她爸爸还在法国时。during是介词，不接从句，故选A。 “So＋助动词/系动词/情态动词＋主语”表示上述肯定情况也适用于该主语。 ◆I was at the Center School last year. So was my friend Bob. 去年我在中心学校，我朋友鲍勃也是。 ◆I have seen the film twice. So has my elder sister. 这部电影我已看过两遍，我姐姐也是。 2、Walking and riding your bike count, and so do school sports. 行走和骑自行车就算，在学校里进行的体育活动也算。 其他类似结构还有： (1)“Neither/Nor＋助动词/系动词/情态动词＋主语”表示上述否定情况也适用于该句主语。 ◆He can't speak Japanese. Neither/Nor can I. 他不会说日语，我也不会。 (2)“It is the same with＋名词/代词宾格”或“So it is with＋名词/代词宾格”，表示上述综合的情况(肯定和否定的混合或没有统一的助动词)也适用于该主语。 ◆Tom is a good student and he does well in his studies. It is the same with/So it is with John.
汤姆是个好学生，他学习很好。约翰也是如此。 (3)“So＋主语＋助动词/系动词/情态动词”表示对上述情况的赞同或证实，前后主语一致。 ◆— Tom does speak Japanese well. ——汤姆日语的确说得很好。 — So he does and so do you. ——他确实如此，你也是一样。 (4)“主语＋动词＋so”表示做了前文所述的事情。 ◆He asked me to stay at home and I did so. 他让我待在家里，我照做了。 ①— David has made great progress recently.
— ______， and ______.
A. So he has; so you have
B. So he has; so have you
C. So has he; so have you
D. So has he; so you have ①B 使用so he has表达对上句话的赞同，意思是“他的确取得了很大进步”，而so have you意思是“你也一样”，是指上述情况同样适用于你。 ②______ that Marie was able to set up new branches elsewhere. A. So successful her business was B. So successful was her business C. So her business was successful D. So was her successful business ②B 句意：玛丽的生意如此成功，以至于她在别的地方建立了新的分店。这是so…that…句型的倒装结构，so后有形容词或副词且位于句首时，句子应该用部分倒装形式。如：So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him. ③
If Joe's wife won't go to the party, ______.
A. he will either
B. neither will he
C. he neither will
D. either he will ③B “neither / nor＋助动词/系动词/情态动词＋主语”表示上述否定情况也适用于该句主语。句意：如果乔的妻子不去参加晚会，他也不会去。 C fail 失败，表现欠佳，衰退，用完；
disappear消失； fall 掉下；damage
损害，毁坏。 1. William found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to ______.(2011·全国新课标)
A. disappear
B. fall
C. fail
D. damage 2. B speed up the flow of traffic 加快交通流量。 2. They are broadening the bridge to ______ the flow of traffic.(2011·山东)
A. put off
B. speed up
C. turn on
D. work out
3. C run out 用尽，用光； break out 爆发； work out 计算出；理解；(事情)进展； put out 扑灭；出版。 3. You can't predict everything. Often things don't ______ as you expect.(2011·江西)
A. run out
B. break out
C. work out
D. put out 介词
介词是一种虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类作它的宾语。由一个单词构成的介词，叫做简单介词。由两个或两个以上单词构成的介词，叫做复杂介词。由两个介词构成的介词，叫做双重介词。介词短语/词组在句中作定语、表语、状语、(主/宾)补语或独立成分。 一、表示原因的介词主要有 1．for，用于常见结构：thank sb.
for (doing) sth.
praise sb.
for (doing) sth.
reward sb.
for (doing) sth.
scold sb.
for (doing) sth.
punish sb.
for (doing) sth.
criticize sb.
for (doing) sth.
apologize to sb.
for (doing) sth.
charge sb. some money for (doing) sth.