13．(2010·四川)Because of the heavy traffic, it was already time for lunch break ________ she got to her office. A. since
B. that C. when
D. until 答案与解析：C when引导时间状语从句。句意：因为交通拥挤，当她到达办公室时已是午休时间了。 14．(2010·陕西)John thinks it won't be long ________ he is ready for his new job. A. when
B. after C. before
D. since 答案与解析：C 句意：约翰认为要不了多久他就会为新工作做好准备的。before在此处表示两件事情发生相隔时间之长或之短。表示相隔时间之长时，常被翻译成“过了/要过……后才”；表示相隔时间之短时常被翻译成“还没/未/要不了多久就……”。 【考点诠释】 状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等，可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等状语从句。 1．时间状语从句 由从属连词when, whenever, as, while, before, after, till, until, as soon as, hardly...when, no sooner...than, since, the moment/minute/instant, directly, immediately等引导。其中特别需要注意几点：
(1)when的特殊用法：be doing when...正在干某事这时……，该句型中when用作并列连词，表示“那时，这时”。 (2)while的特殊用法：作并列连词，“而，却”；作从属连词，“尽管”，相当于although。 (3)not...until句型的强调和倒装用法。 (4)It will be＋一段时间＋before...多久之后才…… (5)It is＋一段时间＋since.... (6)It was＋具体时间＋when...
(7)every time, each time, next time, the first time, the moment/minute/instant...等名词短语引导时间状语从句，表示“每次……”“下次……”“第一次……”“一……就……”等。 2．地点状语从句 由where, wherever引导，可放在主句前，也可放在主句后，where指“在某一地方”，wherever指“在任何一个地方”。但若表示抽象意义，则从句要放在主句之前。 3．条件状语从句 一般由if, as long as, unless, once, on condition that以……为条件，supposing/suppose如果/假使， on the understanding that以……为条件，in case以防，only if只要等引导。 4．原因状语从句 常用的连词有because, since, as, now (that)既然，seeing that鉴于……，considering that考虑到，由于，in(that) 因为等。 5．结果状语从句与目的状语从句 结果状语从句通常由so that, so...that, such...that来引导；目的状语从句通常由so that, in order that, in case, for fear that, lest来引导。 6．让步状语从句 连词有although/though, whether...or..., even though/even if, as, whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however, no matter what/when/how/who/where/which等。 需要注意： (1)although/though一般可互换使用，可以和yet, still连用，但是不能和but连用。 (2)though还可用作副词，“可是，然而”之意，置于句末，并且有逗号和句子隔开。 (3)as引导的让步状语从句要倒装，把从句中的表语、状语或者动词原形置于句首。若表语是名词，前置时要省略冠词。 (4)whoever, whatever, whichever等也可以引导名词性从句。 7．方式状语从句 由as, just as, as if/though引导。as if/though引导的方式状语从句，如果从句所述的情况可以实现，用陈述语气；如果从句所述的情况不可能实现，用虚拟语气。 8．比较状语从句 通常由as...as, not as/so...as, than, the more...the more...引导，比较状语从句常用省略结构，要特别注意比较内容要一致。 9．状语从句中的省略 在状语从句中，如果主句和从句的主语一致或是it，且谓语动词中有be的某种形式时，从句的主语和be常省略。 5．(2010·天津)As a new graduate, he doesn't know ________ it takes to start a business here. A. how
B. what C. when
D. which 答案与解析：B 宾语从句暗含it takes...to do sth.句型，因此应用what引导宾语从句并充当从句中的宾语。 【考点诠释】 1．名词性从句一直是多年来高考的热点，试题多是考查引导名词性从句的引导词。引导名词性从句的引导词主要分为三类：连接词(that, whether)、连接代词和连接副词。解答此类题目首先要运用简单句的基本句式，分析从句的成分是否完整。 如果从句缺主语、宾语、表语，一般要考虑选择连接代词。如果从句不缺基本成分，即不缺主语、宾语、表语，要参考句意进行选择。可以选择从属连词that，也可以选择从属连词whether或if，有时还可以选择连接副词。 2．同位语从句 (1)同位语从句是用以解释说明某一名词的内容和实质的从句。不起修饰作用。 (2)同位语从句常用的引导词有that, whether, why, where, how等，if不引导同位语从句。在同位语从句中，that, whether不作成分，其他连接词具有实义，同时在同位语从句中作句子成分。 (3)通常可跟同位语从句的名词有fact, news, order, message, doubt, idea, belief, reason, thought, suggestion, question等。 考点五十一 that, what引导的名词性从句 【真题再现】 1．(2010·北京)I want to be liked and loved for ________ I am inside. A. who
B. where C. what
D. how 答案与解析：C what引导名词性从句，作介词for的宾语。另外，what在从句中作表语。 2．(2010·北京)Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was ________ it was rather closely modeled on his own life. A. what
B. that C. why
D. whether 答案与解析：B that引导的名词性从句在句中作表语，注意句型：The reason is/was that...。且that不充当句子的任何成分。其他几项不合题意。 3．(2010·北京)________ some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others. A. Whether
B. What C. That
D. How 答案与解析：B 句意：一些人认为是缺点的地方在其他人看来是一种优势。what引导的名词性从句作句子的主语，且what在从句中作regard的宾语。其他几项不合题意。 4．(2010·福建)We should respect food and think about the people who don't have ________ we have here and treat food nicely. A. that
B. which C. what
D. whether 答案与解析：C 句意：我们应该重视食物，想想那些得不到我们所拥有的这些的人，好好对待食物。此处考查宾语从句的引导词，从句中缺少宾语，故选what作动词have的宾语。 5．(2010·山东)Before the sales start, I make a list of ________ my kids will need for the coming season. A. why
B. what C. how
D. which 答案与解析：B 引导一个名词性从句，并在从句中作need的宾语，只能用what。句意：在特价促销开始之前，我把接下来的这个季节里孩子所需要的东西列了个清单。 6．(2010·陕西)It never occurred to
me ________ you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind. A. which
B. what C. that
D. if 答案与解析：C 句意：我从来没有想到你能成功地说服他改变主意。It occurs to sb. that...的意思为“某人突然想到……”，其中that引导主语从句，it为形式主语，指代that从句的具体内容。 7．(2010·浙江)It is uncertain ________ side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it. A. that
B. what C. how
D. whether 答案与解析：B 此处是由what引导的主语从句，指代It的具体内容，It是形式主语，所以这里选B项。 【考点诠释】 what与that的区别 what在名词性从句中可以作主语、表语或宾语；that在名词性从句中不作成分，只起连接作用，一般在从句中不缺少主语、表语或宾语时使用。 (1)What we need is time. 我们需要的是时间。(主语从句，what在从句中作宾语，不可以省略)
(2)What is needed is time. 所需要的是时间。(主语从句，what在从句中作主语，不可以省略) (3)That he failed in the test again really puzzled us. 他又一次没通过考试，这让我们迷惑不解。(主语从句，that在从句中不作成分，不可以省略) (4)I don't know that he was seriously ill. 我不知道他病得很严重。(宾语从句，that在从句中不作成分，可以省略) 注意对比以下句子： What__he__said is wrong.他说的话是错的。 That__he__said__so is wrong.他这么说是错的。 两个句子都是主语从句，第一个句子中what作said的宾语；第二个句子中so作said的宾语，that不作成分，不可以省略。 另外，有时句子不缺成分时要用连接副词，使句子意思更加完整。 The problem is how/where/when/whether we can get more money. 考点五十二 whever引导的名词性从句 【真题再现】 1．(2010·重庆)To improve the quality of our products, we asked for suggestions ________ had used the products. A. whoever
B. who C. whichever
D. which 答案与解析：A whoever引导宾语从句，并在从句中作主语，相当于anyone who。 2．(2009·湖南)She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do ________ it takes to save her life. A. whichever
B. however C. whatever
D. whoever 答案与解析：C whichever意为“无论哪个”；however意为“不管多么”；whatever意为“无论什么”；whoever意为“无论谁”。句意：我们准备无论付出什么代价都要挽救她的生命。故答案选C项。 【考点诠释】 连接代词whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever也可引导名词性从句，在名词性从句中作主语、宾语。 1．whoever意为“任何……人”，相当于anyone/any person who(＋定语从句)。whoever在从句中既可作主句的主语，又可作宾语。 Tell whoever you like; it makes no difference to me. (whoever引导宾语从句，且在宾语从句中作like的宾语，此时可换成whomever) Whoever leaves last must lock the door. (whoever引导主语从句，且在主语从句中作主语) 2．whomever意为“任何……人”，相当于anyone/any person whom(＋定语从句)。whomever既可作主句的宾语，又可作从句的宾语，此时均可换成whoever。 Whomever she will marry is none of our business. (whomever引导主语从句，且在主语从句中作动词marry的宾语) You may dance with whomever you like at the dancing party. (whomever引导宾语从句，且在宾语从句中作like的宾语) 3．whatever意为“无论什么；凡是……的事”，相当于anything that(＋定语从句)。whatever在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语；作定语时，相当于any...that(无论什么的；任何的)。 These wild flowers are so special that I would do whatever I can to save them. (whatever引导宾语从句，且在宾语从句中作do的宾语) This kind of animals will eat whatever food they can find. (whatever引导宾语从句，在宾语从句中作定语，修饰food，并和food一起作find的宾语) 4．whichever意为“无论哪一个”，相当于any (one)/the one that(＋定语从句)。whichever在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语；作定语时，相当于any of...that(任何一个)。 Whichever team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships. (whichever引导主语从句，在主语从句中作定语修饰team) She will buy whichever is the cheapest. (whichever引导宾语从句，且在宾语从句中作主语) 注意：whatever与whichever的区别 在表示选择时，有一定范围的语境下，用which或whichever；在没有范围的情况下则用what或whatever。 Here is 300 yuan. You can buy whatever you like. There are three skirts. You can take whichever you like. 考点五十三 引导状语从句的连词 【真题再现】 1．(2010·全国Ⅰ)Mary made coffee ________ her guests were finishing their meal. A. so that
B. although C. while
D. as if 答案与解析：C 句意：趁客人们正在吃饭，玛丽煮好了咖啡。while表示“在……期间”，符合语意。因此答案为C项。 2．(2010·全国Ⅰ)The little boy won't go to sleep ________ his mother tells him a story. A. or
B. unless C. but
D. whether 答案与解析：B 句意：如果妈妈不给他讲故事，那个小男孩儿就不睡觉。unless表示“除非，如果不”，表示否定的条件，符合句意。or“或者”，表选择；but“但是”，表转折；whether“是否”。 3．(2010·全国Ⅱ)—Have you finished the book? —No, I've read up to ________ the children discover the secret cave. A. which
B. what C. that
D. where 答案与解析：D 答语的意思是：我已经读到了孩子们发现了那个秘密洞穴的地方。where引导的是地点状语从句。 4．(2010·重庆)Today, we will begin ________ we stopped yesterday so that no point will be left out. A. when
B. where C. how
D. what 答案与解析：B where在此处引导地点状语从句。 5．(2010·江西)—Our holiday cost a lot of money. —Did it? Well, that doesn't matter ________ you enjoyed yourselves. A. as long as
B. unless C. as soon as
D. though 答案与解析：A 句意：——我们度假花了很多钱。——是吗？嗯，只要你们玩得开心，那(花很多钱)是没有关系的。as long as“只要”；unless“除非”；as soon as “一……就……”；though“虽然”。 6．(2010·辽宁)The old man asked
Lucy to move to another chair ________ he wanted to sit next to his wife. A. although
B. unless C. because
D. if 答案与解析：C 句意：那个老人让Lucy去坐另一张椅子，因为他想挨着他妻子坐。后面的从句表示原因，故填because。 7．(2010·安徽)The engineers are so busy that they have zero time for outdoor sports activities, ________ they have the interest. A. wherever
B. whenever C. even if
D. as if 答案与解析：C 句意： 工程师们如此忙碌，以至于他们没有时间进行户外体育运动，“即使”他们有这种兴趣。as if表示“似乎”，不符合语意。 8．(2010·安徽)Just use this room for the time being, and we'll offer you a larger one ________ it becomes available. A. as soon as
B. unless C. as far as
D. until 答案与解析：A 句意：暂时先用这个房间，一有稍大的房间，我们就提供给你。此处与句中的for the time being相呼应。 9．(2010·湖南)Tim is in good shape physically ________ he doesn't get much exercise. A. if
B. even though C. unless
D. as long as 答案与解析：B even though意为“即使”，引导让步状语从句。句意：尽管Tim锻炼得并不多，但他的身材保持得很好。 10．(2010·北京)________ they decide which college to go to, students should research the admission procedures. A. As
B. While C. Until
D. Once 答案与解析：D once在句中引导条件状语从句，表示“一旦”。句意：一旦学生决定上哪个大学，他们就应该了解一下入学手续。其他几项不合题意。 11．(2010·山东)The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of the school during the day, ________ accompanied by an adult. A. once
B. when C. if
D. unless 答案与解析：D 句意：校规规定，任何孩子在白天都不允许出校门，除非有大人陪同，所以选unless。 12．(2010·福建)The girl had hardly rung the bell ________ the door was opened suddenly, and her friend rushed out to greet her. A. before
B. until C. as
D. since 答案与解析：A 这个女孩刚一(几乎还没有)按门铃，门突然被打开了，她的朋友冲出来迎接她。hardly...before“几乎还没有……就……”“刚一……就……”，暗含“快”。 第七节 主从复合句 考点分类突破 考点四十八 关系词的选择 【真题再现】 1．(2010·全国Ⅰ)As a child, Jack studied in a village school, ________ is named after his grandfather. A. which
B. where C. what
D. that
答案与解析：A 定语从句在逗号之后，可判断为非限制性定语从句。先行词a village school在定语从句中作主语，因此用关系代词which，故选A项。 2．(2010·重庆)In China, the number of cities is increasing ________ development is recognized across the world. A. where
B. which C. whose
D. that 答案与解析：C whose在此引导定语从句，并在从句中作定语，先行词为cities, whose development相当于the development of the cities。 3．(2010·江西)The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister ________ she would stay for an hour. A. where
B. who C. which
D. what 答案与解析：A 句意：这个女孩被安排与她姐姐一起在培训中心上钢琴课，在那儿她愿意待上一个小时。where引导限制性定语从句，修饰at the training centre。 4．(2010·湖南)I've become good friends with several of the students in my school ________ I met in the English speech contest last year. A. who
B. where C. when
D. which 答案与解析：A who引导定语从句，修饰先行词students。句意：我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中结识的同校同学成了好朋友。 5．(2010·天津)—Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut? —You should try the barber's ________ I go. It's only 15. A. as
B. which C. where
D. that 答案与解析：C where引导限制性定语从句并在从句中充当地点状语，定语从句修饰先行词the barber's，即我去的那个理发店。 6．(2010·北京)Children who are not active or ________ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. A. what
B. whose C. which
D. that 答案与解析：B whose引导定语从句，和前面的who引导的定语从句并列，共同修饰先行词children，并且whose在从句中作定语，修饰diet。 7．(2010·山东)That's the new machine ________ parts are too small to be seen. A. that
B. which C. whose
D. what 答案与解析：C 代替指物的先行词the new machine，且在从句中作定语，所以用whose。句意：那是台新机器，它的零件小得都看不到。 8．(2010·福建)Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet ________ life has developed gradually. A. that
B. where C. which
D. whose 答案与解析：B 句意：Stephen Hawking认为地球不可能是唯一的有生命逐渐形成的星球。这是一个由where引导的定语从句，修饰先行词planet，从句中缺少地点状语，根据句意，选B项。 9．(2010·四川)After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, ________ turned out to be a wise decision. A. that
B. which C. when
D. where 答案与解析：B 在此，which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面句子的内容。句意：大学毕业后我抽出 一部分时间去旅游，事实证明这是一个明智的选择。 10．(2010·陕西)The old temple ________ roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair. A. where
B. which C. its
D. whose 答案与解析：D 先行词The old temple和定语从句中的主语roof是所属关系，所以要用关系代词作定语。关系代词作定语时可用“whose＋n.”，“the＋n.＋of which”或“of which＋the＋n.”三种结构，此题中采用的是第一种结构。若用另外两种结构，应该是the roof of which或of which
the roof。 11．(2010·全国Ⅱ)I refuse to accept the blame for something ________ was someone else's fault. A. who
B. that C. as
D. what 答案与解析：B “that was someone else's fault”是定语从句，修饰先行词something, that在从句中作主语。 【考点诠释】 解答定语从句中关系词的选择这类题目可采取“先行词还原法”：第一步，准确确定先行词；第二步，将先行词还原到从句中看看被还原的部分在从句中所作的是什么成分，然后确定选用关系代词还是关系副词。 关系词的选择主要依据先行词在从句中所作的成分，先行词在从句中作主语、定语、宾语时，选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose)；先行词在从句中作状语时，应选择关系副词(where，when, why)。 1．引导定语从句的9个关系词(who, whom, whose, that, which, as, when, where, why)绝大多数没有词义(whose“……的”，as“正如……”除外)，也就是说当它们引导定语从句时，who不能翻译成“谁”，that不能翻译成“那个”，where不能译成“在哪里”等。 2．关系代词所代替的先行词是表示人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 (1)who, whom，that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。 Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想见你的那个人吗？(who/that在从句中作主语) He is the man whom/that I am waiting for. 他就是我正在等待的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
(2)which，that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。 (3)关系代词that和which的用法区别 ①which可以引导非限制性定语从句，而that不可以；which可以用在“介词＋关系代词”结构中，而that不可以；当先行词是that, those时，引导词要用which。 This is the teaching building, in front of which stands a tree. 这是教学楼，楼前面长着一棵树。 I have that which you gave me. 我有你给我的那个。 ②在下面的几种情况下，只能用that，不能用which。 a．先行词指物，且为不定代词如all, anything, everything, much, nothing, none, something等时，引导词只能用that，不能用which。 Is there anything that I can do for you? 我可以帮你什么忙吗？ b．先行词既有人又有物时，只能用that，不能用which。 The famous writer and his book that you referred to just now are wellknown now. 你刚才提到的那位著名作家和他的书现在非常有名。 c．先行词被最高级修饰时，只能用that，不能用which。 This is the worst way that we can use to deal with the problem. 这是我们解决这个问题所能采用的最差的方法。 d．先行词被序数词修饰时，只能用that，不能用which。 He was the first person that passed the driving test. 他是第一个通过驾照考试的人。 e．先行词被the only, the very, every, each, all, no, such, some, few, any等词修饰时，只能用that。 She is the only person that understands me. 她是唯一理解我的人。 3．关系副词when, where, why的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。具体用法如下：when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语；where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语；why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。 解答这类题目时考生往往不注意判断先行词在从句中所作的成分，而是主观臆断，看见时间名词就选when，看见地点名词就选where，这样做是不正确的。先行词是时间名词或地点名词时，如果在从句中不作状语，则不能用when或where引导定语从句，而要用which/that。 I still remember the day which/that we spent together in the city. 我仍然记得我们一起在那座城市度过的那一天。(这里which/that指代the day作spent的宾语) 当先行词是situation, point, case, stage等表示某种情景、状况的词时，常用where或in which引导定语从句。 Can you imagine a situation where/in which you can use the word? 你能想象一个能使用这个词的情景吗？ 考点四十九 “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 【真题再现】 1．(2010·江苏)The newlybuilt cafe, the walls of ________ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work. A. that
B. it C. what
D. which 答案与解析：D “the walls of which are painted light green”是定语从句，修饰先行词cafe。which引导非限制性定语从句，代指cafe，在从句中作介词of的宾语。由于关系代词前面有介词，所以A项错误。 2．(2010·浙江)The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of ________ left their village homes for a better life in the city. A. whom
B. which C. them
D. those 答案与解析：A 解答定语从句关系词选用题的关键是：在主句中找出先行词，该从句的先行词是nearly 1,000 people，然后把先行词“代入”从句中，判断其在从句中的“地位”和“作用”，此处先行词在定语从句中作of的宾语，应该用关系代词whom，据此选A项。 【考点诠释】 1．“介词＋关系代词”中的关系代词实际上只有whom(指人)和which(指物)两个。 2．当介词不提至关系代词前面时，可以用that/who/whom作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词往往可以省略。 This is the hero (that/who/whom) we are proud of. 这就是那个我们引以为自豪的英雄。 This is the pen (that/which) I wrote the letter with. 这就是我用来写信的那支笔。 3．“复合介词短语＋关系代词”引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。 He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree. 4．“介词＋关系代词”考查的重点在于“用不用介词”和“用什么介词”。因此在答题时考生必须注意解题思路。考生可采用“先行词还原法”将先行词还原到从句中来确定正确的介词，具体做法是：
(1)把先行词放在从句中，从句子的意思来判断用不用介词和用什么介词。 (2)注意从句中动词、形容词、名词与介词的固定搭配。 注意：在一些固定动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。 This is the pen which I'm looking for.(正确) This is the pen for which I'm looking.(错误) 考点五十 名词性从句的引导词 【真题再现】 1．(2010·江苏)—I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays. —That's ________ I don't agree. You should have a more active life. A. where
B. how C. when
D. what 答案与解析：A 说话人在星期天喜欢整天把自己关在家中听音乐，答话人对这一点不赞同。答语中“where I don't agree”是表语从句，表示的是抽象概念。假如选择D项， agree后需要加上介词。
2．(2010·四川)How much one enjoys himself travelling depends largely on ________ he goes with, whether his friends or relatives. A. what
B. who C. how
D. why 答案与解析：B 在此who引导宾语从句，并在从句中作with的宾语。句意：一个人享受旅游的程度很大部分取决于他与谁一起旅游，是他的朋友还是他的亲戚。 3．(2010·湖南)Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew ________ she was so angry. A. where
B. whether C. that
D. why 答案与解析：D 根据句意应选why，引导宾语从句。句意：Cindy重重地关上了门，突然哭了起来。办公室的人都不知道她为什么如此生气。 4．(2010·全国Ⅰ)We haven't discussed yet ________ we are going to place our new furniture. A. that
B. which C. what
D. where 答案与解析：D 题干中We haven't discussed yet后为宾语从句，从句中缺少地点状语，因此空白处应填where，故答案为D项。