第 10 讲
定语从句
1. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of ______ uses it somewhat differently. (2011浙江卷)
A. which
B. what
C. them
D. those
【答案及解析】1. A 考查非限制性定语从句。从逗号可以看出。前面主句不缺成分，故后面部分一定为状语或定语从句，根据句意可以判断出后面是定语从句，cultures即先行词，排除B(并非名词性从句)、C(代词，引导从句不当)、D(副词，词不达意)。
2. A bank is the place ______ they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain. (2011浙江卷)
A. when
B. that
C. where
D. there 【答案及解析】2. C 考查定语从句。主句主系表结构俱全，后面一定是起修饰作用的定语或状语从句，从句意可知是定语从句，且先行词即place。而从句也不缺成分，因此用连接副词where在从句中代替place充当状语。
3. The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of ______ left their village homes for a better life in the city. (2010浙江卷)
A. whom
B. which
C. them
D. those 【答案及解析】3. A 考查定语从句引导词。由many之后的逗号和选项特征可知，此处是主从句关系，排除C、D项。由于先行词是“1,000 people”，表示人，故用whom。句意为：这里居住着将近1000人，他们中的许多人都背井离乡去城市追求更好的生活了。
4. I have reached a point in my life ______ I am supposed to make decisions of my own. (2009浙江卷)
A. which
B. where
C. how
D. why
【答案及解析】4. B 考查定语从句，先行词是a point，且在从句中作地点状语，故用where。 1. 关系代词有：that，which，who，whom，whose。 在定语从句中作主语、宾语和表语，whose作定语。代人的有：who，whom，whose，that；代物的有：that，which，whose。如： That is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see. (whom，who，that代人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略) A dictionary is a useful book which(＝that) tells us the meaning of words. (which或that代物，在定语从句中作主语) 定语从句与引导词
2. 关系副词有：when(指时间)，where(指地点)，why(指原因)，在定语从句中作状语。如： Would you suggest a time(when) we can have a talk？(when可省略) The house where they live is not very large.
This is the reason why he did not come to the meeting.
定语从句与引导词
注意：不是所有表时间的先行词都用when引导定语从句，不是所有表地点的先行词都用where引导定语从句。如： We'll visit the factory which(＝that) makes radios.
(which或that在定语从句中作主语，where不可作主语，故不可用。) They still remember the happy days(which/that) they spent in Beidaihe.
(which或that在定语从句中作spent的宾语，when不可作宾语，故不可用。)
定语从句与引导词 1. 限制性定语从句和主句之间不用逗号分开，修饰主句中的某一个名词或名词词组或代词； 2. 非限制性定语从句常用逗号和主句隔开，可以修饰主句中的某一个词，也可修饰整个句子。 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 3. 非限制性定语从句不能用that引导，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词不能省略。 Li Ping's father, who_works_in_a_factory,_is an engineer.
He tore up my photo, which_made_me_very_angry. (which指代主句内容，指他撕毁我照片这件事。) He is good at physics, as is known to us all. (as指代主句内容，指他物理很好这件事。)
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1. which可以引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面主句中讲到的整件事。引导的从句不能放在句首。 She didn't come yesterday, which made me very angry.
2. as也可以引导非限制性定语从句，来指代整件事，引导的从句可放在句首也可放在句中，有“正如”的意思。 As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China.
He came in time, as we expected.
。 which与as 引导非限制性定语从句的区别
注意：在as is known to all, as we all know，as is expected, as is mentioned above, as it is这类结构中as不可换为which。 which与as 引导非限制性定语从句的区别
1. 只用that引导的场合 (1)当先行词既包括人又包括物时： He talked about the_men_and_the_books that attracted him.
(2)指物的先行词被any, every, only, very, all, no等修饰时： These are the very points that interest me.
(3)指物的先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时： The first_ step that we are to take is very difficult.
只用that引导和不用that引导的场合 (4)先行词是指物的不定代词all，little，few，much及everything，anything，nothing等时： There is still much that can be done about it.
(5)先行词是who时： Who that have seen him does not like him? (6)为了避免重复时： They secretly built up a small factory which produced things that could cause pollution.
只用that引导和不用that引导的场合 (7)先行词在句中作表语而且关系代词在定语从句中也作表语时： Shanghai is not the city that it used to be.
只用that引导和不用that引导的场合
1. “介词＋关系代词”用法
(1)介词的确定应依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配，如：
Who is the girl with whom you just shook_hands？(shake hands with…是习惯性搭配)
(2)介词常受先行词的制约(即介词和先行词的搭配)，如：
He built a telescope through which he could study the skies. (through which 即study through the telescope)
易错易混点
(3)当关系代词作“动词＋介词”固定短语的宾语时，
此时固定短语中的介词不能拆开移到关系代词前。如：
This is the watch which you're looking_for.
He is a kind of man whom you can safely depend_on.
易错易混点
2. 几个名词后的引导词
(1) situation, stage, case, point，occasion等要注意具体情况具体分析，作主语、宾语、表语用that/which；作状语用where/when/介词＋ which。
Can you imagine a situation where/in_which you can use the word？(状语)
There is one point that I must insist on. (宾语)
易错易混点
(2) way(方式，方法)后常用in which或that或how引导定语从句，也可省略。
Do you know the_way (in which/that/how) he worked out the problem?
(3)“the same＋名词”，“such＋名词”，“as＋名词”后通常用as引导定语从句。
I have the same dictionary as you (have).
Such a book as you bought is not worth buying.