第2讲 名词、冠词、代词和连接词 考点1 名词 【典例】1. (2015·全国卷Ⅰ)The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.
【解析】airs改为air。air空气, 是不可数名词, 不能变复数。 2. (2016·浙江高考)No one in the carriage had previous spoken to or even noticed the ticket-owner before. Yet, they had so quickly offered the strangers their help.
【解析】strangers改为stranger。此处特指the ticket-owner, 应该是一个人, 故用单数形式。 3. (2016·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)Nearly five years ago, and with the help of our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes(圣女果)in our back garden. Since then—for all these year—we have been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please.
【解析】year改为years。本句前面的形容词these常常修饰可数名词复数形式, 所以使用名词years。 4. (2016·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)Therefore, we have more time for after-school activities. For example, we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day.
【解析】第一个hour改为hours。此处指一个半小时, 所以用hour的复数形式。 5. (2016·辽宁高考)We’ve called several time about Cleo’s early morning barking. It is difficult to understand why she barks every minute she’s outside.
【解析】time改为times。根据前面表数量的词several可知, 此处time意为“次数”, 应用复数形式。 【解题技巧】 1. 可数名词单复数判断原则 根据名词所处句子的谓语动词是否使用第三人称单数形式、名词前的修饰词、固定词组或名词的复数变化规则来判断。 2. 区分可数名词和不可数名词 (1)根据名词的修饰词以及谓语动词的形式来判断可数名词和不可数名词。 (2)牢记常见的不可数名词以及某些抽象名词的具体化的情况。 常见的可以具体化的抽象名词有:
surprise惊奇, 诧异 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事 success成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事) honor荣誉 an honor一个(件)引以为荣的人(事) failure失败 a failure一个失败者 youth青春 a youth一个青年人 pity同情, 遗憾 a pity一件可惜的事情 pleasure乐意 a pleasure一件乐事 但是并不是所有的抽象名词都可以具体化, 下面这7个词永远不可数: fun, advice, progress, information, weather, equipment, furniture。 3. 名词所有格使用标准 根据两个名词之间是否有所属关系来判断是否该用名词所有格以及双重所有格。 考点2 冠词 【典例】1. (2015·浙江高考)On the right side of the class was the road. I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning.
【解析】hurry前加a。in a hurry是固定短语, 意为“匆忙”。 2. (2016·浙江高考)Then everyone in the carriage began searching for the ticket, which was eventually found under a seat several rows from its owner. The person who found a ticket smiled with pleasure at his success.
【解析】第二句中a改为the。考查冠词。此处特指“那张车票”。 3. (2016·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)Since then—for all these years—we have been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please. As result, the plants are growing everywhere.
【解析】result前加不定冠词a。根据固定搭配as a result“结果是”, 可知原文中的result前缺少了不定冠词a。 4. (2016·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)My dream school looks like a big garden. There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.
【解析】去掉flowers前面的the。all kinds of后面直接跟名词, 名词前面不加冠词。 5. (2016·陕西高考)That day I didn’t learn much about animals, insects or trees, but I learnt a impressive lesson about gravity!
【解析】a改为an。impressive以元音音素开头, 故用不定冠词an。 【解题技巧】 高考短文改错对冠词的考查一般比较简单, 都是冠词的基本用法。 1. 不定冠词a和an的判断 以辅音音素开头的词前用不定冠词a; 以元音音素开头的词前用不定冠词an。 注意: 不要看开头字母, 而是看音标, 如an hour, a useful language, a European writer等。 2. 不定冠词和定冠词的误用 (1)固定短语中不定冠词和定冠词的混用或漏用。经常考到的有as a result, in a way, in a hurry, pay a visit to, all of a sudden, make the most of, by the way, in the distance, on the whole, on the other hand, to tell the truth, take the place of等。 (2)冠词的多用。在一些不需要冠词的地方用了冠词, 如at present, take part in, in peace, by chance, by accident, on purpose, on second thoughts, ahead of time, in advance等。
考点3 代词 【典例】1. (2015·浙江高考)Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them.
【解析】them改为it。考查代词。此处指代前面提到的park, 用单数。 2. (2015·陕西高考)My soccer coach retired last week. I wanted to do anything special for him at his retirement party.
【解析】anything改为something。根据句意, 此处想表达为教练做一些特别的事情, 而不是任何事情。 3. Then everyone in the carriage began searching the ticket, which was eventually found under a seat several rows from his owner.
【解析】searching后加for。search for意为“寻找、搜寻”, 固定搭配。search意为“搜(身)”。 4. (2016·陕西高考)Just then a bird was flying over us. My uncles immediately jumped up and shot their arrows at the bird. Neither of the arrows hit the target.
【解析】Neither改为None。neither特指两者都不, 原文中并没有指出具体数量, 故用none。 【解题技巧】 1. 人称代词的前后一致性 人称代词的前后一致性包括指代的一致性和单复数的一致性。 2. 人称代词的主格与宾格变化 主格人称代词在句中作主语, 宾格人称代词多在句中作宾语。 3. 物主代词的数与格 物主代词的单复数应与所代替的名词一致。形容词性物主代词多在句中作定语, 修饰名词; 而名词性物主代词多在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。 4. 反身代词 反身代词多用作介词或动词的宾语; 此外, 反身代词指代的一致性也是重要考点。 5. 一些常见不定代词、指示代词的用法 常见的不定代词有: both, either, all, neither, none, other, the other, others, the others, another。 常见的指示代词有: it, that, one。 考点4 连接词 【典例】1. (2015·浙江高考)The position of the classroom with its view made me feel like I was dreaming. If I was only a child when I studied in that classroom, I will never forget it.
【解析】第二句中If改为Though/Although。根据语境和句意, 此处不是假设, 而是一种实际情况, 所以用Though/Although表示让步。 2. (2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in the countryside. There the air is clean or the mountains are green.
【解析】or改为and。前后句为并列关系, 而不是选择关系, 故用连词and。 3. (2016·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems.
【解析】but去掉或改为yet。连词although不能和but连用, 因为这两个词都是连词, 由于although置于句首, 如果去掉although会涉及首字母大写, 因此去掉连词but或者把but改为副词yet。 4. (2016·大纲版全国卷)The more friends we have, the more we can learn from one another, but the more pleasure we can share together.
【解析】but改为and。根据句意, 此处前后之间是顺承关系, 而不是转折关系。 5. (2016·四川高考)If you notice that when someone is missing and hurt, tell your teacher immediately.
【解析】句中有两处错误。第一处: 句中去掉when。that引导宾语从句, 如果when存在则宾语从句中出现状语从句, 但是没有主句, 所以when多余。第二处: 句中and改成or。根据句意, 如果你注意到有人失踪或受伤, 立刻告诉你的老师。失踪和受伤是选择关系, 而不是并列关系。如果用and逻辑意思不通。 6. (2016·大纲版全国卷)And it is wise to have as many good friends that we can.
【解析】that改为as。考查as. . . as. . . 的用法。 【解题技巧】 1. 并列连词 常考的并列连词有: ①and承接上文, 表示并列或递进, 意为“和, 而且”。 ②but表示转折, 意为“但是”。 ③or表示选择, 意为“或者”或“否则”。 ④not only. . . but also. . . 意为“不仅, 而且”。 ⑤both. . . and. . . 意为“……和……两者都”。 ⑥not. . . but. . . 意为“不是……而是……”。 ⑦either. . . or. . . 意为“或者……或者……”。 ⑧neither. . . nor. . . 意为“既不……也不……”。 ⑨while表示对比, 意为“然而”。 ⑩when作并列连词, 意为“在这时”。 2. 状语从句中从属连词的正确使用 3. 关系代词、关系副词在定语从句中的使用 4. 名词性从句中引导词的正确使用 5. 强调句型中连接词的正确使用 【规范解题】 学 生 答 卷 我 来 阅 卷 1. 误: 第一处和第二处用斜线删掉出错的词汇。 正: 在出错词汇下面画横线。 2. 误: 第三处和第四处将改正的词写在错词上方。 正: 将改正的词写在出错词的下方。 3. 误: 第五处改正的词写在错词的斜下方。 正: 应写在正下方, 以免造成误解。 4. 误: 第六处删词时在下面画横线, 斜线/ 。 正: 删词时不需要在下面画横线, 斜线样式是＼。 5. 误: 第七处将改正的词写在错词的右边。 正: 改正的词要写在错词的正下方, 不能写在右边或左边。 6. 误: 第八处漏字符号错误。 正: 在缺词处添加漏字符号∧, 并在其下面写出该加的词。 7. 误: 第九处句首单词出错时, 改正的词汇首字母没大写。 正: 如果句首的单词出错, 改正后的单词首字母大写。 8. 误: 将出错的词错误部分在原词上画掉。 正: 在错词下画横线, 并在其下面写出正确词汇, 不能在原词上修改。 注意: 每句中最多有两处错误; 全文共有10处语言错误, 多者(从第11处起)不计分。