3. 致词(Speeches)
欢迎词(a welcome party)、 致欢送词 (a farewell party)、 告别词 (a farewell party) 致词套话： Dear friends, Ladies and gentlemen, Welcome to our school ... We are very glad to meet ... First of all, let’s extend our warm welcome and cordial greetings to our distinguished guest(s) ... It’s my great honor to…on behalf of… We wish you a pleasant journey and good health. May you have a pleasant time ... We're looking forward to seeing him again. We wish him/you lots of luck for the future.
G.表示今昔对比类写作套语
1. 开头常用句型 (1) Great changes have taken place.
Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the last five years.
Quite a few changes have taken place in my school since you left China.
Over the past twenty years or so, great changes have taken place in our life. (2) Things have begun to improve since…
Things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load. 2. 对比常用句型:
(1)…used to…, but now…
过去常……，但是现在…… (2) …in the past, but now…
在过去……，但是现在…… (3) once…, but now…
曾经…….，但是现在…… (4) Things are different now.
情况已大不同了 (5) But now, everything has changed.
但是现在全变了
假设你是李明， 你的美国朋友杰克听说你校正在开展研究性学习，来信询问有关情况，请你写一封信，谈一谈开展研究性学习前后，你的学习情况的变化。
注意：1.用书信格式。 2.词数：100
左右。3 生词：研究性学习exploring
study ，上网surf the internet。
过去
现在
课堂
老师讲解知识点，学生听讲，记笔记。
老师提出问题，学生互相讨论或学生自己提出问题自己讨论解决。
课外 完成大量的作业。 丰富多彩的课外活动，如读自己感兴趣的书籍， 去图书馆或上网查资料。
Dear Jack,
How nice to hear from you again. You want to know what is going on in our school. In short, things have been improving since the school began to carry out exploring study. In the past, the teachers always kept on explaining the points in class. We students just listened and took notes.
But now we often discuss and try to solve the problems raised by the teachers or ourselves. After class, we enjoyed different kinds of activities instead of doing endless homework. For example, we can read what we are interested in. We can go to the library or surf the Internet for various kinds of information.
In a word, we are now masters of study, and we are happy.
Best wishes.
Yours,
Li Ming
H. 地图/路线图类
写作步骤： 1.仔细观察图画、图示或图表材料，找出所有内容。在介绍路线或解说实物结构时，在内容上不能遗漏，不则就要点不全，说明不完整。 2.根据需要安排适当的说明顺序。通常要按时间或空间顺序来写。 3.要注意说明文语言特点。说明文的写作目的是给读者提供知识，传递信息，因此其语言要准确、简明。 4.组织要点，写出全文。 常用介词及词组 方位介词:beside, behind, before, in front of ，in/on /to/the north (south, west, east ... ) of
常用句型: 1.There be 句型。 2.介词短语+ 谓语+ 其它。(倒装句)
The teacher’s dormitory stands between A and B. Behind the garden is the classroom building . 3.其它： Go down this street, and turn right at the first turning. Please get across the bridge and go eastward. It’s about five minutes’ walk/ride. It is located/ lies in/on /to the east of the town.
实例分析:
假定你叫张华，你的同学李明即将去上海学习。现由你写一封便函给你们的朋友Jim，约他聚会。内容要点如下： （1）.聚会时间：本星期五下午3点30分； （2）.聚会地点：东风路225号，李明家。 （3）.按下图所画路线告诉Jim怎样去李明家。 注意： （1）注明便函的时间：2006年4月9日； （2）内容包括说明部分和要点； （3）字数：100字左右
题解：通过阅读题干，明确本篇书面表达，语体应该是一封便函形式，并有时间，便函内容包含聚会原因、时间、地点以及去李明家的路线（三点）
April 9th, 2006
Dear Jim,
Our friend Li Ming will leave for Shanghai to study. So we are going to have a get-together at 3:30 this Friday afternoon. He lives at No.225 Dongfeng Street. It is not very difficult to find your way to his home. Take a No.2 bus, the stop of which is on the left of your university, and get off at the second crossing. There is a cinema across the street. Turn right at the corner, and you will find Dongfeng Street. Li Ming’s home is 200 yards down the street on the right. There is a post office opposite to Li Ming’s home.You can’t miss it.
Yours,
Zhang Hua I.介绍某人，某物，某地， 某计划，某项目类
假如你叫李华，学校组织有外籍教师参加的交游活动，你担任临时导游。请根据下面图示，用英语写一篇讲话稿，在活动开始前向外籍教师简要介绍交游活动的 安排。
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen,
My name is Li Hua. I have the honor of being your guide. I’d like to give you a brief introduction to our field trip today.
First, we’ll start at 8:30 from school and get to the foot of the mountain at about 9:00. Then we’ll the climb the mountain. It’ll take about one hour to reach the top where stand some temples. We are free to look around the temples from 10:00 to 12:00.
Besides, we’ll have lunch there. After a short break, we’ll go down the other side of the mountain at 2:00 pm. We plan to reach the riverside at about 3:00 pm. We’ll go on to our trip down the river by boat and enjoy the scenery. Finally we’ll be back at school at about 5:00 pm.
That’s all for today’s arrangement. I wish you all a wonderful day. Thanks.
书面表达训练建议 (一)多读、多背好文章、范文，听、仿、看全面训练
(二)限时训练
1.读题（定体裁）
2.确定内容
3.确定时态、语态、人称等
4.引导学生写作（收拢：基本词汇、句型）
5.写：给够时间（25分钟左右）；抽学生改（特别注意过渡词、句与句之间的衔接）
6. 两人互改（上课限时训练）
7.最后评讲(讲在点子上，评在效果上),
和提供范文（最有效的还是面批。错误是通往成功的必然过程）
8.不同学生的分层训练问题 (三)多种形式批改，及时反馈 (附:关联过渡语) 1、时间顺序类： to begin with, at first, then, later, meanwhile, in the end, finally, after that, since then, for the first time, at last, as soon as, the next moment 2、平行对等类：and, both…and, as well as, as well, neither…nor…, or, either… or…. 3、转折关系类：but, yet, while, however, on the contrary, on the other hand,
4、因果关系类: for, so, therefore, as a result, because of, due to, owing to, thanks to 5、空间顺序类: on the right/left, to the right/left of, on one side of, on the other side of, at the top/end of, in the middle of 6、解释说明类: that is (to say), in other words, such as, for example, for instance, and so on
7、递进关系类: what’s more, what’s worse, what’s better, in addition, worse still, moreover, furthermore, above all, not only...but also
8.总结类:
in short, in brief, in a word, all in all, on the whole, to sum up
三个步骤 :
一、提炼主题
二、论证主题
三、升华主题
Fire causes
As we all know, fire, one of the most terrible killers in our modern society can be caused by many factors.
First, it is mainly caused by smokers, as can be seen from the graph. In 2005, thousands of fires happened in China. About 50% of them were caused by smokers who left cigarette ends everywhere. 30% were caused by defective insulation and 20% by children playing with matches. No matter what type of fire it was,there was one thing in common: carelessness.
Therefore, we should warn children of the dangers of playing with matches. At the same time, workers should know the importance of good insulation to people's lives. Of course, smoking should not be allowed in public places.
文章结构: Part 1: General idea
(tendency )
Part 2: Facts (to support the idea)
and reasons Part 3: Solutions or personal opinions/suggestions (if needed)
开头常用套语: .The graph (chat , picture ,table )above shows that … .As is shown by the graph / in the chart, … .From the graph / chart above, we can see …
.From the figures given in the table, it can be seen / noticed that… 数据说明常用套语: .The number of … nearly doubled.
.The number was 5 times as much as that of..
.It decreased twice than that of 2006. .The total number was lowered by 10%. .Compared with 2006, it fell from 15% to 10%. .The number of … amount to/add up to/sum up to/reach … (数量总计)
…increase (rise / fall / drop) from …to
）
.Compared with
…
…make up about … 原因说明常用套语:
.There are several reasons that account for说明, it.
.A number of factors account for ... .The change in.... largely results from the fact that... .Firstly/ First of all/ To begin with, /Secondly, /....Besides/ In addition/ Furthermore/ Moreover,...
Finally/ Last but not least .This is because …. /
That is why …. .The reason for/why …. is that…. 结尾常用套语:
We can draw the conclusion that… In my opinion/Personally,
As far as I’m concerned,
In short/ in brief/ in a word, It’s clear from the chart that…
We can know/learn that… The results seem to suggest that…
日前，针对学生的零用钱（pocket money）的消费方向，你对你们市某中学的高中和初中的部分学生进行了问卷调查．得出数据如下表。现请你用英文给某报社编辑写一封信，反映这一情况，并呼吁中学生树立正确的消费观。
注意：1．书信中不必一一列举具体数字，只要
抓住主要问题和数据说明问题即可。
2．字数：100字左右。开头已给出,不计 人总词数。
Dear editor,
Recently a survey has been done to find out how middle school students spend their pocket money． ___________________________________________________________________________. Dear editor,
Recently a survey has been done to find out how middle school students spend their pocket money. In this survey, both junior students and senior students spend most their money on books, sacks and playing games, still some money goes to clothes, banks, sports, and so on. The survey shows that about 44％ of seniors prefer books to sacks （37%）and playing games （31%）.On the other hand, only 32％ of juniors will spend their pocket money buying books, while over a half buy sacks and
44％ spend on playing games. Both seniors and juniors would not waste too much money in clothes or put it in banks.
I think too many sacks will not only make us put on weight but also do harm to our health. In addition, if we play games without limit, we'll lose much precious time, which results in low grades. Furthermore, the money is hard-earned. I hope we students value our money as well as our time.
C. 看图说话类文章(多属记叙文) 记叙文的写作要素（即篇章结构）： 1.(the beginning)要交待清楚五要素的内容，即where, when, what, who ,how，给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。 2.(the middle)事情的叙述可以按时间或空间的顺序叙述，让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间的内在联系，从而轻松理解文章主题。 3.（the ending）根据图片或图表大意进行议论。
（起到扣题或点题的作用） (注意人称;通常使用与过去有关的时态，如一般过去时。)
某英语报社开展以“Parents and Children”为题的看图作文征文活动，要求根据以下三幅图用英语写一篇作文，文章的内容应包括：①4月9日发生在李华家的事情；②你个人的感受。请你写一篇向报社投稿的征文。
注意：1．词数100左右，正文题目已给出，不计入总数； 2．短文要求观点明确，结构合理，紧凑连贯。
Parents and Children
On the evening of April 9th , Li Hua was watching TV while his mother was busy preparing for dinner in the kitchen . How attentively he was watching the TV program when the telephone rang . It was from his grandmother , who wanted to say HAPPY BIRTHDAY to his mother . “Today is my mother’s birthday?” Li Hua was a little puzzled . “How come that I have forgotten all about it?” Li Hua thought to himself , feeling ashamed .
At the story , I got deeply shocked . It is not easy for parents to bring us up. They give us lots of love and care , while we don’t care for them enough . Now it’s never too late to realize this and show our love and care for them .
D.应聘类（属说明文类）
一．介绍消息来源 二．表明求职心愿
三、介绍个人简历，摆出求职优势 四．请求答复联系
五．表明感激之情 写作实例：
假设你是新华大学的学生李华，得知某英文报招聘兼职记者，你有意应聘，请按下列要点给报社写一封自荐信。 1．表示感兴趣； 2．说明优势：知识面、英语水平、合作精神、相关经历； 3．希望得到回复。
注意：1．；词数：100左右；
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Sir or Madam,
I’m a student from Xinhua University. I’m glad to learn that you want a few part-time English reporters. I’m quite interested in it.
I think I’m fit for the job. As a student, I’ve read a lot and have much knowledge in many fields. I’m fond of English and do well in both speaking and writing. Besides,I’m easy to get along with and enjoy
working together with others. Above all, I once worked as a reporter for my school broadcasting station. So I’m sure I can do the job well if I can get the position.
I’m looking forward to an early reply if possible. And I’d appreciate it very much if you could call me at 13936925255.
Thank you very much.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
E.提示议论文类
1.文章开头，能依据提示确立主题句（topic sentence）, 阐明观点或看法。 2. 使用连接词, 分层次说明理由、缘由（supporting sentences）。 3. 归纳总结（conclusion），首尾呼应。
有些人以为，某些数字，如6、8、9等会带来好运。在选择车牌号、电话号码时，他们不惜花高昂的“择号费”来获得这些数字。、你却认为，成功和财富与这些所谓的吉祥数字无关，而是艰苦劳动和不懈努力的结果。请根据以上内容用英语写一篇短文。
注意：1、文章的标题已给出；2、词数100左右。
Do "Lucky Numbers" Really Bring Good Luck?
___________________________________________________________________________.
Some people think certain numbers may bring good luck to them. These numbers include "6,8,9" and so on. Therefore, when they want to choose
a car number or a phone number,
they buy the number which ends with these lucky numbers at a high price.
In my opinion, success and luck have nothing to do with such so-called lucky numbers. The only key to success or wealth lies in hard work and persistence. If we are too dependent on the lucky numbers, we may become lazy or even discouraged when they proved to be useless. We should believe in ourselves and make great efforts to struggle for success as well as wealth.
F.应用文
书信(letter)、日记(diary)、 便条(note)、通知(notice)、 请柬(invitation card)、 海报(poster)、致词(speeches)、 失物招领（lost and found） 书信
祝贺信、感谢信、邀请信、 申请信、投诉信、求助信 信件常用句型：
(开头)Thank you for …/I’m glad to receive your letter dated on…/I’m so sorry
that I couldn’t write earlier./How are you getting along with your studies?/With great pleasure I learn that…/I’m writing to ask if …(to tell you…/to apply for the job.)
（结尾）I’m looking forward to receiving (longing to receive)your reply./All my best wishes to you./Remember me to…/Good luck to you./Thank you again.
（邀请）Could you come to…/Would you like to…/I should very much like you to join us.
（委婉拒绝）：
I’d love to come,but I can’t because…/I’m really sorry to say…
（投诉）I’m writing to complain…
(回复求助)In my opinion,you should…/I would advise you to…/I suggest you do…/If I were you,I would …
(求职)I learn from/read in the newspaper that…/I was told that…/be experienced in…/I would be grateful if you could… 2.口头通知
1．称呼语：Boys and girls；Dear classmates；Ladies and gentlemen等。
2．Attention，please．/May I have your attention please? /Please be quiet．I have something important to tell you．/I’ve got something important to say./I’ve got an announcement to make./I’m glad to tell you that….
口头通知的常用结束语： That’s all． (That’s all. Thank you.) 书面通知 .Notice is given here that ... .All of them are required/expected to note that ...
.A report on computer will be given by Prof. Smith ...
.Class One and Class Two, Grade One will go to the Xishan Park to ...
.Please be there on time.
.Everybody is expected to attend ...
.The sports meet will be put off till ... 58《一轮复习— 书面表达不同题材写作探索》
高考英语书面表达不同题材写作探索
特点:
1.试题呈开放趋势
2.试题内容，与时俱进
3.试题提示，汉语愈少
4.应用文体，没考格式
一句话:最易得分,最难抓分!
失分原因
1.不会审题，偏离主题
2.汉语思维，逐字翻译
3.句子逻辑关系混乱
4.语法错误
书面表达不同题材分类写作：
支持与反对观点陈述类 B. 数据式图表类 C.
看图说话类 D.
应聘类 E.
提示议论文类 F．应用文类 G．表示今昔对比类写作套语类 H．地图/路线图类 I.
介绍某人，某物，某地，某计划，某项目类 A. 支持与反对观点陈述类（议论文） 写作模式1 总起: .Different people hold different opinions.
.Opinions are divided.
.People have taken/adopted different attitudes towards … .People have different opinions on this problem. .People take different views on this question. 表达观点一:
Some of us think/ hold the view /are in favor of the idea that…The reason is that….Besides, …
(Some are against the view that….)
表达观点二:
(However/On the other hand), others have just the opposite opinion. They think that…What’s more,…However, each coin has two sides.
本人观点：
As far as I am concerned, … (In my opinion,…; It’s my opinion that…) For one reason,… For another reason…
In a word,…Only through…can we have a bright future.
We had a heated discussion about/on ... Students’ views/ideas/opinions on it vary/differ from person to person. Some students say / think / believe that…
However, others hold the view that…
As far as I am concerned, I am in favor of the first/second view./ I would like to ….The reasons are as follows. First, …Secondly,… In conclusion / In a word ,… 写作模式2 写作模式3
There is a widespread concern over the issue that （作文题目）.But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.
A majority of people think that 观点一. In their views there are two factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place,原因一.Furthermore, in the second place, 原因二. So it goes without saying不用说that观点一.
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that观点二. In their point of view, on the one hand，原因一.
On the other hand,原因二. Therefore, there is no doubt that观点二.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that观点一或二. It is not only because ____, but also because ____. The more___, the more___.
最近，你校同学正在参加某英文报组织的一场讨论。讨论的主题是：公园要不要收门票？请你根据下表提供的信息，给报社写一封信，客观地介绍讨论情况。
参考词汇：门票：entrance fee 60%的同学认为 40%的同学认为 1、不应收门票 2、公园是公众休闲的地方 3、如收票，需建大门、围墙，会影响城市形象 1、应收门票，但票价不宜高 2、支付园林工人工资 3、购新花木
Dear Editor,
I’m writing to tell you about the discussion we’ve had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks.
Opinions are divided on the question. 60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fees. They believed a public park should be free of charge. People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves. Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away. What is more, it will become necessary to build gates and walls, which will do harm to the appearance of a city.
On the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers and to buy plants and young trees. They suggest, however, fees should be charged low.
Yours truly,
Li Hua
当前不少文学作品被改编成电影。有人选择看电影，有人则喜欢读原著。请你以“Film or book, which do you prefer?”为题，按照下列要点写一篇英语短文： 。看电影：省时、有趣、易懂 。读原著：细节更多、语言优美 。我的看法及理由
注意：1、词数：100字左右。 文章题目和开头已给出（不计入词数）。 2、参考词汇： original work 或 book in the original （原著）
Film or book, which do you prefer?
Some of us think that it is better to see the film than to read the book in the original.__________.
Some of us think that it is better to see the film than to read the book in the original. The reason is that it takes less time to understand the whole story. Besides, the film is usually more interesting, and it is easier to follow.
Some others have just the opposite opinion. They think that they can get more detailed information from the original. Meanwhile, the language in the book is possibly more lively and beautiful.
Personally, I agree with the second view. Actually I have more reasons for it. I think I can stay at home, reading quietly in a situation of my own, and what’s more, I am able to better understand the author’s ideas. In a word, to read the original work is better than to see the film based on it
B.数据式图表类（多属议论文） 写作实例：
根据下面周表(graph)，以“Fire causes”为题，写一篇议论文，要点包括：
1.火灾原因；
2．各类火灾的比例;
3．火灾给人们的启示。
词数：110左右。