阅读理解 [命题分析] 推理判断题属于难度较高的题目，要求在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对文中细节的暗示和语篇逻辑关系的分析做出一定的判断和推理，从而理解作者所要传达的信息、得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。它主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力和考生的识别能力。 纵观近三年新课标全国卷，可以看出每年推理判断题的考查比例都在4～5个小题。简单的推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话或某段落，要求考生在遵循原文意义的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，揭示其深层含义。而较复杂的题目常常在理解全文的内容和结构的基础上，进行逻辑推理。 专题一 阅读理解 解答推理判断题要以文字信息为依据，既不能作出在原文中找不到依据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息进行多余推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据，推论有理，忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。 专题一 阅读理解 细 节 推 断 题 细节推断题是推理判断题中比较简单的一类试题，它要求考生根据语篇中具体的内容和信息点，推断出文章中具体的细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。解答此类试题时，一般可根据短文所提供的信息或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生只要正确把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，就可作出准确的推断。常见的命题形式有： It can be inferred from the passage/text that________． It can be concluded from the passage that________． The author strongly suggests that________． The writer implies but not directly states that________． The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that________． Which of the following statements does the passage support?
(2015·高考天津卷)I never told my mother about my “miraculous”(奇迹般的)experience that summer，but she saw a slow but remarkable improvement in my classroom performance during the next year.And years later，she was proud that her son had read thousands of books，was awarded a PhD in literature，and authored his own books，articles，poetry and fiction.The power of the words has held. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?_______ A．The author has become a successful writer. B．The author’s mother read the same book. C．The author’s mother rewarded him with books. D．The author has had happy summers ever since. A 【解析】 推理判断题。根据本段的倒数第二句话．..she was proud that her son...authored his own books...可以得知， 作者的妈妈对自己的儿子读了很多书、创作出版了自己写的 书、文章、诗歌和小说等感到很自豪，由此可以推知，作者成为了一名成功的作家，A项所述符合题干要求。B项“作者的妈妈读了同样一本书”、C项“作者的妈妈奖励给他 书”、D项“作者自那之后度过了很多快乐的暑期”均为干扰项。 名师点津 对于细节推断题来说，根据文章中的关键信息点进行推断是解答此类试题的关键。考生不但要理解文章的字面含义，还要运用逻辑判断能力，推断出文章更深层的含义。同时还要根据文章内容进行推断，不能凭空猜测。考生要注意站在文章作者或文中人物的立场上，设身处地地考虑实际情景，并据此展开合理的想象和推理。主观臆断是许多考生做这类题时普遍存在的一个问题。 作者态度或观点的推断 该类型题目考查考生是否了解文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度。要求考生具有在正确理解文意的基础上，对观点或态度倾向进行分析、识别的能力。该类型题目的选项一般含有以下三类词：①中性词：uninterested(不感兴趣的)，neutral(中立的)等；②褒义词：positive(积极的)，supportive(支持的)，humorous(滑稽有趣的)，enthusiastic(热情的)，admiring(赞赏的)等；③贬义词：disgusted(厌恶的)，critical(批评的)，indifferent(漠不关心的)，negative(否定的，消极的)，disappointed(失望的)等。常见的命题形式有： The attitude of the author towards something is________？ The writer of the passage seems to think that________． What’s the writer’s attitude towards...? What is the author’s opinion on...? What does the author think about...?
(2015·高考湖北卷)On the whole，Brooks’s story is acceptable if uninspired.As one would expect，his writing is mostly clear and，to be fair，some chapters stand out above the rest.I enjoyed，for instance，the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own.While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters，the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere.These problems partly involve Brooks’s attempt to translate his tale into science. What is the author’s general attitude towards the book?_____ A．Contradictory.B．Supportive. C．Cautious.
D．Critical. D 【解析】 推理判断题。根据最后一段作者在评价这本书的时候说到“mostly clear and，to be fair，some chapters stand out above the rest；are certainly not strong or memorable characters；the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere.These problems partly involve Brooks’s attempt to translate his tale into science.从这些信息可知，作者对这本书持“批评的(critical)”态度，故选D。 名师点津 名师点津 如何解答“心思难猜”的观点态度类推理判断题？ 1．一般来说，作者对某一事物的态度往往较为明确，要么支持，要么反对，带中立色彩的词语通常是错误选项，作者既然写文章就不会不关心； 2．正确把握文章字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的观点代替作者的观点； 3．因为作者往往不直接提出自己的态度或立场，而且作者写作时也常带有某种倾向性，所以，考生在读文章时要细心捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的词语，捕捉那些烘托气氛、表达情感的语句； 4．要学会区分不同的观点，尤其要善于找出作者的观点。考生要注意文中出现的直接引语和间接引语，出现的观点一般是当事人的观点，而不是作者的观点。作者的观点一般用in my view，in my opinion，personally，I think，I hold等引出。 写作意图的推断 写作意图推断题要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。常见的命题形式有： What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? The purpose of the text is to get more people to ________． The writer of the story wants to tell us that________． The writer talks about...in order to... The author writes the last paragraph in order to________．
(2015·高考天津卷) Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk，I went to a friend.He looked at me for a moment，and then wrote a sentence containing the best advice I’ve ever had：Be bold and brave—and mighty(强大的) forces will come to your aid. Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past，it was seldom because I had tried and failed.It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all.On the other hand，whenever I had plunged into deep water，forced by courage or circumstance，I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again. Boldness means a decision to bite off more than you are sure you can eat．And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces.They are potential powers we possess：energy，skill，sound judgment，creative ideas—even physical strength greater than most of us realize. Admittedly，those mighty forces are spiritual ones.But they are more important than physical ones.A college classmate of mine，Tim，was an excellent football player，even though he weighed much less than the average player.“In one game I suddenly found myself confronting a huge player，who had nothing but me between him and our goal line，”said Tim.“I was so frightened that I closed my eyes and desperately threw myself at that guy like a bullet(子弹)—and stopped him cold.” Boldness—a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme—is not one that can be acquired overnight.But it can be taught to children and developed in adults.Confidence builds up.Surely，there will be setbacks (挫折) and disappointments in life；boldness in itself is no guarantee of success.But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeeds. So，always try to live a little bit beyond your abilities—and you’ll find your abilities are greater than you ever dreamed. What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?_______ A．To encourage people to be courageous. B．To advise people to build up physical power. C．To tell people the ways to guarantee success. D．To recommend people to develop more abilities. 【解析】 写作意图题。本文首段提到论点“要大胆勇敢地去尝试”，行文从第二段开始通过列举事实对此论点进行论证，最后一段回扣主题：努力活得稍微超过你的能力，那么你会发现你的能力比你希望的更大。故本文作者主要的目的是“鼓励人们要勇敢”，A项所述符合题干要求。 A 名师点津 不同的文章有不同的写作意图，归纳起来通常有以下三种：1.to entertain readers(娱乐读者，让人发笑)，常见于故事类的文章。2.to persuade readers，to sell a product or a
service，to attract more visitors/readers/audience(说服读者接受某种观点，购买某种产品或服务，吸引游客、读者或观 众)，多见于广告类的文章。3.to inform readers(告知读者某些信息)，多见于科普知识类、资讯报道类或社会文化类的文章。 判断文章的写作目的时一定要对文章主题有正确的把握；阅读时务必找准文章的主旨句，准确归纳文章主题。 文章出处或读者对象的推断 推测文章的来源或者推测读者对象要求考生本身要具备一定的常识，这样才能把文章的内容与自己已经具备的常识结合起来作出准确推断。比如考生要对报纸、杂志、网络、小说、童话、广告、说明书、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南等有基本的了解，这样才能根据文章的特点对号入座，选出最佳答案。常见的命题形式有： This passage would most likely be found in________． In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed? The passage is probably taken out of________． Where does this text probably come from? Where is the passage most likely to have been taken from?
(2015·高考广东卷)When I grew up and entered the business world，I remember hearing my first boss say，“We all need to think like salespeople.” But it didn’t completely make sense.My dad never once said，“If you want to catch a fish you need to think like a fisherman.” What he said was，“You need to think like a fish.” Years later，with great efforts to promote longterm services to people much older and richer than me，I gradually learned what we all need is to think more like customers.It is not an easy job.I will show you how in the following chapters. This passage most likely comes from ________． A．a fishing guide B．a popular sales book C．a novel on childhood D．a millionaire’s biography 【解析】 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容尤其是最后一句话“I will show you how in the following chapters.”可知，本文很有可能来自一本有关销售的书。 B 名师点津 推断文章出处类题目应从文章的内容或结构入手。从文章的内容上来看，主要有说明文(主要涉及广告和旅游指南等)、 议论文(主要涉及影评、书评、资讯评论、正反对比议论文 等)。从文章的结构上来看，资讯报道类文章一般在第一段概括全文内容，后面陈述细节，前面都会出现日期、地点或通讯社等名称。广告的格式特殊，语言简练。产品说明会出现产品名称或操作方式等。网站文章通常会出现click，online，web，website，video 等字眼，有时还会提供网址等。旅游指南类文章旨在介绍某一旅游景点的自然景观和人文特色，目的是吸引游客来访。 1．严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推理，千万不要掺杂自己的主观想法或经验； 2．如果某选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，那它就不是推论，也就不是正确答案； 3．如果某选项所表达的内容与经验相吻合，文中却没有涉及，那它属于主观臆断的结论，也不是正确答案； 4．如果某个选项表达的内容虽在文中提到，但很片面或很不完整，那也不是正确答案； 5．文中的虚拟语气和情态动词(should，must，may，etc.)往往能流露出作者的弦外之音，这有助于我们确定正确答案； 6．某些过渡词(如：however，but，on the contrary，what’s more)后面所表达的内容往往能反映作者的观点和态度。