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高考英语二轮复习:名词性从句课件 一、几种易混的从句的辨别 定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句有时候在形式上很相似,下面给考生提供一些区分的方法: 1.定语从句与同位语从句Z
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k 定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系;而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容的。that在定语从句中充当句子成分,可指物或人;而同位语从句中的that在从句中不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用。请比较:
(1)The news (that/which) he told us was exciting. (定语从句,that/which在从句中作宾语,还可以被省略) (2)The news that our team has won is exciting. (同位语从句,that从句是说明news的内容的,that在从句中不作任何成分,但不能被省略) ◆辨析 判断是定语从句还是同位语从句可以用“加词”的方法,即在名词和从句之间加入一个be动词,如果句子意思成立,则是同位语从句,否则,则是定语从句。如上面第二句,加上be动词后: The news is that our team has won.句子意思成立,所以是同位语从句。而第一句,加上be动词后: The news is that he told us.意思不成立,因此不是同位语从句。
◆警示 一般情况下,同位语从句紧跟在它所说明的名词的后面,可是有的时候,为了表达的需要,名词与从句之间被另外一些内容分隔开了,叫做“分隔同位语从句”。对于这类同位语从句,一定要根据句意,找准它所说明的名词。 Z
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k 2.定语从句与状语从句 请看两组句子: 第一组:区分such...as...和such...that... (1)The new storybook is written in such easy English as beginners can understand. (2)The new storybook is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it. 这两句话只有一词之差,但语法结构大相径庭:第一句是as引导的定语从句,as相当于that/which(但不能用that/which),在从句中作understand的宾语。第二句是结果状语从句,that在从句中不作成分。 Z
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k 结论:当从句缺少句子成分时,用such...as...;当从句不缺少句子成分时,用such...that...。 第二组:选用in which, where填空 (1)He left the key ______ he had been an hour before. (2)He left the place ______ he lived for many years. 分析:第一句只能填where, where引导的是地点状语从句,修饰主句中的谓语动词。此处where不可换成in which,因为in which只能引导定语从句,本句中根本就没有先行词(后面的从句不是修饰key的)。 第二句填where或in which。根据句意可知,后面的句子是对名词place的修饰,因此此句是定语从句。 ◆点拨 判断是用such...as...还是用such...that...的关键:判断从句是否缺少句子成分。 ◆牢记 当涉及“地点”时,判断是定语从句还是状语从句的依据:看句中是否有先行词。 二、that与what的区别 that引导名词性从句,在从句中不作任何成分,that本身无意义,只起连接作用。what引导名词性从句时,在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语等,what表示“……的东西或事情”。请比较: What I need is more time.(what引导主语从句,在从句中作宾语) That I need more time to do the work is very clear.(that引导主语从句,在从句中不作任何成分) The village is no longer what it used to be.(what引导表语从句,在从句中作表语) I had no idea what we should do next.(what引导同位语从句,在从句中作宾语) He will tell us what he saw in London.(what引导宾语从句,在从句中作宾语) ◆精析 名词性从句中区分that与what的关键是:分析句子结构,看从句是否缺少句子成分。如果不缺成分,就用that,如果缺少句子成分(主语、宾语、表语等),且表示“……的东西或事情”就用what。 ◆牢记 宾语从句可以跟在及物动词之后,也可以跟在介词之后。 ◆点拨 解题时要设法排除插入语的干扰,将插入语忽略,从而简化句子结构,这样就可以降低解题的难度。 典例 (安徽,33)His writing is so confusing that it's difficult to make out ________it is he is trying to express. A. that
B. how
C. who
D. what 解析:D。考查名词性从句。句意:他的书写这么乱,很难弄明白他想要表达什么。what引导宾语从句,并在从句中作表语。 三、who, whoever与no matter who的区别 引导名词性从句,在句中作主语时用who,意思是“谁”,含有疑问意味,whoever意为“无论谁”,不含有疑问意味。whoever在引导名词性从句时,相当于anyone who,其中who引导一个定语从句紧随其后。 另外,whoever还可以引导让步状语从句,这时whoever相当于no matter who,但是no matter who只能引导让步状语从句。请比较: 1.Who has taken away my bag is unknown. 谁拿走了我的包还不知道。(若用whoever显然句意不通) 2.Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 无论谁违反法律都要受到惩罚。(whoever表达的语气强烈) 3.I'm not going to let you in, no matter who you are. =I'm not going to let you in, whoever you are. (根据句意“我不会让你进去的,不管你是谁”,后面是一个让步状语从句,故用no matter who或者whoever) ◆链接 wh-ever既可引导名词性从句,又可引导让步状语从句。引导名词性从句时,whoever=anyone who; whomever=anyone whom; whatever=anything that; whichever=anything/anyone that; whosever=any one whose。 Whichever he likes will be given to him.=Anything that he likes will be given to him. 无论他想要哪个都可以给他。
You should give the book back to whosever name(=anyone whose name) is on the cover of it. 你该把书还给任何一个他的名字在封面上的人。 【2012陕西卷】20. As many five courses are provided, and you are free to choose ______ suits you best.
A whatever
B. whichever
C. whenever
D. wherever 【答案与解析】B 考查名词性从句。所填词引导的从句做动词choose的宾语,引导词在从句中做主语,意思是:无论哪件,选B。其余选项与句意不符。 【2012江西卷】25.It suddenly occurred to him
he had left his keys in the office.
A.whether B.where C.which D.that 答案:D Z
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k 考点:考察名词性从句当中的主语从句。 解析:it作形式主语,真正的主语为that he had left his keys in the office。且that在句中无意义,并不充当任何成分。 【2012重庆卷】34. Evdence has been found through years of study______ children’s early sleeping problem likely to continue when they grow up. A. why
B. how
C. whether
D. that 【考点】名词性从句 【答案】D 【解析】分析句子结构可知,空白处后面为句子主语“Evidence”的同位语从句,在这一从句中,句意完整,不缺少成分,应该使用“that”作为引导词。因此,正确答案为D选项。
【2012全国新课程】24. It is by no means clear
the president can do to end the strike. A. how
B. which C. that
D. what 【答案】D 【解析】此处it是形式主语,what引导的是主语从句,作真正的主语。What作do的宾语。句意:总统采取什么行动结束这次罢工一点也不清楚。 【考点定位】考查主语从句的连接词。 【2012山东卷】25. It doesn’t matter ________ you pay by cash or credit card in this store.
A. how
B. whether
C. what
D. why
【答案】B 【解析】此处it是形式主语,后面whether...or…引导的主语从句是真正的主语,whether...or…意为:是…还是…都行。句意:在这个商店中用现金或信用卡支付都可以。 【考点定位】考查主语从句的连接词。 【2012福建卷】35. We promise
attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star. A. who B. whom
C. whoever
D. whomever 【考点】本句考查连词的辨析 【答案】C 【解析】首先本句考查的关键短语是promise sb sth“向某人承诺某事“本句指的是向参加聚会的人提供一个和电影明星合影的机会,不定式做chance的定语,然后就是参加聚会的任何人whoever=anyone who,这样句子就很清晰了,所以划分句子成分非常关键,以前考察whoever都是做状语,而本题考查的是作promise的宾语,挺新颖的。 【难度】难度大 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *