1 )"书上说"，"报纸上说"等。 The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。 2) 叙述往事，使其生动。 Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.
3) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时： hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember. I hear (= have heard) he will go to London. I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is. 4) 句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …" 5) It is (= has been) five years since we last met. 6)句型：Here comes… ； There goes… Look, here comes Mr. Li.
7) 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。 Are you staying with us this weekend? 这周和我们一起度周末吗? We are leaving soon. 我们马上就走。 8) 渐变动词，如：get, run, grow, become, begin及die。 He is dying.