2016届高考英语冲刺语法讲解 省略和插入语
为了避免重复 , 使语言简练紧凑 , 在不损害结构或引起误解的原则下, 往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语。英语口语或对话中, 如果上下文已经明显表明了主语, 常常可省略主语；如果主语不同而谓语相同时，可省略后面相同的谓语。在时间、条件、让步、地点和比较状语从句中 , 如果谓语动词为 be, 主语或主句的主语为 it 时，也弯常省略主语和谓语部分。like, hope ,want, tell, try，be able to,be going to 等不定式后相同的动词, 也常常被省略．
一、具体用法：
1. 简单句中的省略
a)所有格之后的名词如果为住宅、商店、工矿、教堂等可以省略。 如：She is going to her uncle's 〈 house 〉 . 她要去她舅舅家 . Today I met her at the tailor's(shop 〉 . 今天我在裁缝店碰见她了.
b) 主语和谓语的省略，此种情况一般多用于交际用语中。 如：(1)Feeling much better today. (2)Hope to see you again soon.
c) 疑问句和答句中的省略 (1)“You angry? ” “Not very” (2) “Going on holiday, are you?”
d)祈使句的省略 （1）On with the light.开灯！ （2）Out of the room. 2. 并列句子的省略(1 〉并列句中后面的分句只要与前边的分句有相同的词语 , 不管它在句子中作何种成分 , 都可以省略。 如 His father is a doctor, his mother ( is 〉a nurse. They don't go to the Summer Palace, neither do I(go to the Summer Palace 〉 .
〈 2 〉特别是在动词 appear, believe, expect, fear, hope, seem, suppose, trust, think或词组 be afraid 后面 , 表示肯定时用 so, 表示否定时可用 not 。 如：I think you'll win the race; indeed we a1l think so. 我认为你一定会赢得这场比赛 , 事实上我们都这样想。 I'm not sure she isn't coming, but I suppose not. 我不能肯定她不来 , 但我想是这样。
3.不定式的省略
（1）使役动词let, make, have及感官动词see, watch , hear, notice, observe, feel. Look at, listen to 等后面作宾语补足的不定式要省去to, 但在被动句时应加上to 如：a) I saw the boy fall from the tree. b) The boy was seen to fall from the tree.
(2)有时为了避免重复，表达相同意思的不定式符号to后的内容常承前省略，而只是保持不定式的符号 to. 常见的有三种情况：
系动词（be）+ adj , 常见的形容词有：afraid, ready, glad, happy, willing… ---Could you go shopping with me? ---- I am glad to. (go shopping with you) mean, try, want, afford, decide, refuse, wish, like, need, would like, would love …等后面接不定式作宾语时，省略作宾语的不定式。只保留不定式符号 to , 但如果该宾语是动词 be 或完成时态的不定式时，则须在 to 后加上be 或 have 如： ---Are you going there? ----Yes, I’d like to (go there). ---Are you an engineer? ----No, but I want to be. ③tell, warn, order, advise, ask, expect,等动词后接不定式作宾补时常省略不定式的宾语补足语。 如：The students want to enter the lab, but the monitor advises them not to.(enter the lab)
两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列在一起由and / or 连接时, 第一个不定式带to, 后面的不定式可省去to. 但如表示对比（照）等，则不省 to. 如Her job is to take care of the children and (to) wash clothes. It’s better to laugh than to cry.
主 ( 宾 ) 语补足语中的 to be 往往省略。 如 He was thought 〈 to be 〉 the cleverest boy in the group. 大家认为他在小组中最聪明。 .特殊结构中的省略 Would sooner, had better, do nothing but, have nothing to do but, there’s nothing to do but, can’t help but, rather than 等后不定式符号 to 常省略。 如：a) He would sooner die than surrender. b) I’d rather look after the baby than wash dishes. . 主语部分有一个表“做”的 do 的各种形式时，表语不定式常省 “to” 如：What I really want to do is (to) go to the cinema.
4.从句中的省略 (1 〉宾语从句 以 which, when, where, how 和 why 引导的宾语从句在其谓语与主句谓语相同时 , 可省略全部谓语 , 甚至主语也省略 , 仅保留一个wh-词。 如 ：She will go to Beijing, but I don't know when 〈 she will go to Beijing.〉 〈 2) 状语从句 在时间、地点、让步、方式、条件状语从句中 , 如果主语与主句主语一致 , 或者主语是 it. 那么动词 be 及其主语通常可省略,从而构成 "v-ing/v-ed/ 形容 词 / 介词 / 副词 " 结构。常见的有以下几种 : 1. 时间状语从句 :Be careful when (you are)crossing the street. 2. 条件状语从句 :He won't go to the party unless (he is)invited. 3. 比较状语从句 :Country music today remains much the same as(it was)before. 4. 让步状语从句 :Whether (it is)right or wrong, his opinion should be paid attention to. 注意 :though, as 引导让步状语从句时,通常从句要倒装。从句倒装时, 如果从句的表语是可数名词单数, 将名词提前时,名词前面的冠词a/an 须省略。 例 :Child as/though he is, he knows much about the society. =Though he is a child, he knows much about the society. 注意 : 有些由 if 构成的省略结构 , 已属固定短语 , 如 if any, if necessary, if possible, if not, if so 等。例：a) If necessary, ring me at home. b) He may be busy’ If so, I'll call later. If not, can I see him now?
(3)修饰名词way 的限制性定语从句常省略in which 或 that 如： Is this way you talk to your parents?
(4)强调句为 It is/was…that…,当强调疑问句时， that 常可省略。 如： Why was it(that)you were ten minutes late?
5、虚拟语气中的省略
在虚拟语气中, 含有 if 的虚拟条件句可省去 if 而把助动词 had, should, were 提到句首构成倒装。例:Had you been more careful, such spelling mistakes might have been avoided. 注意 : 若条件句为 .否定句 , 否定词 not 应在主语之后 , 而不能与 were, should, had 等缩略成 weren't shouldn't, hadn't 而至于句首。
例: ________for the free ticket, I would not have gone to the films so often. A. If it is not B. Were it not C. Had it not been D. If there were 分析 :A 项不是虚拟语气结构。 B 项是跟现在事实相反的虚拟条件句。 D 项是跟将来事实相反的虚拟条件句。从题干的后一句可以看出 I would not have gone to …是跟过去事实相反的虚拟条件句 , 故答案为 C 。译为 : 要不是因为票是免费的 , 我也就不会经常去看电影了。
6、语境省略
语境省略指在一定的语言环境中,为了表达的简洁可省略一些大家都知道的信息。有时命题者巧妙运用省略手段而为考生设置语境省略陷阱。 例：Bob has brains. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has_______IQ. A. a high B. a higher C. the higher D. the highest 分析 : 本题答案选 B 。本题实际上是Bob has brains. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has a higher IQ than him的省咯。本句意为:Bob 很聪明 , 实际上我怀疑班上没有哪个人比他智商更高。
插入语
插入语的类型较多 .常见的有:
1. 副词作插入语 能用作插入语的副词 { 短语〉常见的有: indeed, certainly, surely, however, or rather, generally, besides 等。 如: Certainly. I won’t accept such a foolish plan.我当然不会采纳这个患蠢的计划
l). You speak English quite fluently -- indeed. 你的英语的确讲得很棒。
2). 形容词作插入语 能用作插入语的形容词〈短语〉常见的有:true, strange to say, excellent, wonderful 等.
如:a) Wonderful, ,our team has won again. 太好了 , 我们队又赢了 . b) True, you have done well. 真的 .你干得不错。 c) Strange to say, she didn't go home that day.说也奇怪 , 那天她没有回家 .
3. 介词作插入语 能用作插入语的介词短语常见的有:in brief, in short, in general, of course, in fact, in other words, in a word 等。 如: a) He said he was a teacher, but in fact .he was a spy. b) You can't wait any more, in other words ,you should start at once.
4.v-ing 形式作插入语 能用作插入语的 -ing 形式 ( 短语 ) 常见的有:generally speaking, strictly speaking, judging from …等。 如:a) Generally speaking,naughty boys like to speak in class. b) Judging from his look, he is very sick.
5. 不定式作插入语 能用作插入语的不定式短语常见的有: to make the matter worse, to tell the truth, to be frank, to be honest ,to sum up, to start with, to begin with, to be sure 等. 如:a) To tell the truth ,I don't like you.说老实话 , 我不喜欢你 . b) I didn't start early. To make the matter worse ,it was raining hard.
6. 一些固定短语作插入语 常见的能用作插入语的固定短语。如： worse than all, worse than ever, worse still, what’s more; what’s worse…. a) I felt very hungry. Worse than all, I took no money. b) It began to rain. Worse than ever, I had no umbrella.
7. 语句式插入语 常见的能用作插入语的语句有: I am sure; I believe; I think; I suppose, that is to say; as we know, as I see, believe it or not…
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