随着《论语》英译本问世,辜鸿铭成为中国翻译史上对外译介儒家经典的第一人。辜鸿铭以其高深的英语造诣和对儒家学说的精到理解,其译本充分实现了传播儒家思想的原始目的。
中国古汉语的一大特点是遣词造句采用意合法,重意义组合而轻形式结构,少用或不用关联词语,语法意义和逻辑联系隐含在字里行间,不直接显现出来。而英语的特点是采用形合法,注重形式结构,多采用或常用关联词语,显性衔接,以形显义。
例1、子曰:“学而时习之,不亦说乎?有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?人不知而不愠,不亦君子乎?”
辜译:Confucius remarked, “ It is indeed a pleasure to acquire knowledge and, as you go on acquiring, to put into practice what you have acquired. A greater pleasure still it is when friends of congenial minds come from afar to seek you because of your attainments. But he is truly a wise and good man who feels no discomposure even when he is not noticed of men.”
解析:1)原文语句凝练,无任何赘述,十分符合上述所说的古汉语的特点。辜鸿铭翻译时,添加了很多成分,如“greater, still, of congenial minds, because of your attainments”等词语。
2) 第一句使用“pleasure”,第二句中使用“a greater pleasure still”,可见两种快乐的程度不同,独自学习和朋友切磋的快乐呈递进关系。
3) “有朋自远方来”的“朋”,译者在翻译时,加了很多修饰,比如“of congenial minds”表明是志同道合者,以及“because of your attainments”又是因仰慕学识而来的。
4) 第三句中,加了“but”一词,虽是小词,但是使逻辑关系更为清晰。这样一来三句起承转合严丝合缝,构成一个完整的体系。
例2、子曰:“无为而治者其舜也与!夫何为哉?恭己正南面而已矣。”
辜译:Confucius remarked, “ The ancient Emperor Shun was perhaps the one man who successfully carried out the principle of no-government. For what need is there really for what is called government? A ruler needs only to be earnest in his personal conduct, and to behave in a manner worthy of his position.
解析:1)译者对舜的身份进行了增译,这也是在翻译时,涉及历史人物等方面时,常用的方法。
2) “无为而治”本为道家思想,原意可翻译为“be line with Tao", “无为”不是简单的无所作为,任其发展,而是有“道”这一总纲在默默起着作用。此处明显“无为而治”的意思有所改变,更倾向于国家方面,那么翻译为“no-government"并不错误。再者,辜鸿铭翻译《论语》因其特殊的历史背景,传播中国传统文化只是其一个目的,其根本目的还是希望国家可以强盛。
3)值得注意的是,译者在脚注中引用了爱默生的语录,借以阐释“无为”的概念。译者并没有止步于阐释儒家所提倡的个人道德修炼,而是出于强烈的政治使命,针砭建立在枪炮强权的西方近代文明。西方道德学说与儒学结合,不仅增添了译本的可接受性,同时也拓展了儒学义理的外延。
例3、凤兮凤兮!何德之衰!往者不可谏,来者犹可追。
已而!已而!今之从政者殆而!
辜译:O Phoenix bird! O Phoenix bird,
Where is the glory of your prime?
The past, —— ‘t is useless now to change,
Care for the future yet is time.
Renounce! Give up your chase in vain,
For those who serve in Court and State
Dire peril follows in their train.
解析:辜鸿铭再现文学风格,以诗译诗。全诗共7行,每行8个音节,双行押韵,朗朗上口。不仅体现了原作的音韵节律之美,而且把接舆对孔子的不解和惋惜之情刻画得淋漓尽致。
辜鸿铭翻译儒家经典的目的是为了传播儒学,传播中国文化。尽管后来的学者在对此译本提出诸多疑问,但在当时基督教和英语明显处于强势地位的情况下,作为一个中国人首次尝试独立和主动地将中国文化向西方输入,其历史意义十分特殊。译文字里行间也体现了辜老深厚的文学修养。
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