【专题二】冠词和代词
【考情分析1)冠词在高考中的考查重点：冠词是历年高考的必考知识点,主要出现在单项选择和短文改错题中. 虽说只有两类,共三个（不定冠词a, an和高考资源网定冠词the),但其使用规则很复杂,考生对此语法束手无策。纵观历年高考试题,冠词考点主要集中在以下几点:
1.考查不定冠词a/an表示个别或泛指的用法
2.考查定冠词the特指某一个人或事物的用法
3.考查不定冠词和定冠词在固定搭配中的用法
4.考查零冠词（即省略冠词)表示泛指及其习惯搭配用法
5.考查冠词在表示类别名词前的用法
6.考查不定冠词在具体化抽象名词前的用法
7.考查冠词在比较级前的用法
8.考查冠词在其他特殊结构中的用法
9考查有无冠词而迥异短语
词在高考中的考查重点：1.数词表示确切数目和不确切数目的区别；
2.数词复数的特殊用法；
3.基数词和序数词的用法
4.dozen和score 的特殊用法
5.倍数表达法
1．泛指一个。如：There is a book on the table.
2．指人或事物的某一种类。如：His father is a driver.
Longjing is a wonderful tea.
3．指某一个人或事物，但不具体说明。如：My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire.
4．用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前，表示“每一”。如：We have meals three times a day.
5．表示同样的。如：They are of an age.(他们是同岁。)
6．表数量，相当于one，但语意较弱。如：There is a pen and two books on the desk.
7．使抽象名词具体化。如：The little girl is a help to her mother. (a hand译为“帮手”)
8．固定搭配。如：as a matter of fact , in a hurry, in a word
考点二：定冠词的基本用法
1．表示上文提到过的人或事物。如：I have bought a book. The book is very useful.
2．用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物。如：Close the window, please.
3．用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the sun, the moon, the earth, the world等。
4．用于表示方位的名词之前。如：the east, the right。
5．用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如：the first, the tallest。
6．用于形容词之前，使其名词化。如：the sick, the wounded。
7．用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如：the United States, the United Nation。
8．用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等的名词之前。如：the Changjiang River, the East Lake。
9．用于复数姓氏之前，表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如：The Smiths。
10．用于乐器的名词前。如：play the piano; play the violin。
11．发明物。如：The compass was invented in China.
12．年代名词前。如：He lived in the countryside in the 1970s.
13．固定词组中。如：in the morning(afternoon, evening), on the other hand , at the same time
考点三：零冠词的基本用法
1．表示总称的复数名词之前。如：Children love cartoons.(儿童喜欢卡通影片。)
2．不含普通名词的专有名词前。如：We are studying English.
3．名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时。如：I like this picture; I do not have any money; As time went on, Einstein’s theory proved to be correct.
4．官职、季节、月份、星期等名词前，一般不用冠词。如：She likes spring most.
5．呼语前不用冠词。如：What shall I do next, Mother?
6．三餐饭前不用冠词。如：What did you have for lunch?
7．节假日前不用冠词。如：People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day.
8．球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词。如：She is fond of playing basketball.
9．在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。如：arm in arm(手挽手); hand in hand(手牵手); side by side(肩并肩); day and day(日日夜夜); young and old(老老少少); from door to door(挨门挨户); from beginning to end(从头到尾); from morning till night(从早到晚)等。
10.与by连用表示交通方式的名词前；以and连接的两个相对的名词连用时；
数词
考点一： hundred, thousand和million的用法
若hundred, thousand, million, billion等词的前面有基数词或several修饰时，hundred, thousand, million, billion等只能用单数形式；注意hundred, thousand, million, billion等词前不能用many，若表示不确定数目的数百、数千、数百万等时，要用它们的复数形式，还要加上of。
考点二dozen与score的用法
(1)dozen （一打，十二），score （二十）与具体数词或与many, several 等连用时，后不加s，所修饰的名词前常省去of。如:two dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋，many dozen pencils好多打铅笔；dozen, score的复数形式后接of时，表示"许多"，是概数。如:dozens of eggs几十个鸡蛋，scores of pencils几十支铅笔。(2)当所修饰的名词之前有限定词these, those, my, your等或是修饰人称代词宾格them, us, you时，这时需要加of。如：two dozen of these pens, three score of them。考点分数的表达法：分子用基数词，分母用序数词，若分子大于1，则分母用复数。如：one-fourth
(a quarter) 1/4
two-fifths
2/5
年龄表达法
表示某人的确切年龄，用"基数词＋years old"或"基数词＋of age"或者"at the age of＋基数词"，也可直接用基数词；表示某人几十多岁时，用"in one’s + 逢十的基数词的复数(如tens, twenties, thirties等)"来表达。He is in his late twenties. 他快30了。
The old lady died in her early seventies beside a church in New York.
那位老太太70来岁就死在了纽约的一个教堂附近。
考点五：年代表达法
表示"几十年代"时，在阿拉伯数字后加s或’s。考点六：倍数的表达方式
(1)(或副词)的比较级＋than。如：
①This rope is twice longer than that one.
这根绳的长度是那根绳的三倍。(比那根绳长二倍)
②This hall is five times bigger than our classroom.
这个大厅比我们的教室大五倍。(是我们教室的六倍)
(2)……倍数＋as＋形容词(或 much)或副词＋as。如：
①This big stone is three times as heavy as that one.
这块大石头的重量是那一块的三倍。(这块石头比那块重二倍)
②The plane flew ten times as high as the kite.
那架飞机飞行高度是那个风筝的十倍。(高出九倍)
(3)……倍数＋the size(length，height...)of。如：
①This street is four times the length of that street.
这条街是那条街的四倍长。
②This hill is four times the height of that small one.
这座山的高度是那座小山的四倍。(比那座小山高三倍)
也可用：The height of this hill is four times that of that small one.
【考点例析】
【高考真题】
1．The Smiths don’t usually stay at_____ hotels, but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by ________ sea. 【2012江西卷】
A．/; a B．the; the C．/; the D．the; a
1．C 考查冠词。hotel为复数，前不会用定冠词the来修饰；江，河，湖，海前要加定冠词
2. The development of industry has been_______ gradual process throughout _______ human existence, from stone tools to modern technology. 【2012浙江卷】
A. 不填, the B. the; a C. a; 不填 D. a; a
2. C 考查冠词。第一空process是可数名词，第一次出现一般用不定冠词，且此次表示“一个”的概念；第二空existence是不可数名词，其此处表示抽象概念，故用零冠词。
3. Carl is studying _____food science at college and hopes to open up ____meat
processing factory of his own one day. 【2012安徽卷】
A.
/ ； a
B. / ；the
C. the ; a
D. the ; the
3.A 本题考查冠词。science是不可数名词，用零冠词，后面的factory是一个可数名词，用a 表示泛指。
4. Sam has been appointed _______ manager of the engineering department to take ____ place of George. 【2012重庆卷】
A. /,/
B. the,/
C the the
D./, the
4. D 考查冠词用法。句意：Sam被任命为工程部经理取代了George。表示官衔职务的名词作补语和同位语时，前不加冠词。在题干中，“manager”表示职务，作主语补足语，不需要加冠词，而第二个空白处为固定短语“take the place of”，是“代替，取代”之意。因此，正确答案为D选项。
5.I woke up with ______bad headache, yet by ______evening the pain had gone. 【2012辽宁卷】
A.
the; the
B.
the; an
C.
a; the
D.
a; an
5.C 考查冠词。第一空表示泛指；第二空为固定用法，用定冠词the，故选C项
6. Sarah looked at _____finished painting with _______satisfaction. 【2012全国卷】
A.不填；a
B. a; the
C. the; 不填
D. the; a
6.C考查冠词用法。句意：Sarah满意地看着那幅已画完的画。第一空特指“已经画完的画”；第二空考查介词短语with satisfaction意为：满意地，作状语。此处satisfaction为抽象名词，在此短语中不用冠词。
7. Being able to afford _______ drink would be ______ comfort in those tough times. 【2012山东卷】
A. the; the
B. a; a
C. a; 不填
D. 不填；a
7.B考查冠词的用法。句意：在那些艰难的岁月里，能买得起一杯饮料是一种莫大的安慰。
第一空中的a drink意为：一杯饮料；第二空中的a comfort意为：一件令人安慰的事。
8. The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will be________ the present one. (2011·陕西)卷
A．as three times big as B．three times as big as
C．as big as three times
D．as big three times as
8. B 考查倍数表达法。倍数＋as＋adj.as表示“一物是另一物的几倍”。
9. It took us quite a long time to get to the amusement park.It was ________ journey. (2010·上海)
A．three hour B．a three hours
C．a three hour
D．three hours
9. C考查数词。句意：去游乐园花了我们很长一段时间，是3个小时的路程。一段3个小时的路程有两种表达方式：a three hour journey；three hours’ journey。
10. One-third of the country_____covered with trees and the majority of the citizens ____ black people. (2011 湖南卷) A. is; are
B. is; is
C. are; are
D. are; is 10 A 考查数词与主谓一致。因为one-third 后面的中心词为country这个不可数名词，谓语动词应使用单数；第二空中的citizens为复数,谓语动词使用复数形式。 【名校试题】
1. I heard you have
vacant position for a secretary. I’ve come to apply for
job.
A．the; a B．a; the C．/; a D．a; /
【答案】B一个职位岗位，可数名词；特指上文说的空缺的那个工作，所以用定冠词
2. People think that ______ opening ceremony of the 29th Olympic Games is _____ great success.
A. an; a
B. the ; a
C. the ;the
D. the ; /
【答案】D专指奥运会开幕式；成功，抽象名词不可数。
3.Shenzhou VII，??
? ???? country’s third manned spaceship, was launched successfully on September 25, 2008 in????
??? northwestern Gansu Province，China．
A. a；不填??????
? B. the；the???????
C. the；不填????????
D. a；the
【答案】B序数词表顺序用定冠词；指具体地点，特指，所以用定冠词。
5.John is ______ European but doesn’t know or speak ______English language at all.
A. an，a
B. a，the
C.
the ，an
D. a，不填
【答案】D一个欧洲人，可数名词；语言的前面是零冠词。
6. General speaking, ___ graduate from ____ well—known university is more likely to find a good job.
A．a, the
B．a, a
C．the, a
D．the, the
【答案】B类指或说泛指，表明一个来自一所著名大学的毕业生。
7.For each individual, sport is ___ possible source for inner improvement. Olympism seeks to create a way of life based on ___ joy found in effort.
A．a; a
B．the; the
C．a; the
D．the; a
【答案】C一种可能的资源，用不定冠词；特指通过努力而寻找到的快乐。
8. Sit on the edge of _____ bed _____ minute before putting your feet on the floor.
A. /; a
B. the; a
C. the; the
D. /; the
【答案】B具体指哪一张床；一分钟可数名词。
9.The Spring Festival is ________unique day for families. It is also _______ day for special foods like niangao.
A. an, a
B. an, the
C. a, a
D. the, a
【答案】C独一无二的一天，unique开头读音为辅音，用a;泛指一天，也用a.
10.Mary couldn’t remember the exact date of the hurricane, but she knew it was ____ Saturday because everybody was at ___ church.
A. /; the
B. a; /
C. /; a
D. the; /
【答案】B a表示某一，at church 表示“在做礼拜”，故church前不加the;
【易错典例】
1. “Do you know________English for ‘帅哥’？” “I’m afraid I don’t. I’m not interested in________English language.”
A. the；theB. the；不填 C. 不填；the
D. 不填；不填
【易误分析】 容易误选D，因为表示语言的名词前通常不用冠词。
【名师指津】 最佳答案为A。在英语中，表示语言的名词前通常不用冠词，但在某些特殊情况下可用冠词。如：
(1) 当语言名词表特指意义，其前可用定冠词。如：
The English spoken in America and Canada is a little different from that spoken in England. 美国和加拿大讲的英语与英国讲的英语有点不同。
(2) 当语言名词表示某一语言中的对应词时，其前要用定冠词。如：
What’s the English for this? 这个东西用英语怎么说？
(3) 当在语言名词后加上 language一词时，也要用冠词。如：
There have been many changes in the history of the English language. 英语发展过程中有很多变革。
2. I couldn’t remember the exact date of the storm, but I knew it was________Sunday because everybody was at________church
A. a；the
B. a；不填
C. 不填；a
D. 不填；不填
【易误分析】 容易误选D，因为星期名词前不加冠词；而 at church 表示在教堂里做礼拜，其中也不用冠词。
【名师指津】 最佳答案为B。确实，在通常情况下星期名词前不用冠词，但在某些特殊情况下还是可以用冠词的，如表示特指，其前可用定冠词；表示“某一个”或受描绘性定语修饰表示“某种”这样的意义等，其前可用不定冠词。如：
He came on the Sunday and went away on the Monday. 他星期日来，星期一就走了。
My birthday happened to be on a Saturday. 我的生日碰巧是星期六。
3. Which person do you refer to, the one with________long hair or the one with________long beard?
A. a；a
B. 不填；不填
C. a；不填
D. 不填；a
【易误分析】 误选A或B，认为hair(头发)和beard(胡须)性质和用法应该差不多，要么都可数，要么都不可数，或者说要么都用不定冠词，要么都不用。
【名师指津】 最佳答案选D。hair 和 beard 在用法上并不完全相同：hair 可用作可数或不可数名词，用作可数名词时，指一根一根的毛发或头发，如说 There’s a hair in my soup .(我的汤里有根头发)；用作不可数名词(集合名词)时，则是整体地指一个人的头发。比较：
He has gray hairs. 他有几根白发了。
He has gray hair. 他满头白发了。
而beard 则通常只用作可数名词，且指的是一个人所有的胡须，而不是指一根胡须，它的复数形式，通常是指多个人的胡须，而不是指多根胡须，如：
He no longer wears a beard. 他不再留胡须。
Not all men grow beards. 并不是所有的男人都留胡须。
4. “May I take your order now？”“ We’d like three black________and two green________.”
A. coffee, cups of teas
B. coffees, teas
C. cups of coffee, tea
D. cup of coffees, teas
【易误分析】 误选C，认为coffee和tea均为不可数名词，不能后加复数词尾s，从而排除选项A、B、D。
【名师指津】 选B。有的同学认为 coffee 和tea是物质名词，不可数，不能用 three coffees, two teas 这样的表达。其实，coffee既可用作不可数名词，表示“咖啡”这种物质，也可用作可数名词，表示“一杯咖啡”，即在口语中 three coffees 就等于 three cups of coffee。同样，“三杯茶”既可说成 three cups of tea，也可说成 three teas；“三杯啤酒”既可说成 three glasses of beer，也可说成 three beers。
【方法技巧】
冠词
1. 平时熟记定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词的用法，做题时仔细分析所表达的意义。
2. 熟悉一些名词的用法，和冠词结合。有很多不可数名词，有时候被具体化的情况，也是考查的重点。
3. 多做练习，能够提高熟悉语境的能力，很多考题是要和语境相联系起来考查的，这方面一定要重视
1. Having received training of___ MS. Company，he was offered____ important position in management.
A. the；an B. 不填；an
C. the；不填
D. ara
2．For many Beijingers, dreams of living in ______green area are becoming _______reality.
A. a；a
B. the；the
C. 不填；不填
D. a；the
3．—Did you enjoy yourself yesterday?
—Yes. As you saw, ________party went on in ________most pleasant atmosphere.
A. the；a
B. the；the
C. a；the
D. a；a
4．I often have conversations with John over _______telephone，while I keep in touch with Tom by ____letter.
A. 不填； the
B. 不填；a
C. the；不填
D. the；a
5. Many ________scientist wants to be ________second Newton.
A a；the
B. a；a
C．不填；a
D. 不填； the
6. I’ve told him________ so she should remember it.
A. a hundred time
B. hundred times
C. hundred of times
D. hundreds of times
7. —Were you educated in________good school?
—Yes，________very good one in my hometown.
A. the; the
B. a; a
C. the；a
D. a；不填
8. The earth is nearly________the moon.
A. 50 time the size of
B. 50 times the size of
C. 50 times as size as
D. 50 times as that of
9. It’s about________， the thickness of a human hair.
A. two fifteenth
B. two fifteenths
C. two fifteen
D. two fifteens
10. South of the equator, 81 percent of the surface of the earth________ water.
A. is
B. are
C. was
D. were
11. They sold ________boxes of such sweets last week.
A. four dozen
B. four dozens
C. four dozens of
D. four dozen of
12. Don’t leave you work________.
A. done half
B. half done
C. a half done
D. done a half
13. I had ________supper at my friend’s last Sunday and ________food was so delicious.
A. a; the
B．不填；不填C．不填；theD. the；不填
.—Would you mind giving your advice on how to improve our business management?
—If you make ________most of the modern equipment, there will be ________rise in production.
A．不填； 不填B．the; aC．不填； aD．the; 不填
1. I like this jacket better than that one, but it costs almost three times________.
A. as much
B. as many
C. so much
D. so many
【参考答案】
1-5 AAACB
6-10DBBBA
11-15ABCBA