第19讲
细节理解题
(2012·湖南卷A篇)What makes a gift special? Is it the price you see on the gift receipt? Or is it the look on the recipient's face when they receive it that determines the true value? What gift is worth the most? This Christmas I was debating what to give my father. My dad is a hard person to buy for because he never wants anything. I pulled out my phone to read a text message from my mom saying that we were leaving for Christmas shopping for him when I came across a message on my phone that I had locked. The message was from my father. My eyes fell on a photo of a flower taken in Wyoming， *
and underneath a poem by William Blake. The flower, a lone dandelion standing against the bright blue sky, inspired me. My dad had been reciting those words to me since I was a kid. That may even be the reason why I love writing. I decided that those words would be my gift to my father.
I called back. I told my mom to go without me and that I already created my gift. I sent the photo of the creamcolored flower to my computer and typed the poem on top of it. As I was arranging the details another poem came to mind. The poem was written by Edgar Allan Poe; my dad recited it as much as he did the other.
I typed that out as well and searched online for a background to the words of it. The poem was focused around dreaming, and after searching I found the perfect picture. The image was painted with blues and greens and purples, twisting together to create the theme and wonder of a dream. As I watched both poems passing through the printer, the white paper coloring with words that shaped my childhood. I felt that this was a gift that my father would truly appreciate.
Christmas soon arrived. The minute I saw the look on my dad's face as he unwrapped those swirling black letters carefully placed in a cheap frame, I knew I had given the perfect gift. *
57. The author's inspiration for the gift came from ______.
A. a photo of a flower
B. a story about a kid
C. a call from the mother
D. a text about Christmas
作者一直不知道给父亲买什么礼物，但是偶尔看到父亲的信息使其想到了爸爸“读诗歌”的爱好，因而用心制作了“诗配花”的图片的礼物。最后作者看到父亲对待礼物的态度，知道自己做对了。
57. A 细节理解题。考查对文章细节的理解和判断能力。根据文章的第二段可知： 作者拿出手机时看到了妈妈发来的信息，偶尔看到了爸爸发来的信息。信息是一朵花，花儿使作者想到了爸爸的话，因而使作者想到了给爸爸的礼物。 思路点拨 *
59. The author made the gift by ______. A. searching for the poems online B. drawing the background by hand C. painting the letters in three colors D. matching the words with pictures
D 细节理解题。考查对文章的细节的理解和判断能力。根据第三段的第二句可知： 作者先在电脑上找到这种花，然后在花上打上字。可见其礼物是“配上字的图片”。 思路点拨
一篇文章在确定主题之后，通常要通过大量的事实和细节对主题进行解释和说明。因此有很多的题干是根据短文的细节而设计的。文章的细节题有可能是直接理解题，如事物的起因、过程、结果及发生的时间、地点等。也有些是间接理解题，要求你在理解的基础上，通过自己的思维将理解的内容系统化，条理化。选项的表述通常不是用文章的原话，而是使用同义的词语来表达。考生一定要回到短文中找出与答题内容相关的词语和句子，在理解原文的基础上选择答案。
一、所谓细节题的表现形式多种多样，大致可总结如下：
1. 是非题
出题形式：
三正一误(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)：
Which of the following is TRUE except…？
Which of the following is mentioned except…？
三误一正(三项错误，只有一项符合原文内容)：
Which of the following is true?
2. 例证题
例子为高考阅读理解的常见考点之一，这类题的基本结构为The author provides in Line…(或Paragraph…)an example in order to…意思是问文中举出某现象或例子的目的。如果文章是说明文和议论文，文章中举出一些例子无非是为了说明一定的道理。关键在于这个例子在原文出现的位置，但不管如何，这个例子之前或之后不远处通常都有一句总结说明性的话，这句话就是答案，即举例的目的。如果例子与全文主题有关，则例证主题，答案为主题句。如果例子与段落主题有关，就例证段落主题，则答案为段落主题句；否则，答案为例子前后总结说明性的话。
3. 其他形式的细节题
(1)定义
①与主题有关的篇章定义，理解它有助于做主旨题。
②具体对某个现象或术语加以定义，有时成为词义题的考试内容。
(2)年代与数字
这个考点有几种出题方式，但不管以何种形式出现，只要题干问年代与数字，答案就对应于文章中的年代与数字。
(3)比较
比较考点的表现形式主要有：①比较级与含有比较意义的词汇手段和句型结构；②表示绝对意义的字眼：first(第一)，least(最不)，uttermost(最)等；③表示唯一性的词汇：only，unique等。
阅读最好能圈出表示最高级、唯一性和绝对意义的词汇，便于做题时对回原文定位。
(4)原因
这种题的答案在原文中通常有一些表示因果关系的词汇手段提示：
①表示因果关系的名词：result，reason；
②表示因果关系的动词：result in(结果)，result from(由于)，base…on…(以……为基础)，be due to(由于)；
③表示因果关系的连词或介词：because，for，why；
④表示因果关系的副词：as a result，consequently等，阅读时对这些提示词应该予以注意。
除了上述原文有因果关系提示词的显性原因考点之外，隐性原因(两个句子之间为因果关系，但无有关提示词)也是常见考点。不管是显性原因考点，还是隐性原因考点，原文相关句出现的格式都是先说原因，后说结果，而在题干中通常给出结果，就其原因提问。
二、解题方法：
1. 直接理解题
多数细节理解题是直接考查考生对具体信息的近义或反义理解能力。寻找相关的近义或反义表述，是一种有效的解题方式。
代词复指题也属于一种直接理解题。一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下使用这种题型，所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。可采用“逻辑关系梳理法”，使人物或事件关系条理化、简明化。 【基础练习】 26. How does the author understand Maxie's words? A. Maxie shows her anxiety to the author. B. Maxie really wishes the author a good day. C. Maxie encourages the author to stay happy. D. Maxie really worries about the author's security.
本文主要介绍了人们相互之间常说 “Have a nice day”这一习惯。
26. B 细节理解题。由第一段最后两句可知，特别是“cares about me and wishes me well”等字眼。 【基础练习】 28. By saying “Have a nice day，” a stranger may ______. A. try to be polite to you B. express respect to you C. give his blessing to you D. share his pleasure with you
28. A 细节理解题。由第四段可知，特别是 “has tried to be nice to you”最为明显。
2. 转换理解题
转换理解题要求考生在理解具体事实的基础上，通过自己的思维将理解的内容系统化，条理化，形象化，具体化。
一是“首尾定位法”。比如计算、排序、选图等题。排序题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序，即先找出第一个动作和最后一个动作，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。
二是利用同义词、近义词和反义词：即命题者常常会利用近义词或反义词来考查学生对细节的捕捉与理解能力。 【基础练习】 51. After a short overseas holiday, people tend to ______. A. notice small changes B. expect small changes C. welcome small changes D. exaggerate small changes
本文讲述侨居国外的英国人离开英国多年后重回英国的不同感受，这些感受我们司空见惯而无法察觉，只有他们才能体会。
51. A 细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句中“…small changes have probably surprised you…”可知，在短期海外度假后，人们会注意到小变化，故A项正确。 【基础练习】 53. When arriving at the airport in Britain, Christine was shocked by ______. A. the relaxed policemen B. the messy arrivals hall C. the tight security D. the bank robbers
53. C 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第一句中“To see policemen with guns in the airport for the first time was frightening…”可知，当到达英国机场，Christine为紧张的安全措施所震惊。故C项正确。A项与语意相反，B、D项未提及。
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