effort n．努力
put more effort into sth.更加努力干某事
make a good (every/an) effort to do sth.
＝do all sb.can to do sth.尽一切努力做某事
spare no effort不遗余力
without effort毫不费力 ,
He must put more effort into his work. 他必须更加努力工作。 I will make every effort to arrive on time. 我将尽一切努力准时到达。 They lifted the heavy rock without effort. 他们没费劲就把那块沉重的石头举起来了。
do/try one’s best 尽力 I’ll try my best to help you out. 我会尽力帮你摆脱困境。
14.The rescue team made every
to find the missing mountain climber. A．force
B．energy C．effort
D．possibility 【解析】 句意为“救援队尽一切努力找到了失踪的登山队员”。make every effort to do sth.尽一切努力干某事。 【答案】 C
call for大声呼叫；需要；去接人
call at (visit)访问(某地)
call on (upon)拜访(某人)
call on sb.to do sth.号召某人干某事
call up (telephone)给某人打电话
call in去请来，去叫来
call off取消，停止 ,
Success calls for hard work.成功需要付出努力。 Let’s go to the night school together.I’ll call for you at six. 咱们一起去夜校吧，六点我来叫你。 This calls for a celebration！这就该庆贺一下啦！ We called at his house，but there was nobody in. 我们顺路去了他的家，可没有人在那儿。 I now call upon the chairman to address the meeting. 现在请主席致辞。
make a phone call打电话 answer the Party’s call响应党的号召 ring sb.(up) 给某人打电话 Please ring her up and tell her the news. 请给她打电话告知这个消息。
15.He is unfit for the job，which
patience and creativeness. A．calls at
B．calls on C．calls up
D．calls for 【解析】 句意为“他不适合这份工作。做这份工作需要有耐心和创造力”。 【答案】 D
refer to提到；提及；涉及；查阅；参考
refer...to...把……提交给……；把……归于……
refer to...as 把……看做…… ,
Does your remark refer to all of us? 你的评论是针对我们所有的人吗？ Some people refer all the troubles to bad luck instead of lack of ability？一些人把自己所有的苦恼都归咎于运气不佳，而不认为是缺乏能力。 refer to与look up用法比较： look up和refer to都可作“查阅”讲，但动宾搭配不同；refer to a dictionary for sth./look sth.up in a dictionary Refer to the dictionary when you don’t know how to spell a word.不知道怎样拼写单词时可以查词典。
16.It’s foolish of him to
his notes in the English test. A．lead to
B．stick to C．refer to
D．belong to 【答案】 C break away from
离开，逃脱；断绝与……的联系
break away from bad habits 摆脱坏习惯
break away from the Union 脱离联帮 ,
The criminal broke away from the policeman who had held him. 罪犯从押着他的那个警察手中逃脱了。 It was wrong for him to break away from all his old friends. 他同所有的老朋友断绝往来，这是错误的。
break down 分解；出故障；(健康)垮掉；(精神)崩溃 break up 解散；结束；破裂 break in 插嘴，打断 break into 强行进入 break out (战争、火灾)突然爆发 break through 突破 Their marriage broke up.他们的婚姻破裂了。 Your health will break down if you work too hard. 你工作过度会损害健康。 A fire broke out last night.昨晚发生了一起火灾。
17.A quarrel
，which made him
his family. A．was broken out；break away B．broke out；break away from C．was broken away；break out D．broke out；to break away from 【答案】 B 18．(2009年四川卷)—How about your journey to Mount Emei? —Everything was wonderful except that our car
twice on the way. A．slowed down
B．broke down C．got down
D．put down 【解析】 句意为：——峨眉山之游感觉如何啊？——其他都很好，就是我们的车抛锚了两次。slow down放慢(速度)，(使)减速；break down损坏，(健康等)垮掉，崩溃；get down下来，写下，使沮丧；put down记下。 【答案】 B
What I don’t understand is why people want to kill them.我不能理解的是人们为什么要杀死它们。
本句中包含一个主语从句，这个从句是由what引导的，what在主语从句中作understand的宾语，相当于the thing that...。 What we should do is to start using renewable sources of energy. 我们应该做的事是开始利用可更新的能源。 You may do whatever you like.你可以想做什么就做什么。 I don’t know when he will arrive.我不知道他什么时候到达。 Who will attend the meeting is very important. 谁将要参加会议这是很重要的。
引导名词性从句除了用what之外，还可用连接代词(which，whose，who，whichever，whoever，whatever，whomever等)和连接副词(when，where，how，why等)；连接代词在句中作主语、宾语、表语等，而连接副词在句子中作状语。所以名词性从句引导词的选择取决于两个因素： (1)连接词在从句中的成分。 (2)句意。 Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 无论是谁触犯法律都要受到惩罚。 上句中引导词在从句中作break的主语，所以应用whoever。
19.(2007年陕西卷)
parents say and do has a lifelong effect on their children. A．That
B．Which C．What
D．As 【答案】 C
Without these naturally occurring gases，the sun’s rays would bounce back into space leaving the Earth cold and impossible to live on. 如果没有这些自然产生的气体，太阳的能量将会被反射回太空去，地球将处于寒冷之中，而不适合生命的存在。
without在本句中表示一个假设的条件，后面的主句中用“would＋do”表示
对将来的虚拟，像这样表假设条件的介词还有 but for；连词or，otherwise，它们引导的句子在英语中称为含蓄条件句。 One couldn’t live for long without water. 如果没有水一个人不会活长。 But for the help of another boy，George might have drowned. 如果不是另一个男孩的帮助，乔治可能已经淹死了。
cannot...without 是双重否定表示肯定。 主语＋否定谓语＋without＋名词(动名词) There＋be＋no＋主语＋without＋名词(动名词) It is＋否定词．..＋不定式＋without＋名词(动名词) You cannot learn Chinese well without making great effort. 只有努力，你才能学好汉语。 There will be no rain without wind.没有风哪有雨。 It is not possible to succeed with your help. 没有你的帮助不可能成功。
20.He drove too fast otherwise the accident
. A．would not occur B．would not have occurred C．would not be occurred D．would not have been occurred 【答案】 B
Given this data，it seems that the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence.根据这个数据推断，人类活动与全球变暖之间的关系不仅仅只是一个巧合。
given prep.(如果)考虑到……，就……来说，如果有……。given后接表示事物性的名词(短语)，并通常位于句首，也可置于句末，且常用逗号与其后面的句子成分隔开，整个介词短语在句中作状语。 Given good health，I hope to finish the work this year. 如果健康状况良好，我希望今年完成这项工作。
(1)表示“考虑到……”时，given后还可接that从句。 (2)given作形容词时，表示“规定的”。 It seems reasonable to send him away，given that he is
doing quite well.考虑到他做得很好，派他去似乎是很合理的。 The work must be done within the given time. 工作必须在规定时间内完成。
21.
enough time and money，the researchers would have been able to discover more in this field. A．Giving
B．To give C．Given
D．Being given 【答案】 C 【答案】 D 22．(2010年合肥一摸)
time，he’ll make a firstclass tennis player. A．Having given
B．To give C．Giving
D．Given 课时作业 点击进入链接 * * ☆ 选修8 ☆
类别 课标要点 重 点 单 词 1.
vt.
使困住
2.
vt.& vi.牺牲，献出 3.
vt.
主张，提倡
4.
vt.
回收利用 5.
n.
代替品，代用品
6.
vt.
依法没收，扣押 7.
n.
规模，大小
8.
adj.
艰难的 9.
n.
方法
10.
vt.& vi.
逃走 11.
n.
农业
12.
n.
保留，存疑 13.
vt.
威胁
14.
adj.
多变的 trap
sacrifice advocate
recycle substitute seize
scale rough
means flee agriculture reservation threaten
changeable 重 点 单 词 15.
n.
分离，分开
16.
vt.
建造 17.
vt.
采用
18.
adj.
想得周到的，体贴的 19.
vt.
削尖
20.
vt.
计算，算出 separation construct adopt considerate sharpen calculate
常 用 短 语 1.
摆脱，脱离
2.
超出……的控制；不受……的 3.
采取行动 4.
对已产生的不良后果)负责任
要求结束……
.
代表…… 7.
掠去，夺走
8.
总的来说 9.
导致
10.
祝一切顺利 break
away
from beyond
one’s
control take
action
answer
for
call
for
an
end
to
sth.
on
somebody’s
behalf
carry
off
all
in
all
result
in
all
the
best
典 型 句 式 1.
these naturally occurring gases，the sun’s rays
would bounce back into space leaving the Earth cold and impossible to live on.如果没有这些自然产生的气体，太阳的能量将会被反射回太空去，地球将处于寒冷之中，而不适合生命的存在。 2．An even greater number of people live at risk
，from
earthquakes which have claimed more than 1.6 million lives in the last hundred years. 从某种程度上来说，有更多的人处在地震的危险之中，在过去的几百年间地震已经夺去了160多万人的生命。 3.
this data，it seems that the link between human activities sand rising global temperature is not merely a coincidence. Without to some degr ee Given 典 型 句 式 考虑到这个数据，看起来人类活动和正在上升的全球温度之间的联系就不仅仅是一个巧合了。 4．killing more than 226,000 people and
millions
. ……杀死了二十二万六千多人而且使成千上万的人无家可归。 leaving
advocate vt. 提倡；主张 advocate sth./doing sth.拥护；主张 advocate＋that从句 从句中的谓语动词应用(should)＋动
词原形 ,
homeless. Do you advocate keeping all children at school till the age of sixteen？你主张将义务教育延长至16岁吗？ The report advocated that all buildings be fitted with smoke
detectors.报告主张所有的建筑物都应安装烟火探测器。
advocate n．提倡者；拥护者(尤指对某一主义或目的)
an advocate of sb./sth.支持……的人
We are advocates of equal pay for men and women.
我们都是提倡男女同酬者。 1.句子翻译 你主张接受他们的邀请吗？ 【答案】 Do you advocate accepting their invitation? substitute n．代替品；代用品；vt. 用……代替……；vi.替代；取代 (1)a substitute for...……的代替者 a milk/meat substitute 代乳/肉制品 (2)substitute A for B＝substitute B with A用A代替/取代B substitute for 代替，取代 ,
You can substitute honey for sugar. 你可以用蜂蜜代替糖。. Bill substituted for Larry who was off sick. 拉里因病没有上班，比尔顶替了他。
replace与substitute 用法比较 replace多指以新换旧，以好换坏，常与介词with连用。 replace A with B 用B替换A substitute 多指“暂时代替或代理”的意思，常与介词for连用。 So even the olive wreath has been replaced! 就连橄榄枝花环也被替代了！ 2
.It is wise of you to
welltrained workers
untrained ones in the assembly line. A．substitute；for
B．substitute；with C．replace；by
D．replace；with 【答案】 A represent v．代表
用做动词意为“代表，象征；表述，描绘；
representative n．代表人；adj.有代表性的 represent...as把……描述为 represent to向……说明，交涉 be representative of...代表…… ,
集中地体现”等； 名词为representation代理，表述。 500
contestants representing 8 countries attended the
competition.代表八个国家的五百名选手参加了本次比赛。 The union represents the interests of the workers. 工会代表工人的利益。 This painting represents a storm at sea. 这幅画表现的是海上风暴。 The king is represented as a hero in the play. 剧中国王的形象是一个英雄。
stand for与represent用法比较： (1)stand for意为“代表；象征”；指符号或标志的意义，不可用于被动语态。 (2)represent意为“表示，表达；代表，象征”；指同类人或事物中 最典型的，可用于被动语态。 CCTV stands for China Central Television Station. CCTV代表“中国中央电视台”。 The country was represented at the conference by the Foreign Minister.代表那个国家出席会议的是外交部长。
3.用represent的适当形式填空： (1)Mr Li was chosen to
our school at the meeting. (2)Zhang Qiyue
the government to give a talk at the congress. (3)The thirteen colonies that have announced independence are
by the thirteen stars on the flag. (4)He will be
of our class to sing at the school si
【答案】 (1)represent (2)stands for/represented (3)represented (4)representative general n．& adj.一般(的)；总的 in general use普遍使用 a general idea大意 general knowledge常识 a general manager总经理 in general＝in most cases generally speaking一般说来 as a general rule 一般说来；通常 ,
I don’t give interviews as a general rule (＝usually)，but in this case I’ll make an exception. 通常我不接受采访，但这一次算是例外。 In general，boys are more brave than girls. 一般说来，男生比女生勇敢。
common，usual，ordinary与general用法比较： (1)common是(几乎)所有的人或事物所共有的，常见的，普通的，有“习见习闻，并不高贵”的意思，指品质时，则为“低劣的”。 (2)usual指由过去的经验可判断为正常或通常的，因此是按照预测发生的。 (3)ordinary表示与一般事物的标准、品质、习俗相同，平凡而不特殊，着重平淡无奇。
4.用common，usual，ordinary与general正确形式填空： (1)This is a very
idiom. (2)This is a(n)
event. (3)The two sisters have little in
in their manners. (4)general是关联到同类中全部的、广泛的。 He came to school early as usual.他照常早早到校了。 (4)Thunder is the
sign of a coming storm. (5)She is in a(n)
dress. (6)Breast cancer is the most
form of cancer among women in this country. (7)This opinion is
among the
population. world. (8)This was no
meeting：it would change the future of the world. 【答案】 (1)common (2)ordinary (3)common (4)usual (5)ordinary (6)common (7)common；general (8)ordinary
measure n．[C] 计量单位，措施；[U] 尺寸；v.测量，斟酌
make clothes to one’s own measure量体裁衣
take measures (to do sth.)采取措施(做……)
take measures against sth.采取措施反对/制止…… ,
We must take measures against pollution.
我们必须采取措施制止污染。
Let’s make a suit to your own measure.
咱们给你量体裁衣。.
take action采取行动 take steps采取步骤 If you don’t follow us，we’ll take action. 如果你不跟随我们，我们将采取行动。
5.I realized strength and courage aren’t always
in medals and victories，but in the struggles we overcome. A．measured
B．praised C．tested
D．increased 【解析】 从下文判断此处为作者认识到参赛的真正意义和评价选手的标准，“力量和勇气不是通过金牌和胜利来衡量的”。 【答案】 A
cover v．盖，掩盖，行过(路程)，报导，读；n.盖子，封面，封底，包皮
cover sth.盖住…… cover...with...用……盖住…… cover 30 pages读三十页 cover an area of...占地面积为…… cover 2,000 li走了两千里 cover a conference报导会议 a cover for a pan锅盖 under cover隐藏着 under the cover of在……的掩护下，趁着 ,
We all know that lies can not cover facts. 我们都知道谎言掩盖不了事实。 He covered many things that we don’t know. 他报导了很多我们不知道的事情。 They stopped for the night after covering a distance of 200 li. 走了两百里之后，他们停下来准备过夜。
uncover vt.揭开……的盖子；揭露；发现 Agents have uncovered a plot against the President. 特工人员发现了一个反对总统的阴谋。
6.How many pages have you
so far？Can you return the book
me tomorrow? A．looked；for
B．seen；with C．covered；to
D．turned；/ 【解析】
cover在此表示“阅读”之意；读书不可用see或look。return sth.to sb.把某物归还某人。 【答案】 C 7．(2009年山东卷)—Do you have enough to
all your daily expenses? —Oh yes，enough and to spare. A．cover
B．spend C．fill
D．offer 【解析】
句意为：——你有足够用以支付日常费用的钱吗？——是的，足够并且还有节余的。 【答案】 A
flee(fled，fled) vt.逃跑；逃走，逃避，消失；vi.逃离，逃走
flee in disorder 狼狈逃窜
flee(from) a place 逃离某地
flee to a place 逃到某地 ,
They fled the country to escape their debts.
为了逃脱债务他们逃离了这个国家。
They collected their valuables and fled.
他们收拾好值钱的东西就逃了。
escape和run away在表示逃离某地时，要在其后加from，而flee后可直接跟表示地点的宾语，也可与from连用再接表地点的名词。 The enemy soldiers were fleeing in all directions，but few of them could escape from the village. 敌兵四处逃窜，但很少能逃出村庄。
8.When the war broke out in Irap，thousands of Iraqi
their hometown and wandered about. A．returned
B．fled C．left for
D．escaped 【答案】 B
reserve n．保护区；储备(物)；(矿产等)储藏量；储备金
a nature reserve 自然保护区
in reserve 贮存
without reserve毫无保留 ,
There’s always beautiful scenery in nature reserves. 自然保护区总有很好的风景。
reserve vt.储备；保存；保留；预订(座位等) reserve sth.for sb./sth.为某人/某物保留、预定…… The money must be reserved for emergencies. 钱必须留到紧急的时候用。
9.—The Sunshine Hotel.Can I help you? —Yes.I want to
a room facing south. A．order
B．reserve C．make
D．arrange 【答案】 B fire n．& vi.火，开火
on fire 着火；非常激动；充满热情
set...on fire＝set fire to sth.点燃
fire a gun at 向……开枪 ,
Who set fire to the house last night? 昨晚是谁放火烧的房子？ These students are on fire for what they learn in the computer class.这些
学生对计算机课上学的东西充满热情。
catch fire与on fire用法比较： catch fire和on fire都表示“着火”。前者强调动作；后者强调状态，可以和表一段时间的时间状语连用。
The house caught fire half an hour ago. 房子是半个小时以前着火的。
10.—How long has the house
？ —A whole night. A．caught fire
B．been on fire C．been set fire
D．made fire 【解析】
on fire着火(状态)；catch fire着火(动作)；set fire放火；make fire生火。 【答案】 B claim v．声称；要求；认领
claim sth.声称某事；需要某物
claim that＋clause声称……
claim to do sth.声称要做某事
claim for sth.为……索赔
claim on the insurance向保险公司索赔
claim payment from sb.要求某人付款
claim sth.back要求归还某物
It is claimed that...据称…… ,
After the battle both sides claimed victory. 战斗之后，双方都宣称取得了胜利。
She claimsthat.
she is related to the Queen to be related to the Queen. 她自称与王后有亲戚关系。
claim可用作可数名词，意为“(根据权利而提出的)要求，请求；认领；主张；声称”。 put in/make a claim for...要求得到…… drop one’s claim放弃要求 lay claim to...声称……是自己的，以……自称 press one’s claim on...向……提出强烈要求 He made a claim for higher salary. 他们要求提高薪水。
11.She claimed 500 dollars
him
injuries suffered. 11.She claimed 500 dollars
him
injuries suffered. A．for；of
B．from；of C．from；for
D．for；from 【解析】
本题考查claim的用法。由题干可判断出句子的意思应为“
她向他索取500美元的伤害赔偿费。”表达“向某人索取钱款”这一意思时，claim应与from搭配。表达“因为……而索赔”时，应用介词for，所以答案应为C。 【答案】 C
threaten vt.恐吓；威胁；预示(危险)
threaten sb.with sth.用某事/物威胁某人
threaten to do sth.恐吓说要做某事
threaten rain/a storm预示着有雨/风暴
threaten to rain/snow预示着要下雨/雪 ,
They broke my windows and threatened me. 他们砸碎我的窗子并威胁我。 Several film directors are threatened with videos by an ordinary actress named Zhang Yu.一些电视导演受到一个普通女演员张钰提供的录像带的威胁。 A storm was threatening.暴风雨即将来临。 The clouds threatened rain.乌云密布预示大雨将至。
threat n．恐吓；威胁；恶兆 threatening adj.恐吓的 That’s a threat to the whole country.那是国家的祸根。 He received a threatening letters last night. 昨晚他收到一封恐吓信。
12.完成句子 (1) (危险逼近时) we must all be on guard. (2)Your present behavior (预示着你不会通过即将到来的考试)． (3)His father (威胁说要揍他) if he stole again. (4)The whole country (正面临) starvation. 【答案】 (1)While danger threatens (2)threatens your failure in the coming tests (3)threatened to beat him (4)is threatened with
total
n．总数；adj.总的；v.合计
a total of总共
in total合计；共计(＝altogether)
total (up) to总额为(＝add up to) ,
A total of 20,000 people visited the castle on the first day when it was open to the public. 城堡对公众开放的第一天，总共有两万人前来参观。 There were probably about 40 people there in total. 那里总共可能有40人左右。
the number of……的数量 add up累计起来；add to增加(困难、友谊等) The new building will add to the beauty of our school. 新大楼会使我校更美。 The number of our students is increasing. 我们的学生人数在增加。
13.完成句子 His whole school education (总共仅有两年时间)． 【答案】 totaled (added) up to no more than two years * *