Module 5
Great people and Great Inventions of Ancient China
Explanations for new words and phrases
1．equal:
adj. 相等的；胜任的；vt. 等于；抵得上；n. 同等/相等的人或物导学P-1
equally:
adv. 相等地；也
equality:
n. 平等
A equals B in...A在…方面比得上B
be without equal/have no equal 无与伦比
be equal to＋n./doing sth.等于；与…相等；有…的能力(勇气、力量等)；胜任，能干
2．ordern. 次顺序；秩序；整齐；命令；订购订单；点饭(菜)；导学P-2
1) in order of:以…的顺序
give/place an order for sth. with sb.…订购…give/take orders:下达/接受命令in order：井然有序
out of order 杂乱无章的，违反规程的，故障
under the orders of 受…指挥
on order 订购
2) vt. 命令；订购；安排order sb. sth. ＝ order sth. for sb.为某人订购…
The doctor ordered her to take a good rest.
I’ve ordered you eggs and chips.
He ordered his son a new suit.
辨析：order /command /instruct： 都含有“命令，指挥，指示”的意思。 order常用词，“非正式或个人之间下的命令”，可作动词，也可作名词，跟名词性从句中用虚拟语气。She ordered the baggage to be brought to the hotel. command：指“权威方面正式下令”，可作动词，也可作名词，其所跟名词性从句也要用虚拟语气。The general commanded his men to attack the city. instruct：含义是“指示，命令，指导”，属正式用语，强调“有系统地指导”。She instructed him(in) how to do the experiment.
3．stress n．压力，重压；强调；重音；vt. 着重；强调；重读导学P-1
stressed： adj. 焦虑的，紧张的(不位于名词前，且常修饰人) stressful： adj. 产生压力的，使紧迫的
lay/place/put stress on把重点放在…上；在…上用力
under the stress of：为…所迫
cause/reduce stress造成/减少压力
stress the importance of：强调…的重要性
4．resign v. 辞职；放弃(工作，职位等)
resignation： n. 放弃，辞职导学P-2
resign from... 辞去…职务
resign oneself to (doing) sth... 听任(某种影响);只好(做某事) resign sb. to... 把某人托交给……
resign oneself to extinction 束手待毙
contribution： n．贡献；稿件 导学P-2
make contributions to (doing) sth.： 对(做)某事做出贡献
Charlie Chaplin made a great contribution to the film industry.contribute： vt.& vi. 捐赠捐款，贡献出，有助于投稿常和to搭配contribute (sth.) to/towards sth.：向…捐赠…，向…投稿
contribute to sth.促成某事物
Cigarette smoking is a major factor which contributes to cancer.
吸烟是导致癌症的主要因素。
adj. 软的柔软的;(声音)温柔轻柔的; (颜色光线)柔和的; 柔弱娇嫩的; 温和和蔼的; 不含酒精的.Snail is a small plant-eating creature with a soft body.
蜗牛是一种软体草食动物。
The soft music put her to sleep.柔和的音乐使她睡着了。
The dog has a soft, silky coat.这条狗有一身柔滑而有光泽的皮毛。
Baby has a soft skin. 婴儿皮肤很细嫩。Kids were getting soft these days. 孩子如今变得娇嫩了。
You are too soft with him.你对他太温和了。
Coca-cola is a soft drink.可口可乐是一种不含酒精的软性饮料。
．condition n. [U]状态，状况 [C]条件the condition of affairs事态导学Pbe in good condition (＝be in a good state)(人) 健康状况好；(东西)保存/保养得好 out of / in bad condition
(人) 身体不适健康状况不佳；(物)保养得不好conditions of success 成功的条件 (常用复数形式) 环境，情况，形势working/living/housing conditions 工作/生活/居住条件 economic conditions 经济形势in difficult conditions 在困难的条件下in/under favorable conditions 在有利的形势下 on condition that...(so long as；if)只要条件是…
on this/that condition 在这种/那种条件下
The car is still in good condition. You don't need to buy a new one.
Often, factory workers lived in poor and crowded conditions. 工厂工人常在贫困拥挤的条件下生活。
He is overweight and out of condition. 他太胖了，健康状况不佳。
The car is still in good condition though it a used one.虽然是旧车但车况良好。
You can go out to play on condition that you finish you homework.完成作业才能出去玩儿。
state：常用词，指“人或物存在或所处的状态”，但不着重于“这种状态和具体原因或条件的关系”。He is in a good state.
situation：指多种具体情况造成的综合状态，常着重“这种状态的影响和处于该状态的事物的关系”。We are in a difficult situation.
position：指(影响自己的行动能力的)处境、形势。也可表示职位、地点、位置等。You've put me in a very difficult position.
1．be at war with...：与…交战
反义短语为be at peace with。 短语中均无冠词。
导学P57-3Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.
古代中国是一个各诸侯不断发生战争之地。a civil war内战a cold war冷战declare war on对……宣战go to war诉诸武力、出征win a war赢得战争(在这些短语后使用介词against接敌方；for接友方，也可接敌方)
“at＋n.”构成短语，表示“处于一种什么样的状态”at war 在交战中，在战争中
at peace 处于和平状态
at
在工作
at school在上学
at 在吃饭
at sea在航海 at best 在…的最佳状态
3) 比较in the war和in battle:
in the war意为“在战争中”，in battle强调“处于战斗之中”，与in the war有时可以通用，不过battle往往指局部战斗，war指全面战争。
bring up 抚养养育；培养；教育；提出；呕吐导学P He was brought up by his aunt. 他是他婶婶养大的。1) 与bring搭配的短语:bring about 引起；致使；造成；达成
bring along/on 带来bring back 使记起；归还；恢复bring down 使减低；降低；挫伤(傲气)bring forth 引起；提出；产生；造成
bring forward 提出；出示；展示bring out拿出；出版；揭露；显示，解释 bring to (oneself) 使复苏 bring in收插入引入；引进引来赚得
2) bring up也可作“呕吐”解，与throw up同义。例如:
He felt so sick that he brought up everything. 他感到很恶心，把东西全吐出来了。
3) bring up 也可作“提出(供讨论)”解。例如:
He brought up a new suggestion at the meeting. 在会上他提出了一个新的设想。
3、become interested in 对……感兴趣become(变得)+interested (有兴趣)+in(在…)
After graduation, he became interested in planting vegetables. 毕业后，对种菜了兴趣。
注意：一般来说,v.ing形容词有主动或进行的含义，而v.ed形容词通常有被动或已完成的含义，特别是在表达人的情感或心理变化时，可以用be/get/become+v.ed形式表达。
4、be proud of 为……自豪导学P
Liu Xiang is a man whom China can be proud of. 刘翔是一位让中国为之自豪的人。
1) 同义词组take pride in，意“为……自豪”。
2) 联想be proud to do 为(能)做……自豪；be proud that...自豪的是
3) 辨析be proud of 和be proud about
两个短语之后都可以接名词、代词或动名词。但有一些差别。
be proud of正当; 或表示尊重,常用于褒义。如:
We are proud of our great motherland. 我们为我们伟大的祖国而自豪。
be proud about自觉了不起，高于别人而盛气凌人；常用于贬义。如:
We've nothing to be proud about. 我们没什么值得骄傲的。
in conclusion 总之；最后，作为结束
导学PIn conclusion I think cars are very useful because travel is easy with a car.
总之，我认为车非常有用，因为有了车旅行就容易多了。reach/draw a conclusion 得出结论，下结论come to a conclusion 得出结论；结束 arrive at a conclusion得出下结论jump to conclusions草率地下结论 conclude v．结束；下结论；推断
conclude that ＝ draw a conclusion that下结论 o conclude： adv. 总而言之，总之，最后
6、for the first time 第一次
With the Industrial Revolution, factories appeared and mass production became possible for the first time.随着工业革命的开始，工厂出现了，大规模生产第一次成为可能。
与time搭配的特殊结构，相当于连接时间状语从句的连词词组。例如:
the first / second... / last time ... 第一、二次/……上次(最后一次)……
last ( next, any) time...上次/下次/任何时候
each time, every time 每一次/次次
all the time/the whole time 一直；总在
by the time到……时候，常用过去完成时或将来完成时。