2017届高考英语考前冲刺：复习短文改错指导

　　2017届高考英语考前冲刺专题复习短文改错指导

　　A: 高考英语改错题应试策略与技巧

　　一、了解改错题

　　　命题的一般规律：错误内容包括词法、句法，语篇结构、行文逻辑等，涉及名词、冠词、代词、介词、形容词、副词、动词时态、动词语态、非谓语动词、主谓一致等语法知识。在改错题中，占相当大比例的是动词的形式变化，现在时第三人称单数、过去式、分词，及被动语态等。其他如名词复数的变化、主谓一致、词与词之间的搭配、词法、句法及语篇中的行文逻辑等方面也会交替出现。短文改错在体裁上形式多样，有夹叙夹议文章，有说明文、短篇故事、也有书信等；句子结构由以简单句为主逐渐过渡到以复合句和并列句为主。

　　二、短文改错的命题特点

　　1、命题的立意特点: 短文改错中的错误大部分是“语法”错误，但这类试题并不是单纯检测语法知识，而是检测考生写作能力。

　　2、命题的情景特点 :内容来自学生生活的常见话题或童话题材;篇章结构的难易程度符合学生水平;语言明白，通俗易懂;原则上不涉及生僻的语言和繁难的句子结构。

　　三、短文改错解题步骤

　　1、从语篇入手，理解文章大意，立足于上下文，从整体上把握全文。

　　2、在理解大意的基础上，审查句子结构。

　　3、从语法结构入手，进行语法改错；每一行只有一个错误；改动之处只能有一词，或删掉或添 词，或改正。

　　4、错误改完之后要通读全文，以检查改错过程中是否有因上下文制约疏忽导致的误改。

　　总之，正确理解做题要求；短文改错要重视文章的整体内容和前后照应；短文改错以行文单位来设置错误，无错行一般为一行；注意动词时态、语态和动词非谓语形式；人称代词、名词的一致性（单、复数形式是否有问题或动词形式的变化）和连接词的正确性；根据在句子中的功能来确定词性；名词(通常作主语、宾语)、形容词(表语、定语)和副词(状语)；看是否多或少了介词，冠词。

　　B：考点连接

　　1、（06 浙江卷）

　　Dear Mr. Donforth,

　　I’m writing to ask you come to our class for a visit. I’ve

　　76. __________

　　heard that you have been to Greece. In our Greece unit, we

　　77. __________

　　have been learning about it’s rich culture and long history.

　　78. __________

　　Since you have visited Greece several times, so I would like to

　　79. __________

　　know whether you have seen the old buildings here. We have

　　80. _________

　　learned a lot from the text book, but I believe you personal

　　81. __________

　　experience will be a lot better. Your knowledges of Greece can

　　82. __________

　　help the whole class. Could you share your experiences for

　　83. __________

　　us? It will be surely exciting and rewarding. I hoped that you

　　84. __________

　　think about my request and visit us as soon as possibly.

　　85. __________

　　2、（06 重庆卷）

　　My hometown is a pretty city，so people there are

　　76.__________

　　kind and? polite. With coming of spring，grass and 　

　　77._________

　　trees turn green，and flowers grew in many colors.　

　　78._________

　　In summer, the sea under the blue skies is even more　

　　79._________

　　beautiful. After autumn arrives，the city looks as an 　

　　80._________

　　old man with leaves fallen from the trees. In winter，

　　81.___________

　　a lot of white birds come to my city for food. I　can

　　　82.___________

　　wait more patiently above the sea for quite a long

　　83.___________

　　time. While they find fish come to the surface, they

　　84.___________

　　fly down immediate and catch them without delay.??

　　85.____________

　　That is my city, and I love it so much.

　　3、（06 全国卷Ⅱ Ⅲ）

　　An American and a Frenchman decided to cross the sea

　　between France and England in the balloon in 1784. High

　　76. _______

　　over the water, they discover a hole in the balloon. The

　　77. _______

　　hole became bigger and bigger. The air keeps the

　　78. _______

　　balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon was

　　79. _______

　　coming up. The two men threw all their equipment into

　　80. _______

　　the water to make the balloon light. It started to rise

　　81. _______

　　higher again. So it was still too close to the water.

　　82. _______

　　finally, the men threw away most of his clothes to

　　83. _______

　　save themselves. The crowd waiting for to greet them in

　　84. _______

　　England was very surprised see this when the balloon

　　85. _______

　　landed in front of them.

　　4、（06 全国卷1）

　　We had guests last night who have not stayed

　　76. __________

　　in a B&B hotel ago. They did not want breakfast

　　77. __________

　　because that they were going out early in the

　　78. __________

　　morning. They came back lately and had some

　　79. __________

　　tea. I came into the living room and saw one of

　　80. __________

　　them just go through the kitchen door but turn

　　81. __________

　　on the light. He was looking for a glass the

　　82. __________

　　cupboard. He had no ideas that the kitchen was

　　83. __________

　　not for guests. I just smiled to me and thought,

　　84. __________

　　“What can I do? We are guests after all.”

　　85. _________

　　5、（06

　　安徽卷）

　　There is a public library in every town in Britain. Anyone

　　76. ________

　　can borrow books if he or she wish. In some places you

　　77. ________

　　may borrow as more books as you need, but in others

　　78. ________

　　you are limited in a certain number of books. You may

　　79. ________

　　keep the books for several weeks so as you can have

　　80. ________

　　enough time to finish it. If the book you want is out

　　81. ________

　　you may ask it to be kept for you. Most public libraries

　　82.

　　________

　　also have a reading-room, that you can sit at the desk

　　83. ________

　　and read the daily newspapers, magazines and the other

　　84. ________

　　books, but you are not permit to take them out

　　85.________

　　6、（06 四川卷）

　　When our six children were young，suppertime is always???

　　76.________

　　being interrupted by neighborhood children ring the bell.??

　　77._______

　　They wanted one child or another to come out and played.?

　　78.________

　　Finally we had??good idea. We hung a sign on the front??

　　79.________

　　door that was read：“We’re having dinner. Come back?

　　80.________

　　later.” That night，we sat down to what they thought would?

　　81.________

　　be a pleasant, uninterrupted meals. But as soon as we????

　　82.________

　　began dinner, the doorbell rang. On the front door stood a??

　　?

　　83.________

　　five-year-old boy from across the street. He looked up????

　　84√________

　　at us and said，“I just want to know what the sign say.”???

　　85.________

　　7、At first I was not quite willing to sit down and

　　watched the 90-minute football match. Usually I just

　　76. _________

　　checked the results because I thought that was dull

　　77. _________

　　to watch a game in which players kicked a ball each

　　78._________

　　other. Therefore, my father loves football. During the

　　79. _________

　　World Cup in 2002, my dad stays up late just to watch

　　80. _________

　　his favorite sport. Seeing his strong interest in this

　　81. _________

　　game of 22 men run after a ball, I decided to sit down

　　82. _________

　　to watch the game. I found the game excited, and my

　　83. _________

　　dad explained for the rules. We shared our joy. Football

　　84. _________

　　is not too badly as long as I watch it with my dad!

　　85. _________

　　8、

　　（2005年山东卷）

　　Dear Helen,

　　Thank you so much for your party at Christmas Eve. All

　　76. __________

　　of them enjoyed it very much. We liked the dishes you had

　　77 __________

　　cooked but we were happy to learn the English songs you taught

　　78 __________

　　us. We hope you’ll teach us a lot many songs in the future.

　　79 __________

　　We’re leaving from our hometowns to spend the winter

　　80__________

　　vacations. It seems that many of us are homesick after

　　81__________

　　being away from home for such a long time. What are your

　　82__________

　　plans? Will you join in the tourist group organized by our school? 83__________

　　We’re busy prepare for our trips. Please excuse us

　　84__________

　　For not able to say goodbye to you.

　　85__________

　　We hope you’ll have a good time.

　　Yours,

　　Xiao Hua

　　C: 构词法之词缀：单词的词缀分为前缀和后缀；前缀改变单词的意思，后缀改变单词的词性。

　　1、名词之复合名词的主要构成方式

　　名词＋名词 silkworm ,airport ,half-moon, classroom

　　形容词＋名词 shorthand , greenhouse, double-dealer

　　v.ing＋名词 reading room, swimming room, meeting room

　　动词＋名词 breakwater,

　　pickpocket

　　名词＋v.ing handwriting, sunbathing

　　动词＋副词 breakthrough, get-together

　　副词＋动词 downfall, outbreak

　　2、常见名词后缀

　　(1) 具有某种职业或动作的人

　　1)-an, -ain, 表示"……地方的人，精通……的人”American, historian,

　　2)-al, 表示"具有……职务的人" principal,

　　3)-ant,-ent, 表示"……者” merchant, agent, servant, student,

　　4)-ar, 表示"……的人” scholar, liar, peddler

　　5)-ard, -art, 表示"做……的人”coward, laggard, braggart(夸张者)

　　6)-arian, 表示"……派别的人， ……主义的人”humanitarian, vegetarian

　　7)-ary, 表示"从事……的人" secretary, missionary

　　8)-ant, 表示"具有……职责的人" candidate, graduate

　　9)-ator, 表示"做……的人" educator, speculator(投机者)

　　10)-ee, 表示"动作承受者" employee, examinee

　　1)-eer, 表示"从事于……人" engineer, volunteer

　　(2). 构成，具有抽象名词的含义

　　1)-acy, 表示"性质，状态，境遇" accuracy, diplomacy

　　2)-age, 表示"状态，行为，身份及其结果，总称" courage, storage, marriage

　　3)-al, a) 表示"事物的动作，过程”refusal, arrival, survival, denial, approval

　　表示具体的事物manual, signal, editorial, journal

　　4)-ance, -ence表示"性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度” endurance, importance, diligence, difference, obedience

　　5)-ancy, -ency, 表示"性质，状态，行为，过程" frequency, urgency, efficiency,

　　6)-bility, 表示"动作，性质，状态" possibility, feasibility,

　　7)-craft, 表示"工艺，技巧” woodcraft, handicraft, statecraft（治国策）

　　8)-cracy, 表示"统治，支配" bureaucracy, democracy

　　)-ship, 表示"情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业” hardship, membership, friendship

　　(3) 带有学术，科技含义

　　1)-grapy, 表示"……学，写法” biography, calligraphy, geography

　　2)-ic, ics, 表示"……学……法" logic, mechanics, optics, electronics

　　3)-ology, 表示"……学……论”biology, zoology, technology(工艺学)

　　4)-nomy, 表示"……学……术" astronomy, economy, bionomy(生态学)

　　5)-ery, 表示"学科，技术" chemistry, cookery, machinery

　　6)-y, 表示"……学，术，法” photography, philosophy

　　(6) 表示物品和物质名称的含义

　　-ment, instrument, equipment, attachment

　　动词后缀

　　1)-ize, ise, 表示"做成，变成，……化“modernize, mechanize, democratize, organize

　　2)-en, 表示"使成为，引起，使有” quicken, weaken, soften, harden

　　3)-fy, 表示"使……化, 使成”beautify, purify, intensify, signify, simplify

　　4)-ish, 表示"使，令” finish, abolish, diminish, establish

　　5)-ate, 表示“成为……，处理，作用” separate, operate, indicate

　　名词＋动词 sleepwalk

　　副词＋动词 overcome , undergo, overthrow, understand

　　形容词＋动词 blacklist, white-wash

　　4. 副词后缀

　　1)-ly, possibly, swiftly, simply

　　2)-ward, -wards, downward, inwards, upward

　　3)-ways, always, sideways4)-wise, otherwise, clockwise常见的缀

　　1.表示否定意义的前缀

　　1)纯否定前缀

　　dis- dishonest, dislikein-, ig-, il, im, ir, incapable, inability, ignoble, impossible, immoral, illegal, irregular un- unable, unemployment

　　2)表示反动作的意思

　　de-, defend, demodulation(解调)dis-, disarm, disconnect

　　un-, unload, uncover

　　3)表示相反，相互对立意思

　　anti-, ant- antiknock( 防震), antiforeign,(排外的)contra- , contradiction, contraflow(逆流)

　　counter-, counterreaction, counterbalance

　　ob-, oc-, of-, op-, object, oppose, occupywith-, withdraw, withstand

　　2. 表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀

　　1)extra-, 表示“额外”extraction （提取）)fore- 表示“在前面”forehead

　　)in-, il-, im-, ir-, 表示“向内，在内，背于”inland, invade, inside, import

　　)inter-,

　　表示“在……间，相互”international, interaction, internet

　　)out-, 表示“在上面，在外部，在外”outline, outside, outward

　　)over-, 表示“在上面，在外部，向上”overlook, overhead, overboard

　　)post-, 表示"向后，在后边，次”postscript(附言)，)pre-, 表示"在前”在前面”prefix, preface, preposition

　　)sub-,

　　sup-, 表示“在下面，下”subway, submarine, suppress, supplement

　　under-, 表示“在…..下面，下的”underline, underground, underwater

　　1)super-, sur-, 表示“在…..之上”superficial, surface, superstructure

　　)up-, 表示“向上，向上面，在上”upward, uphold, uphill(上坡)

　　3. 表示时间，序列关系的前缀

　　1)ante-, anti-, 表示“先前，早于，预先”antecedent, anticipate2)ex-, 表示“先，故，旧”expresident,

　　3)fore-, 表示“在前面，先前，前面”foreward, orecast, foretell(预言)

　　4)mid-,

　　表示“中，中间”midnight, midsummer5)post-"表示“在后，后”postwar,

　　6)pre-, 表示“在前，事先，预先”preheat, prewar, prehistory

　　7)pro-, 表示“在前，先，前”prologue(序幕)，prophet(预言家)8)re-, 表示“再一次，重新”retell, rewrite

　　4. 表示比较程度差别关系的前缀

　　1)by-, 表示“副，次要的”byproduct, bywork(副业)2)extra-,表示“超越，额外”extraordinary,

　　3) sub- 表示“低，次，副，亚”subeditor, subordinate, subtropical(亚热带)

　　5. 表示共同，相等意思的前缀

　　1)com-, cop-, con-, cor-, co- 表示“共同，一起”。connect, combine, collect, combat, coexist, co-operate2)syn-, sym-,表示“同，共，和，类”symmetry, sympathy, synthesis(合成)

　　6. 表示整个完全意思的前缀

　　1)al- 表示“完整，完全”alone, almost,

　　2) over-表示“完全，全”overall, overflow(充满)

　　3) pan-表示“全，总，万”panentheism(泛神论)，panorama

　　7. 表示分离，离开意思的前缀

　　1)a- ab-, abs-,表示“分离，离开” away, apart, abstract, abstain2)de- 表示“离去，处去”depart3)dis-, di-, dif-, 表示“分离，离开” divorce, disarm(缴械)

　　4)ex-, e-, 表示“离开，分离”expel, exclude, expatriate(驱出国外)

　　5)for- 表示“离开，脱离”forget, forgive6)表示“离开”release, resolve

　　7)表示“分离，隔离”separate, seduce, select

　　8.

　　表示特殊意义的前缀

　　1)arch-, 表示“首位，第一的，主要的”architect, archbishop

　　2)auto-, 表示“自己，独立，自动”automobile, autobiography3)bene-, 表示“善，福”benefit

　　4)eu-, 表示“优，美好”eugenics(优生学)5)male-, mal- 表示“恶，不良”maltreatment, malodor,

　　6)macro-, 表示“大，宏大”macroscopic(宏观)7)micro-, 表示“微”microscope

　　. 表示术语的前缀

　　1)aud-, 表示“听，声”audience,2)bio-, 表示“生命，生物”biography(传记)

　　3)ge-, 表示“地球，大地”geography4)phon-, 表示“声，音调”phonograph

　　5)tele-, 表示“远离”television, telephone