risk vt.冒……的危险n.风险，危险
(教材原句)What makes people risk their lives to do them？是什么使人们冒着生命危险去做这些事呢？
(1)risk doing sth
冒险做某事
(2)at risk
处境危险；遭受危险
at one's (own) risk
自负责任；自负后果
at the risk of doing sth
冒做某事的危险
run/take the/a risk(或run/take risks) 冒险 ①Also, the researchers said that higher income was related to a greater risk of disability.(2016·湖北卷，E)
而且，研究人员说，收入越高，伤残疾的风险越大。 ②He got wellprepared for the job interview, for he couldn't risk losing the good opportunity.
他为面试作了充分的准备，因为他不想冒风险失去这次好机会。 ③Millions of lives in Africa and other poor areas are at risk because of severe food shortages.
由于严重的食物短缺，非洲和其他贫穷地区的成百万人民的生命正处于危险之中。 ④Will they go ahead with their
plans, even______________ the Americans?
他们将继续实施那项计划吗，甚至他们愿意冒着得罪美国人的风险去这么做吗？ 答案 ④at the risk of offending ①Quantities of food were spread out on the table.
许多食品被摊放在桌子上。 ②The cards are cheaper if you buy them in quantity.
大批量购买这些卡片要便宜些。 ③A large quantity of good earth ______________ in this area every year.每年这个地区大量沃土被冲走。 答案 ③is being washed away 【特别提示】 a quantity of/quantities of意思相当，即能修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。前者接不可数或可数名词的复数作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式；而后者接不可数名词或可数名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 observe vt.观察，观测；遵守；庆祝
(教材原句)Airconditioned vehicles for observing animals.用于观察动物的带空调的车辆。
观察句子，写出下列黑体部分的含义
①Failure to observe all Park rules could result in being driven out of the Park without refund.________ (2016·江苏卷，A)
②It is a custom to observe Christmas in the west.________
③In homes with cats and dogs living peacefully, researchers observed a surprising behaviour.________ (1)observe sb do sth/doing sth
观察到某人做了某事/正在做某事 (2)observation n．
观察；遵守
under observation 被观察；被监视 ④ His neighbor observed a stranger enter his house and take away some valuables.他的邻居看见一个陌生人进入他家，拿走了一些贵重物品。
答案 ①遵守 ②庆祝 ③观察 limit
vt.限制，限定n.界限；边界，限度
(教材原句)The speed limit for bicycles on campus is 15mph, unless otherwise posted.(2012·天津卷A)
在大学校园对自行车的速度限制为每小时15英里，除非另有说明。
(1)limit...to...
把……限定在……范围内
(2)set a limit to/on...
对……规定限度
ithin the limit of...
在……范围内
(3)limited adj.
有限的 ① You're required to limit your speech to five minutes.要求你把演讲限制在五分钟之内。 ②Central government has________________by local councils.
中央政府已给地方政府开支设置了一个限度。 答案 ②set a limit on/to spending take off 起飞，脱去(衣服等)；开始成功；休假
观察句子，写出下列黑体部分的含义
①In Korea, you should take off your shoes when entering a house.
(2012·安徽卷任务型阅读)
________
②As the plane was taking off, I remembered I hadn't turned the iron off.
________
③I've decided to take a few days off to visit my parents.
________
④After his third film, his career of film performance took off.
________ take over
接管，接任 take out
拿出；带……出去；去掉 take away
拿走；消除；夺走 take on
呈现，具有(特征、外观等) ⑤Who will________now that Camacho has resigned?
卡马乔已经辞职，谁将接替他呢？ 答案 ①脱下 ②起飞 ③休假 ④开始成功 ⑤take over turn up 出现，到场；找出，发现；开大，调高
(教材原句)When I turned up for my first jump I was so nervous that I tried to back out, but my friends persuaded me to go through with it.
当我第一次跳的时候，我很紧张以致试图放弃，但在朋友们的劝说下，我终于完成了那次蹦极。 观察句子，写出下列黑体部分的含义 ①This is similar to waiting for a bus that never turns up.
________ ②Investigations have never turned up any evidence.________ ③Bill would turn up the TV in the other room. ________ turn on
打开，开启 turn off
关掉 turn down
调小；拒绝 turn to
求助于 turn out
最后结果，最终成为；在场；出席；生产 ④Don't worry—I'm sure it will all________________fine.别担心——我敢肯定一切最终会好起来的。 答案 ①出现 ②找到 ③调高 ④turn out to be get across 使理解(某事)；使被接受；横过(马路、河等)
(教材原句)It's difficult to get across how exciting it is！要真正体会到这是多么令人兴奋的事并不容易。 观察句子，写出下列黑体部分的含义 ①The local government took some measures to help the deer to get across the highway. ________ ②Officers felt their point of view was not getting across to ministers. ________ ③It took a long time to get across to the workers the way the system worked. ________ get away from
逃离；远离；避开 get down to
开始认真处理/对待，开始做 get through
穿过；完成；接通电话；用完 ④If everyone keeps in line, we'll______________ the customs soon.
如果大家都遵守秩序，我们会很快通过海关。 答案 ①横过 ②接受 ③理解 ④get through break down 损坏，不能运转；身体垮掉；失败；
崩溃；拆毁，拆除；使分解
(教材原句)First, his two sledges broke down, and then the horses began to have serious difficulties with the snow and the cold.先是他的两个雪橇坏了，接着马匹开始应付不了大雪和严寒的天气。 观察句子，写出下列黑体部分的含义 ①Our car broke down and we had to draw it to a garage.
________ ②The firemen broke down the wall in order to gain quick access to the building on fire.
________ ③His health has broken down completely. ________ ④Peace talks have broken down in the Middle East.________ ⑤Sugar and starch (淀粉) are broken down in the stomach.
________ break in
闯入；插话，打断 break away from 突然挣脱，摆脱 break out(坏事) 突然发生，爆发 break through 冲破，突破；克服，战胜 break up
破碎；解散；结束；(学校)期终放假 ⑥And, as so often in China when someone comes up with a good idea, many others rush in and price wars__________.
那在中国是常发生的事，当有人提出一个好主意时，许多其他的人便蜂拥而至，便爆发了价格之战。
答案 ①损坏 ②拆除 ③垮掉 ④失败 ⑤分解
⑥break out
[句 式 诠 释] (教材原句)Although people enjoyed reading his book, many of them thought that Marco‘s stories about China were too fantastic to be true.尽管人们喜欢读他的书，但是很多人认为马可讲的关于中国的故事太离奇了，令人难以置信。
(1)该句中使用了too...to...结构，意为“太……而不能……”，too后面跟形容词(或副词)，但当其后接形容词修饰单数可数名词时，要把不定冠词a(n)放在形容词之后。
①You're right. It's too good a day to miss. (2011·浙江卷，D)
你说的对，这是个好日子不容错过。 (2)too...to...句式中，若too后接glad, pleased, happy, eager, anxious, willing, ready, easy等表示心情、情绪的形容词，表示肯定意义，too相当于very。 ②They seemed to be too nervous and were too anxious to leave.他们好像过份紧张，并且十分急于离开。 (3)如果too前有否定词never或not(即never/not too...to...)，或者不定式前有not(即too...not to do...)时，这两种形式均表示肯定意义。 ③They are never too hardworking to finish the work on time.他们是非常勤快的，能按时完成这项工作。 (4)can't...too...表示“无论怎样……也不过分”。 ④You can't be too careful to drive. After all, life is valuable.
你开车时怎么仔细也不为过。毕竟生命是宝贵的。 (5)too...to句式可以与not enough...to...或so...that...句式相互转换。 ⑤He is too weak to carry the box.＝He isn't strong enough to carry the box.＝He is________weak ________he can't carry the box.
他太虚弱了，搬不动这个箱子。 答案 ⑤so；that (教材原句)The next to go was Captain Oates, who was having great difficulty walking.
接下来离开的是奥茨上尉，他行走有很大的困难。
have difficulty (in) doing sth/with sth表示“在……方面有困难(或麻烦)；对……有困难”。除difficulty外，trouble, bother, problems, fun, a hard/good time等也可用于该结构。
①Do you have any difficulty (in) finding his address?
找他的地址你有困难吗？
②I have some trouble (in) getting along with my deskmate.
我和同桌相处有些困难。 考点归纳拓展 基础知识通关 [写 作 必 备] 基础词汇 1．occur v．发生 2．advocate v.
提倡 3．assistance n.
帮助 4．harmonious adj.
和谐的 5．regretful adj.
后悔的 6．congratulate v.
祝贺 7．independent adj.
独立的 ·必考话题8 日常活动 8．remind v.
提醒 9．outgoing adj.
外向的 10．persevere v.
坚持不懈 11．give up
放弃 12．rather than
而不是 13．belong to
属于 14．be familiar with
对……熟悉 提分句型 1．Hope for the best，but prepare for the worst.
抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。 2．On the way home，I caught sight of a car knocking into a big truck.
在回家的路上，我看到了一辆轿车撞上了一辆大卡车。 3．To our surprise，they seemed to show no interest in trying kicking the harmful habit.使我们感到惊讶的是，对于尝试改掉那种有害的习惯他们似乎不感兴趣。 4．It's advisable that we brush our teeth before going to bed.我们睡前刷牙是可取的。 5．He feels sleepy in classes because he studies deep into the night.因为熬夜学习，课堂上他觉得昏昏欲睡。
[美 文 赏 析] 素材示例 (2016·陕西卷)假定你是李华。请根据写作要点用英语写一篇周记，记述你周末帮助家人做家务的一次经历。
写作要点：(1)做家务的理由；(2)做家务的过程；(3)你的感受。
注意：(1)短文词数不少于100；(2)开头部分已写好，不计入总词数。(3)不能使用真实姓名和学校名称。
I am an 18yearold middle school student.____________
____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ I'm an 18yearold middle school student.I have always been too busy with my study to help my parents at home.Not until recently do I begin to think about what I should do for my parents.① Last Sunday，when my parents were not at home，it occurred to me that I could clean the whole house②.
At first，I
swept and mopped the floor.Then I put the things in place such as books，newspapers and other things
scattered in the room. 佳作播报
I was wiping the door when my parents came back③. They were only too surprised to
see what I was doing.I could see tears in my mother's eyes.At that moment，I knew it was time that I shared my load for the family.Tired though I was④，I never realized what use I can be of to my parents until that moment. 1．not until开头的时间状语从句放在句首，主句用部分倒装。
[模拟] Not until he took off his dark glasses did I realise that he was Bi Fujian.
直到他摘下墨镜，我才认出他是毕福剑。 2．It occurred/occurs to sb
that...某人突然想起……
[模拟] It occurred to me that
Da Shan came from Canada.我突然想起大山来自加拿大。
3．be doing...when...正在做某事，这时……
[模拟] I
was watching the Voice of China when
someone knocked at the door.
我正在看《中国好声音》，这时有人敲门。
Ⅰ.核心单词 1．________(adj.)较重要的；较严重的→________(n.)大多数；大部分 2．________(adj.)令人疲劳的→________(adj.)疲倦的，厌倦的→________(vt.)使疲倦；使疲劳 3．________(n.)团体，组织，机构→________(v.)组织 4．________(adj.)不舒服的，不自在的→________(adj.)舒服的→________(n.&vt.)安慰 5．________(n.)住所，住处→________(vt.)容纳 6．________(vi.)不同于，有区别→________(n.)不同之处→________(adj.)不同的 7．________(adj.)忧虑的，担心的→________(n.)焦虑，不安 8．________(vt.)冒……风险→________(adj.)冒险的 9．________(n.)量，数量→________(n.)品质，质量 10．________(adj.)极度的，极端的→________(adv.)极其地，极端地 11．________(n.)相似性，类似性→________(adj.)相似的 12．________(adj.)不同的，各种各样的→________(n.)品种；种类；变化 13．________(n.)配备，设备→________(vt.)装备，配备 14．________(n.)较喜欢的东西，偏爱→________(v.)喜欢 15．________(vt.)使惊愕(惊奇)→________(adj.)惊愕的，吃惊的→________(adj.)令人惊异的→________(n.)吃惊，惊愕 16．________(vt.)使困惑→________(adj.)困惑的→________(adj.)令人困惑的→________(n.)混乱；困惑 17．________(adj.)富有的，富裕的→________(n.)财富；富有 18．________(n.)陈述→________(v.)陈述 19．________(n.)志向，抱负→________(adj.)有远大志向的；有野心的 20．________(adj.)愉快的，高兴的→________(n.&vt.)欢呼 21．________(vt.)观察，观测→________(n.)观察 22．________(n.)不利，不利条件→________(n.)有利条件，长处 23．________(n.)幸存，残存→________(vt.&vi.)幸免于；幸存 24．________(n.)边界；限度→________(adj.)有限的 答案 1.major；majority 2.tiring；tired；tire 3.organisation；organise 4.uncomfortable；comfortable；comfort 5．accommodation；accommodate 6.differ；difference；different 7.anxious；anxiety 8.risk；risky 9.quantity；quality 10.extreme；extremely 11.similarity；similar 12.various；variety 13.equipment；equip 14.preference；prefer 15.amaze；amazed；amazing；amazement 16.confuse；confused；confusing；confusion 17.wealthy；wealth 18.statement；state 19.ambition；ambitious 20.cheerful；cheer 21.observe；observation 22.disadvantage；advantage 23.survival；survive 24.limit；limited Adventure in a desert is my preference and ambition.It needs full preparation，quantities of goods and extreme patience.Or you will feel hopeless and anxious and even can't survive. ——词不离句，句不离段 Ⅱ.重点短语 1．起飞________________ 2．就在此刻
________________ 3．为了(某一目的)
________________ 4．颠倒地，倒置地
________________ 5．出现，到场
________________ 6．决定不履行(许诺的事)
________________ 7．使理解(某事)
________________ 8．in turn
________________ 9．break out
________________ 10．put into prison
________________ 11．stand by
________________ 12．on one's way
________________ 13．break down
________________ 14．run out of
________________ 15．carry on
________________ 答案 1.take off 2.right now 3.in order to 4.upside down 5.turn up 6.back out 7.get across 8.轮流 9.(坏事)突然发生，爆发 10.关进监狱 11.坚持(某种)说法 12.在途中 13.损坏，不能运转 14.用完，耗尽 15.继续做某事 ①The old man was taken care of by his children in turn. ②This is the message that we want to get across to the public. ③Whether we need more food depends on how many people turn up. ④By the time they got back to the camp, they had nearly run out of water. ⑤This printer is of good quality.If it should break down within the first year, we should repair it at our expense. ——小试身手，聚焦短语 Ⅲ.经典句式 1．Why do you think people would want to go on this trip?
你认为人们为什么愿意去旅行？
[解读]do you think作插入语
[模拟]________________(你认为什么时间)the aircraft carrier made in China will join our navy？ 2.Although people enjoyed reading his book, many of them thought that Marco's stories about China were too fantastic to be true.
尽管人们喜欢读他的书，但是很多人认为马可讲的关于中国的故事太离奇了，令人难以置信。
[解读]too...to...太……而不能……
[模拟]Hearing that our Shenzhou10 spacecraft was successfully launched, I was ________________(太激动而无法控制泪水)． 3．The next to go was Captain Oates, who was having great difficulty walking.
接下来离开的是奥茨上尉，他行走有很大的困难。
[解读]have difficulty (in) doing sth.做某事有困难
[模拟]Li Na ________________communicating with the foreigners(和外国人交流没有任何困难)in English. 答案 1.When do you think 2.too excited to hold back my tears 3.doesn't have any difficulty (in) Ⅳ.必背句法——状态动词或动态动词；定语从句(Ⅲ) 选词填空 1．—I don't want this kind of cloth.It ________(feels/is felt) too thin.
—How about that kind？It ________(is washed/washes) well and________(lasts/lasted) long. 2．We will put off the outing until next week，________ (when/which) we won't be so busy. 3．He wrote a lot of novels，none of ________(which/them) was translated into a foreign language. 4．English online.com is a free site ________(where/that) visitors can not just learn the English language but also chat online. 5．________(As/Which) is often the case with the elder people，my grandma talked about my new hairstyle for at least 50 minutes nonstop. 答案 1.feels；washes；lasts 2.when 3.which 4．where 5.As ①—How about that kind of cloth?
——那种布料怎么样？
—It ________well and________long.
——它耐洗且持久。 ②Would anyone________________the accident please get in touch with the police?
请目击这一事故的人与警方联系。 ③The film is about a spy________betrays him.
该电影讲的是一个被他妻子出卖的间谍。 ——条分缕析，步步为营
④I met the fruitpickers，________were university students.
我碰到那些摘水果的人，其中有好几个是大学生。 答案 ①washes；lasts ②who saw ③whose wife ④several of whom [词 汇 精 解] differ vi.不同于，有区别
(教材原句)How do the tourists differ from local people？旅游者与当地居民有什么不同呢？ (1)differ from...
与……不同
differ in...
在……方面不同
differ with sb
与某人意见不同 (2)different adj.
不同的，有差异的 (3)difference n．
差异，差别
make a/no difference 有/无影响
tell the difference between A and B指出A与B的不同 ①English differs from Chinese in this respect, so we must pay more attention to it.
在这方面英语不同于汉语，因此，我们要多加注意。 ②It's through commitment and sweat that can ____________ within myself inside and out.(2011·四川卷，A)
正是我的付出和汗水才使自己得到了蜕变。 答案 ②make a difference 考点归纳拓展 基础知识通关
quantity
n．量，数量
(教材原句)He went to a city where iron was produced in huge quantities.他去了一个大量生产铁的城市。
即可修饰可数名
词，又可修饰不
可数名词
in quantity/in large quantities大量，大批