2016年高考第二轮复习英语全国版专题整合突破
九、并列句和复合句
真题试做
1．（2012·课标全国高考）It is by no means clear______the president can do to end the strike.
A．how
B．which
C．that
D．what
2．（2012·课标全国高考）I don't believe we've met before，______ I must say you do look familiar.
A．therefore
B．although
C．since
D．unless
3．（2012·课标全国高考）You have to move out of the way ______ the truck cannot get past you.
A．so
B．or
C．and
D．but
4．（2012·北京高考）— Look at those clouds!
— Don't worry.______ it rains，we'll still have a great time.
A．Even if
B．As though
C．In case
D．If only
5．（2012·上海高考）There is much truth in the idea ______ kindness is usually served by frankness.
A．why
B．which
C． that
D．whether
考向分析
从近几年高考试题可以看出，对于并列句和复合句的考查主要集中在以下几个方面：
1．考查并列句中and，but，or等连词的选用，表示原因的并列连词for与从属连词because，since的区别，以及when和while作为并列连词的用法，做题时一定要明确前后句的逻辑关系和语境意义。
2．考查名词性从句中引导词的选用，区分what，that，whever，whether，if等连接代词和连接副词的语义功能和语法功能。尤其是把名词性从句与定语从句放在一起进行综合考查，增加了试题的难度。
3．考查定语从句中引导词的选用，重点是关系代词与关系副词的辨别，以及“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，其中对as，which，whose用法的考查呈上升趋势。定语从句与名词性从句、状语从句和强调结构的综合考查也是考查的热点。另外还要特别注意以下两种定语从句：
（1）以抽象地点名词（mark，situation，case，point，scene，business等）和抽象时间名词（occasion等）作先行词的定语从句中关系词的使用。
（2）“隔离型”定语从句。即运用插入语、介词或副词短语等手段使先行词远离关系代词或关系副词，以达到增加试题难度的效果。
4．考查状语从句中引导词的选用，其中时间、条件、地点、让步状语从句是考查的重点。一定要把握主句、从句间的语意及逻辑关系，注意区分不同从属连词的语义功能和语法功能。
热点例析
考点一：but，while，however的区别
but表示意义的转折；while既表示转折又表示对比；however为表示转折意义的副词，常用逗号与句子其他部分隔开。如：
I like football，while my sister likes basketball.
She has difficulty in learning English，however，she works hard and is making rapid progress.
【典例分析】（2011·全国高考）—Someone wants you on the phone.
—______ nobody knows I am here.
A．AlthoughB．And
C．But
D．So
答案为C项。根据句意可知前后两句明显为转折关系，因此选C项。句意：——有人给你打电话。——可是没有人知道我在这儿。
（2012·四川高考）At school，some students are active______some are shy，yet they can be good friends with one another.
A．while
B．although
C．so
D．as
答案为A项。句意：在学校里，有些学生很积极，然而有些很害羞。但他们彼此都可能成为好朋友。while用作并列连词时表示转折对比，意为“然而”，符合句意。
考点二：“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”句型
在该句型中，前面的祈使句表示了条件，后面的陈述句表示了结果。如果前后句表示顺延意义，中间的连词用and，相当于“if条件状语从句＋主句”；如果前、后句表示转折意义，中间的连词用or，相当于“否定的if条件状语从句＋主句”。如：
Work hard and you will succeed.（If you work hard，you will succeed.）
Hurry up，or we'll be late.（If we don't hurry up，we'll be late.）
在上面的句型中，有时前面的祈使句可省略为名词词组。如：
One more word and I will beat you.
【典例分析】（2011·辽宁高考）Bring the flowers into a warm room ______ they'll soon open.
A．or
B．and
C．but
D．for
答案为B项。该题为“祈使句＋and / or＋陈述句”句型。根据题意判断前后句为顺承关系，所以选连词and。
考点三：并列连词when和for的用法
1．when可用作并列连词，表示“就在这时；就在那时（突然发生了某事）”。如：
We were ready to rush away，when the snake moved.
2．for可用作并列连词，表示补充说明的原因。如：
We had better stay at home，for it was raining.
【典例分析】（2011·浙江高考）One Friday，we were packing to leave for a weekendaway ______ my daughter heard cries for help.
A．after
B．while
C．since
D．when
答案为D项。句意：有一个星期五，我们正在收拾行李去度周末，这时我的女儿听到求救声。be doing...when...表示“正在做某事，这时（突然）……”。
考点四：主语从句的引导词
1．连接代词who，whom，whose，which，what，whoever，whomever，whichever，whatever等有意义，在从句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语等，尤其要注意what引导的主语从句是高考命题的热点。如：
What he wants to tell us is not clear.
Who will win the match is still unknown.
2．连接副词when，where，why，how等有意义，在从句中作状语。如：
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.
3．连词that，whether（不用if）无意义或意义不完整，在从句中不担任成分。如：
That he will come and help you is certain.
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.
4．what引导主语从句时为连接代词，有意义，表示“……的东西；……的事情”，既起引导作用，又在从句中作主语、宾语或表语；that引导主语从句时为连词，无意义，只起引导作用，不在从句中作成分，但不可省略。如：
【典例分析】（2012·上海高考）—We've only got this small bookcase.Will that do?
—No，______ I am looking for is something much bigger and stronger.
A．who
B．that
C．what
D．which
答案为C项。分析句子成分可知，is之前为主语从句，从句中“...looking for”缺少宾语，故选what表示“……的东西”。句意：——我们只有这个小书橱了，这可以吗？——不行，我要找的是大一点而且再结实一点的东西。
（2012·天津高考）It doesn't matter ______ you turn right or left at the crossing — both roads lead to the park.
A．whether
B．how
C．if
D．when
答案为A项。句意：在十字路口，你是向右拐还是向左拐都无所谓，两条路都通向那个公园。根据句中的or判断应选A项引导主语从句，构成whether...or...结构表示选择关系。该句中It为形式主语，真正的主语是whether you turn right or left at the crossing。
（2012·江西高考）It suddenly occurred to him ______ he had left his keys in the office.
A．whether
B．where
C．which
D．that
答案为D项。句意：他突然想起他把钥匙落在办公室里了。分析句子结构可知It是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句，that引导主语从句在从句中不作成分，但不能省略。
考点五：表语从句的引导词
1．连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which等有意义，在从句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。如：
That's just what I want.
The question is who will be the next president of France.
2．连接副词when，where，why，how等有意义，在从句中作状语。如：
This is where our problem lies.
That is why he didn't come to the meeting.
3．连词that，whether（不用if），as if，as though无意义或意义不完整，在从句中不担任成分。如：
The problem is that they can't get here early enough.
The point is whether we should lend him the money.
It looks as if it's going to rain.
【典例分析】（2011·陕西高考）I'd like to start my own business—that's ______ I'd do if I had the money.
A．why
B．when
C．which
D．what
答案为D项。that's后面的表语从句不完整，do缺少宾语，可排除连接副词why和when；which意为“哪一个”，不合句意；答案为D项，what I'd do意为“我要做的事情”。
（2010·江苏高考）—I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.
—That's______I don't agree.You should have a more active life.
A．where
B．how
C．when
D．what
答案为A项。根据句意判断应选A项，由where引导表语从句。句意：那就是我不同意之处。
考点六：宾语从句的引导词
1．连接代词who，whom，whose，which，what，whoever，whomever，whichever，whatever等有意义，在从句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语等，what引导宾语从句在近几年高考试题中考查的频率最高。如：
In one's own home one can do what one likes.
She will give whoever needs help a warm support.
【典例分析】（2012·福建高考）We promise ______ attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.
A．who
B．whom
C．whoever
D．whomever
答案为C项。promise sb.sth.意为“向某人承诺某事”，此处指的是向参加聚会的任何人提供一个和电影明星合影的机会，所以应选whoever引导宾语从句，相当于anyone who。
（2012·陕西高考）As many as five courses are provided，and you are free to choose ______ suits you best.
A．whatever
B．whichever
C．whenever
D．wherever
答案为B项。whatever意为“无论什么”；whichever意为“无论哪一个”；whenever意为“无论何时”；wherever意为“无论何处”。分析句子结构可知所填部分在句中作主语，且根据句意可知应选B项。句意：提供的课程多达五种，你可以选择最适合你的任意一种。
2．连接副词when，where，why，how等有意义，在从句中作状语。如：
Do you know where the accident happened?
She always thinks of how she can work well.
【典例分析】（2012·四川高考）Scientists study______human brains work to make computers.
A．when
B．how
C．that
D．whether
答案为B项。句意：科学家通过研究人类大脑是如何运转来制造出电脑的。该句中说明的是大脑运转的方式，因此应选how引导该宾语从句。
（2010·湖南高考）Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears.No one in the office knew ______ she was so angry.
A．where
B．whether
C．that
D．why
答案为D项。句意：辛迪重重地关上门，突然大哭起来。办公室里没人知道她为什么那么生气。由句意可知，从句中缺少原因状语，故选D项。
3．连词that，whether，if无意义或意义不完整，在从句中不担任成分。与or not连用常用whether，而不用if；作介词宾语要用whether不能用if；从句是否定句时一般用if引导。如：
Everything depends on whether we have enough money.
He doesn't care if it isn't a fine day.
【典例分析】（2012·北京高考）Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt ______ he could have expressed it differently.
A．why
B．how
C．that
D．whether
答案为C项。句意：杰瑞不后悔作出评论，但他觉得他本可以用另一种方式表达。分析句子结构可知所填部分在句中引导宾语从句，且从句中不需要成分和意义，所以选C项。
考点七：同位语从句的引导词
1．同位语从句常放在fact，idea，truth，hope，wish，problem，question，information，news，belief，thought，doubt，message，order，promise，word，evidence，reply，answer，possibility，advice，suggestion，proposal，demand，request等名词后面，对前面的名词作进一步的解释说明，通常指的是前面名词的内容或含义。
2．同位语从句大多由that引导，也可以由when，where，how，whether等引导。近几年主要考查的是that引导的同位语从句。
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
3．引导同位语从句的that只起引导作用，无意义也不在从句中作成分，但一般不可省略；引导定语从句的that既起引导作用，又在从句中作主语或宾语，本身含有先行词的意义，作宾语时常可省略。如：
The idea that one can do the work without thinking is wrong.（同位语从句。that在从句中不作成分，从句说明了idea的内容。）
The idea（that）you put forward at the meeting is wrong.（定语从句。that含有idea的意思，在从句中作put forward 的宾语。）
（2012·江苏高考）The notice came around two in the afternoon ______ the meeting would be postponed.
A．when
B．that
C．whether
D．how
答案为B项。空后的句意说明了通知的内容，所以选择的是notice后面同位语从句的引导词，由于从句意义完整，不需要句子成分，所以应选连词that。
考点八：定语从句的引导词
1．关系代词who，whom，whose，which，that，as可用来引导定语从句，并在从句中充当句子成分。近几年对which引导的定语从句考查频率最高，对whose引导的定语从句的考查也很常见。
（1）who指人，在定语从句中作主语，可引导限制性或非限制性定语从句。如：
He is a man who never leaves today's work till tomorrow.
（2）whom指人，在从句中作宾语，可以用who代替或省略，当前面有介词时，不能用who代替且不能省略。可引导限制性或非限制性定语从句。如：
Here is Mr.Smith，whom / who you've been expecting to meet.
（3）whose可指人或物，在从句中作定语，可引导限制性或非限制性定语从句。如：
I live in a room whose window faces south.
（4）which指物，可引导限制性或非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略，但前面有介词时不省略。如：
I have read the book A Tale of Two Cities，which was written by Charles Dickens.
This is the question about which we've had so much discussion.
（5）that可指人或物，在从句中可作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略且前面不能有介词，只能引导限制性定语从句。如：
The bag that lies on the ground is hers.
The old man that I visited yesterday is my teacher.
（6）as引导定语从句时在从句中可作主语或宾语，主要用于such...as和the same...as句型；也可单独引导定语从句修饰整个主句，并可置于主句之前。如：
He was strongly against the idea，as/which could be expected.
As we all know，the earth travels around the sun.
（7）当先行词为指物的不定代词或先行词由最高级、序数词、only，last，very所修饰时，定语从句只能由that来引导。如：
Finally，the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
The first thing that we should do is to work out a plan.
This is the very dictionary that I want to find.
（8）当先行词既有人又有物时，只能用that引导定语从句。如：
Look at the girl and the dog that are crossing the street.
当主句是以which，where，who引导的特殊问句时，为了避免重复或产生歧义，定语从句关系代词或副词一般用that而不用which，where，who。如：
Who is the boy that is playing the piano?
（2012·江苏高考）After the flooding，people were suffering in that area，______ urgently needed clean water，medicine and shelter to survive.
A．which
B．who
C．where
D．what
答案为B项。根据句意判断，需要纯净水、药品和帐篷的是“人”，所以该定语从句修饰的先行词是people，故选who引导该定语从句并在从句中作主语。
（2012·天津高考）I wish to thank Professor Smith，without ______ help I would never have got this far.
A．who
B．whose
C．whom
D．which
答案为B项。句意：我想感谢史密斯教授，没有他的帮助，我不可能取得这么大的成就。whose引导定语从句修饰Professor Smith，并在从句中作定语修饰help。
2．关系副词when，where，why可用来引导定语从句，并在从句中作状语。
（1）当先行词是表示时间的名词，从句中需要时间状语时，引导词用when，但从句中需要主语或宾语时，引导词用that或which。如：
I can't remember the date when he went abroad.
Do you still remember the time（that/which）we spent together?
（2）当先行词是表示地点的名词，从句中需要地点状语时，引导词用where，但从句中需要主语或宾语时，引导词用that或which。如：
They will fly to Kunming，where they plan to stay for two days，and then go to Guilin.
Beijing is the place（that/which）I want to visit most.
（3）当先行词是reason，从句中需要原因状语时，引导词用why，但从句中需要主语或宾语时，引导词用that或which。如：
I don't know the reason why he was late.
No one believes the reason（that/which）he gave us.
【典例分析】（2012·浙江高考）We live in an age ______ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
A．why
B．when
C．to whom
D．on which
答案为B项。句意：我们生活在这样一个时代，在这个时代，与以前相比，更多的信息能更轻而易举地获得。when引导定语从句修饰an age，并在从句中作时间状语。
（2012·重庆高考）Sales director is a position ______ communication ability is just as important as sales skills.
A．which
B．that
C．when
D．where
答案为D项。分析句子结构可知position后面接定语从句，引导词在从句中作地点状语，因此，应选where来引导该定语从句，表示“在这个职位上”。 句意：销售总监是一个交际能力和销售技巧同等重要的职位。
3．“介词＋which / whom”可引导限制性或非限制性定语从句。
（1）当先行词是表示物的名词时，定语从句可由“介词＋which”引导；当先行词是表示人的名词时，定语从句可由“介词＋whom”引导。如：
Is this the school in which you study?
I have met the teacher with whom you just talked about your son.
（2）选择介词时，首先考虑从句中的短语应该搭配什么介词，其次考虑用什么介词才使从句符合句意和逻辑。
（3）介词可以置于which或whom之前，但不可置于that，who或as之前。
【典例分析】（2012·湖南高考）Care of the soul is a gradual process ______ even the small details of life should be considered.
A．what
B．in what
C．which
D．in which
答案为D项。句意：心灵关爱是一个逐渐的过程，在此过程中一些生活细节都应当考虑到。process后面接定语从句，引导词在句中应作地点状语，故用in which来引导。
4．当定语从句先行词是the way时，如从句中不缺少主语或宾语，则引导词应用that，in which或省略引导词；如从句中缺少主语或宾语，则引导词应用that或which，引导词作宾语时也可省略。
考点九：状语从句的引导词
1．时间状语从句
（1）when，while和as
当主句动作是瞬时、从句动作是延续的时，用三者均可。when是最常用词；as强调主、从句动作同时或几乎同时发生；while从句的谓语必须是延续的，不能是一点时间。如：
John sang happily as he went along.
While / When John was sitting reading the book，I was working out my study plan.
When John arrived，I was cooking lunch.（不用while）
（2）till和until
用于肯定句时，主句谓语动词必须是延续的；用于否定句时，主句谓语必须是瞬时的；用于强调句型时，必须是it is not until...that...结构。如：
He waited until/till it was dark.
He didn't leave until/till it was dark.
It was not until I came back that he left.
（3）once和as soon as
once意为“一旦……，就……”，既表示时间，又含有条件意味。as soon as意为“一……，就……”，强调时间上紧接。如：
Once you have decided，tell me.
As soon as they arrived，they began to work.
（4）名词短语every time，the moment，the minute，the second等和副词immediately，directly等可作连词引导时间状语从句，instantly也可引导时间状语从句，意为“一……就……”。如：
Every time I listen to your advice，I get into trouble.
I recognized him immediately I saw him.
【典例分析】（2012·全国高考）I had hardly got to the office ______ my wife phoned me to go back home at once.
A．when
B．than
C．until
D．after
答案为A项。hardly...when...相当于no sooner...than...，表示“一……就……”，在此句型中，主句常用过去完成时，从句则用一般过去时。句意：我一到办公室，我的妻子就给我打电话要我马上回家。故选A项。
（2011·江西高考）Please call my secretary to arrange a meeting this afternoon，or______ it is convenient to you.
A．whenever
B．however
C．whichever
D．wherever
答案为A项。whenever意为“无论何时”；however意为“不论如何；然而”；whichever意为“任何一个”；wherever意为“无论哪里”。根据句意判断应选关系副词whenever，在后面的句子中充当时间状语。句意：请打电话给我的秘书今天下午安排一个会议，或者在任何你方便的时候。
2．地点状语从句
由where和wherever等引导。如：
Generally，air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
Wherever you go，you should work hard.
【典例分析】（2010·重庆高考）Today，we will begin ______ we stopped yesterday so that no point will be left out.
A．when
B．where
C．how
D．what
答案为B项。根据句意判断，应选where引导地点状语从句，表示“今天我们将在昨天停下来的地方开始”。
3．条件状语从句
由if，unless，as / so long as，only if，providing / provided that，supposing that， in case（that），on condition that等引导。如：
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.
Provided that there is no opposition，we shall hold the meeting here.
【典例分析】（2012·江苏高考）One's life has value ______ one brings value to the life of others.
A．so that
B．no matter how
C．as long as
D．except that
答案为C项。A项意为“目的是为了，结果”；B项意为“不论如何，无论怎样”；C项意为“只要”；D项意为“除了……”。根据前后句的逻辑关系判断应选C项。句意：一个人只要给别人的生活带来价值，那这个人活得也就有价值。
4．原因状语从句
由because，as，since，now that等引导。because为常用词，且说明的是直接原因，并可回答why引导的问句；as，since和now that语气较弱，常用来表示一些显而易见或对方知道的原因。如：
— Why are you late today?
— Because I didn't catch the bus.
【典例分析】（2012·重庆高考）— Coach，can I continue with the training?
—Sorry，you can't ______ you haven't recovered from the knee injury.
A．until
B．before
C．as
D．unless
答案为C项。until和before用来引导时间状语从句；as引导时间或原因状语从句；unless引导条件状语从句。由句意可知，“你的膝盖上的伤还没有恢复”是不能参加训练的原因，所以选as引导原因状语从句。句意：——教练，我能继续训练吗？——对不起，你不能，因为你的膝盖上的伤还没痊愈。
5．让步状语从句
由though，although，even if，even though，whoever...，no matter who...等引导。如：
He won't listen whatever you may say.
No matter how hard he tried，he could not change her mind.
as和while也可引导让步状语从句。as引导让步状语从句时，从句须以形容词、名词或动词（原形）等开头，整个从句须置于主句之前；while引导让步状语从句时，一般从句在前主句在后。如：
Much as I respect him，I can't agree to his proposal.
While I like the color of the hat，I do not like its shape.
【典例分析】（2012·湖南高考）______ I always felt I would pass the exam，I never thought I would get an A.
A．While
B．Once
C．If
D．Until
答案为A项。句意：尽管我一直感觉我会通过这次考试，但从没想过会得一个A。while常放于句首引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管”。once意为“一旦”；if意为“如果”；until意为“直到”。
（2011·陕西高考）______all of them are strong candidates，only one will be chosen for the post.
A．Since
B．While
C．If
D．As
答案为B项。while意为“虽然；尽管”，相当于though或although。句意：虽然他们都是强有力的候选人，但只有一个人被选中担任这个职务。
6．目的状语从句
由so that，in order that等引导，从句中常用should，could，might等情态动词。如：
He spoke loud in order that/so that we could hear him.
in case，for fear that也可引导目的状语从句。 如：
Take your umbrella in case it rains.
He is working hard for fear that he（should）fail.
【典例分析】（2012·辽宁高考）Leave your key with your neighbor ______ you lock yourself out one day.
A．as long as
B．even though
C．in case
D．as if
答案为C项。句意：将你的钥匙留给你的邻居，以防你某天会把自己锁在外面。as long as意为“只要”；even though意为“即使”；in case意为“以防万一”；as if意为“好像”。根据句意判断C项正确。
7．结果状语从句
由such...that，so...that，so that等引导。其中的so为副词，such为形容词。具体使用句式有7种。
so＋＋that
such＋＋that
（1）修饰形容词或副词只能用so。如：
This film is so moving that I want to see it again.
He walked so fast that I couldn't keep up with him.
（2）修饰可数名词单数可用so或such。
用so时，修饰名词的形容词在冠词之前，即so作状语修饰形容词，形容词作定语修饰名词；用such时，形容词在冠词与名词之间，作为一个整体看作名词短语，即such作定语修饰名词短语。如：
This is so interesting a book/such an interesting book that we all like it very much.
（3）修饰可数名词复数只能用such。如：
The villagers were such kind people that they all came to help us.
（4）修饰不可数名词只能用such。如：
It is such fine weather that we all want to go out for a walk.
（5）修饰many，much，few，little（“少”的意思）时，习惯上用so。如：
There were so many books in the shop that he didn't know which to buy.
【典例分析】（2012·陕西西安高三二模）At the bad news，she was so sad ______ I had to stay here keeping her ______.
A．that；companion
B．then；companies
C．that；company
D．and；accompany
答案为C项。句意：听到那个糟糕的消息，她如此悲伤以至于我不得不留下来陪她。此句采用了so...that...结构，that引导结果状语从句；keep sb.company为固定表达，意为“陪伴某人”。
8．方式状语从句
由as，as if（though），the way等引导。如：
You must do as I told you.
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.
【典例分析】（2011·湖南高考）Jack wasn't saying anything，but the teacher smiled at him ______ he had done something very clever.
A．as if
B．in case
C．while
D．though
答案为A项。根据句意判断空格处需要填入表示“好像；仿佛”意义的单词，故选A项。句意：杰克什么也没说，但老师向他笑了笑，好像他做了件聪明的事情一样。
误区警示
1．“祈使句＋连词＋陈述句”句型的易错点
（2012·山东实验中学高三三模）Value every hour in the early morning，______ you will be looking for in the rest of the day.
A．and
B．for
C．or
D．but
【错混透析】C 该句为“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”句型，由于前后句之间是逆转意义，所以应选连词or表示“否则”。句意：珍惜早上的每一刻钟，要不然，一天中其余的时间里你也要找回来。
【解题指导】对于考查“祈使句＋连词＋陈述句”句型的题目，一是要分析句子结构，根据中间的连词判断前面应构成祈使句，二是要根据前后句的逻辑意义判断用什么连词。
2．主语从句引导词的易错点
（2012·湖南高考）Everyone in the village is very friendly.It doesn't matter______ you have lived there for a short or a long time.
A．why
B．how
C．whether
D．when
【错混透析】C 分析句子结构可知It为形式主语，真正的主语是其后的从句，根据句意以及从句中最后的or a long time可知，此处C项正确。句意：村里的每个人都很友善，你在此居住的时间是长还是短是没有关系的。
（2011·江西高考）The villagers have already known ______ we'll do is to rebuild the bridge.
A．this
B．that
C．what
D．which
【错混透析】C 该题考查宾语从句和主语从句。句意：“村民们已经知道我们将要做的事情是重建这座桥。”known后面的宾语从句省略了引导词that，在宾语从句所含的主语从句中缺少主语且指物，所以选择what。
【解题指导】选择主语从句引导词时，应着重考虑以下几个方面：
（1）无意义也不作成分，只起引导作用时用连词that，但不能省略。
（2）表示“是否”之义时，应用连词whether，不用if。
（3）需要引导词在从句中作成分时，根据句意选用who/what/which/when/where等连接代词或连接副词。
（4）whoever相当于anyone who，意为“任何人”；whatever相当于anything that，意为“任何事情”。
3．表语从句引导词的易错点
（2010·上海高考）One reason for her preference for city life is ______ she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants.
A．that
B．how
C．what
D．why
【错混透析】A reason作主语时，后面的表语从句应该用连词that引导。受汉语的影响，该题易误选D项。
【解题指导】选择表语从句引导词时，以下几个方面应引起特别注意：
（1）because可以引导表语从句，但句子主语为reason时，表语从句的引导词应该用that。
（2）表语从句表示“是否”时，应用whether而不用if。
4．宾语从句的易错点
（2012·辽宁高考）The newcomer went to the library the other day and searched for
______ he could find about Mark Twain.
A．wherever
B．however
C．whatever
D．whichever
【错混透析】C 此处介词for后面接宾语从句，且从句中及物动词find缺少宾语，可排除A、B两项；whichever侧重在已知项中进行选择，不合句意；答案为C项，whatever相当于anything that，引导宾语从句。句意：这位新来的人前几天进入一家图书馆搜寻他能找到的有关马克·吐温的任何东西。由于不明确whatever和whichever的含义区别，该题易误选D项。
（2011·重庆高考）It is not always easy for the public to see ______ use a new invention can be of to human life.
A．whose
B．what
C．which
D．that
【错混透析】B be of great/little/no use意为“对……有很大/很小/没有用处”。在该题see后面应是由what引导的宾语从句，what在从句中作定语修饰名词use，表示“一项新的发明会对人们的生活有什么用处”。
【解题指导】解答有关宾语从句的题目，尤其应注意以下几点：
（1）宾语从句应该用陈述语序。
（2）主句谓语为过去时态时，宾语从句除客观真理外，一般要用过去时态。
（3）选用什么引导词，应考虑从句中是否缺少成分，需要什么意义的引导词。
5．同位语从句引导词的易错点
（2012·重庆高考）Evidence has been found through years of study ______ children's early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.
A．why
B．how
C．whether
D．that
【错混透析】D 分析句意可知，children's early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up解释了evidence的内容，所以应用that来引导同位语从句。句意：通过多年的研究，已发现的证据表明孩子早期的睡眠问题很有可能在他们长大之后继续。该题易误选A或B项，主要是因为错误地理解句意。
【解题指导】选择同位语从句引导词时，应着重考虑以下几个方面：
（1）不是任何名词后面都可以接同位语从句，只有部分名词后面才接同位语从句，应熟记这部分名词。
（2）同位语从句通常所指的是前面名词的内容或含义。
（3）引导同位语从句的that不作成分，但一般不可省略；引导定语从句的that要在从句中作成分，在从句中作宾语时常可省略。
6．定语从句的易错点
（2012·浙江高考）Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature，______，for some reason，had withdrawn from all human society.
A．which
B．who
C．where
D．whom
【错混透析】B 分析句子结构可知，从句缺少的是主语，可排除C、D两项；根据句意可知，定语从句修饰的是a painter，所以用who来引导。如果错把nature当作先行词，可能会误选A项。
（2012·北京高考）When deeply absorbed in work，______ he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping.
A．that
B．which
C．where
D．when
【错混透析】B which引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作表语，代替前面整个句子的内容。句意：通常情况下，当他沉浸在工作中时，他会忘了吃饭和睡觉。
（2012·安徽高考）A lot of language learning，______has been discovered，is happening in the first year of life，so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
A．as
B．it
C．which
D．this
【错混透析】A 该题易误选C项。as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句，代表整个主句或者主句的部分内容。as意为“正如，正像”，位置比较灵活，位于主句的前面、中间或者主句的后面都可以；which意为“这件事”，一般位于主句的后面。句意：大量的语言学习，正如被发现的一样，发生在生命的头一年，因此在这个阶段，父母应该多和孩子交流。由句意可知，A项符合题意。
【解题指导】考查定语从句的题目，应着重考虑以下几点：
（1）所有定语从句的引导词都含有先行词的意义，都在从句中作成分。关系代词可在句中作主语、宾语、定语；关系副词可在从句中作状语。
（2）确定用什么引导词时，应先看先行词指的是什么，指人、指物、指时间、指地点还是指原因，然后看引导词在从句中需要充当什么成分，从句中需要主语、宾语或定语时用关系代词，需要状语时用关系副词。
（3）把握好宜用that而不用which的几种情况，和宜用which而不用that的几种情况。
（4）which和as引导的定语从句可以修饰整个主句。as含有“正如，正像”的意思；as引导的定语从句可置于句首。
（5）关系代词作主语时，从句中谓语的单复数一般应与先行词一致。如果先行词为the only one，谓语则用单数。
（6）当先行词是表示时间、地点的名词或reason时，需要考虑从句中需要什么成分。需要状语时，引导词用when、where或why，但从句中需要主语或宾语时，引导词用that/which。
7．状语从句的易错点
（2012·四川高考）If you happen to get lost in the wild，you'd better stay______you are and wait for help.
A．why
B．where
C．who
D．what
【错混透析】B 句意：如果你偶然在荒野中迷路，你最好待在原地等待帮助。where在此引导地点状语从句，符合句意。
（2012·湖南高考）______ hard you try，it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat.
A．However
B．Whatever
C．Whichever
D．Whenever
【错混透析】A 句意：不管你有多努力，不减少你的饮食量很难减肥。however意为“不论多么”，引导让步状语从句，其后要紧跟所修饰的形容词或副词。
【解题指导】考查状语从句的题目，应着重考虑以下几点：
（1）要根据前后句的逻辑关系判断是哪一种状语从句。
（2）注意when/while/as引导时间状语从句时的区别。
（3）注意区别until和till的不同用法。
（4）一些名词短语和连词以及一些固定句式都可以表示“一……就……”的意思。
（5）注意because/as/si