阅读理解 [命题分析] 词义猜测题是高考阅读理解题中的一种常见的题型。词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义推断，也可以是对一个短语或一个句子的意义推断，既可以是生词生义，也可以是熟词新 义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。通过对近三年新课标全国卷分析统计来看，词义猜测题一般有1－2题。虽然题量不大，考查相对比较稳定，但难度略有增加，需要在复杂的句式中通过上下文综合分析才能得出答案。 在词义猜测题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。 专题一 阅读理解 单词或短语意思猜测题 该题型着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从“已知”得出“未知”的过程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。考查范围涉及对某个生词或短语的含义的猜测、对某个熟词进行生义的猜测或考查该词能被哪个单词或短语代替等。常见的命题形式有： The underlined word in the second paragraph means “________”． Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph? The underlined word “________” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “________”． What does the phrase “________”in Paragraph 1 mean?
(2015·高考北京卷) The objects around you are visible because they interact with light.Light typically travels in a straight line.But some materials slow and scatter (散射) light，bouncing it away from its original path.Others absorb light，stopping it dead in its tracks.Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it，so you can see it easily. The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means ________． A．silently B．gradually C．regularly
D．completely D 【解析】 词义猜测题。本题属于猜测熟词的新义。由本段可知，我们能看到物体一类是因为它们减慢了光速和对光进行了散射，使其改变了原来的路线，而另外一类是因为它们对光线的吸收。既然吸收了，那么在光的传播过程中就被完全阻止了，因此这里dead意为“完全地”，故选D。
(2015·高考全国卷Ⅱ) My color television has given me nothing but a headache.I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn’t fit.I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model.I realized this a day later，when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventyfive dollars less than I had paid.The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed_off for the night.Fortunately，I didn’t get any channels showing allnight movies or I would never have gotten to bed. Which of the following can best replace the phrase “signed off” in Paragraph 1?_______ A．ended all their programs B．provided fewer channels C．changed to commercials D．showed allnight movies 【解析】 词义猜测题。结合画线部分所在的句子“The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed_off for the night.”尤其是画线短语前面的I would keep it on说明作者非常喜欢看电视，一 直看到电视台停止播放节目为止，故A项“结束所有的节 目”与短语sign off “结束广播/电视节目”意义相近，为正确答案。 A 名师点津 对于此类题目我们可以借助下面这些方法来答题：(1)“拆 猜”并用来解决问题：阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。此时可以用“拆猜”的方式，先把该词的各种词缀或前后两个合成部分拆开，再结合我们掌握的构词法知识，根据中心词的含义和词缀的含义猜测其意思。(2) 根据定义或解释猜词：如果生词后有一个句子(定语从句或同位语从句)或段落来对其下定义，或使用破折号、冒号、分号后的内容和引号、括号中的内容加以解释和定义，那么理解这个句子或段落就可以推断词义。(3)根据同义词和反义词猜词：在单词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或反义 的词语或结构，这时考生可从熟悉的词语中推测其含义。(4)根据因果关系进行猜词：该方法是根据前后的因果关系来推断某个生词或短语的意思。可由表示原因的句意推测出表示结果的句子中的某个生词或短语的意思；也可由表示结果的句意推测出表示原因的句子中的某个生词或短语的意思。(5)根据语义转折猜词：有时作者为了增强表达效果，在文章中会用一些表示转折意思的连词、副词或短语，如： though，although，but，yet，instead，however，while，rather than 等，考生可以根据转折的语境猜测词义。 代 词 指 代 题 代词指代题要求考生依据语境的逻辑关系，判断画线的人称代词或指示代词在文章中指代的对象，包括考查it(指动物、无生命的事物、特定的事件或人)，they/them(指代人、物、事件的复数名词)，he/she等人称代词的指代意义，以及指示代词this，that，these，those 等在文章中的指代意义，以考查考生对文章中叙述的特定的人、物、事件的再认能力。常见的命题形式有：The word “it/they” in the last sentence refers to “________”.
What does “that/those/them” in Paragraph 3 refer to?
(2015·高考重庆卷) Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure，providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta.The camps have excellent horses，professional guides and lots of support workers.They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience. What does the underlined word “They” refer to?________ A．Flooded waters.
B．Wildlife journeys. C．Safari camps.
D．Unique rides. 【解析】 代词指代题。做代词指代题时一般应该从前文查找答案，画线代词所在句子与其前一句是并列的，前一个句子的主语是the camps，而the camps指前面提到的safari
camps，故应该选择C项。
C
(2015·高考四川卷)However，physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way，who led the new study.West said，“I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction.I thought，‘Why don’t they just try rolling the things？’”A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides，he realized.That，he notes，should make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”． So he tried it． What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 7 refer to?__________ A．Rolling the blocks with poles attached. B．Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels. C．Rolling poles to move the blocks. D．Rolling the blocks with fat. 【解析】 代词指代题。根据So he tried it.中的So一词可判断，it指代的内容应该在第六段。由文章第六段中的A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides...make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”．可知，物理学家West提出，在石块四周捆绑上木棒可以使石块更容易滚动。因此他对这种方法进行了尝试，故选A项。
A 名师点津 解答代词指代题时，我们要认真阅读画线词所在句和前后邻近句的内容，分析人称转换和动作变换的详细过程，理清其来龙去脉和前后的因果关系，从而准确推断其指代的对象。因此，理解上下文(特别是上句)的意思和代词所在句的意思是解题的关键。 句 意 猜 测 题 句意猜测题通常需要考生猜测意思的是一个具有概括性的句子或是格言、谚语等，要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。常见的命题形式有： The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means “________”． The underlined words in Paragraph 1 probably mean ________．
(2015·高考福建卷) While，deep down，we know we can do it，our mind—or the minds of those close to us—usually says we can’t.That isn’t a reason to stop，it’s just the mind，that little man or woman on your shoulder，trying to talk you out of something again.It has
done it many times before.It’s all about starting simple and doing it now. Decide and act before overthinking.When you do this you may feel a little，or large，release from the jail of your mind and you’ll be on your way. Which of the following best explains the underlined part in the last paragraph?_________ A．Escape from your punishment. B．Realization of your dreams. C．Freedom from your tension. D．Reduction of your expectations. 【解析】 句意猜测题。根据最后一条建议Decide and act before overthinking.(行动前不要犹豫不决)可知，要把自己从思想的束缚中解放出来。release意为“解放”，与freedom同义，根据句中you’ll be on your way也可得知只有把自己释放出来，你才能走出去。 C 名师点津 考查句意理解的试题一般出现在长难句中。对于这种试题，考生应该认真阅读原文，特别是画线句子的上下文，准确理解作者的观点，尤其是对特定的人、物、事件的褒贬观点，以准确推断语句的含义。