高考13——语言学习
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维A 阅读理解(每题2分，满分8分)
(2012·广东卷)“Have a nice day！” may be a pleasant gesture or a meaningless expression.When my friend Maxie says “Have a nice day” with a smile，I know she sincerely cares about what happens to me.I feel loved and secure since another person cares about me and wishes me well.
“Have a nice day.Next！” This version of the expression is spoken by a salesgirl at the supermarket who is rushing me and my groceries out the door.The words come out in the same tone (腔调) with a fixed procedure.They_are_spoken_at_me，not to me.Obviously，the concern for my day and everyone else's is the management's attempt to increase business.
The expression is one of those behaviors that help people get along with each other.Sometimes it indicates the end of a meeting.As soon as you hear it，you know the meeting is at an end.Sometimes the expression saves us when we don't know what to say.“Oh，you just had a tooth out？I'm terribly sorry，but have a nice day.”
The expression can be pleasant.If a stranger says “Have a nice day” to you，you may find it heartwarming because someone you don't know has tried to be nice to you.
Although the use of the expression is an insincere，meaningless social custom at times，there is nothing wrong with the sentence except that it is a little uninteresting.The salesgirl，the waitress，the teacher，and all the countless others who speak it without thinking may not really care about my day.But in a strange and comfortable way，it's nice to know they care enough to pretend they care when they really don't care all that much.While the expression may not often be sincere，it is always spoken.The point is that people say it all the time when they like.
【语篇解读】 本文论述了“Have a nice day”在不同的场合的不同含义。
1．How does the author understand Maxie's words?
A．Maxie shows her anxiety to the author.
B．Maxie really wishes the author a good day.
C．Maxie encourages the author to stay happy.
D．Maxie really worries about the author's security.
答案 B [考查细节理解。根据第一段最后两句可知，作者认为当她的朋友Maxie对她说“Have a nice day”时，Maxie是真心地祝愿作者有美好的一天。]
2．What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 mean?
A．The salesgirl is rude.
B．The salesgirl is bored.
C．The salesgirl cares about me.
D．The salesgirl says the words as a routine.
答案 D [考查句意理解。根据画线部分的上下文内容可推知，售货员用相同的腔调说这句话，这只是她为了增加业务的例行程序。]
3．By saying “Have a nice day，” a stranger may ________.
A．try to be polite to you
B．express respect to you
C．give his blessing to you
D．share his pleasure with you
答案 A [考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“because someone you don't know has tried to be nice to you”可推知，当陌生人对你说这句话时，他是为了让你感觉他很友好。文中的“to be nice to you”与A项中的“to be polite to you”含义相同，故选A项。]
4．What is the best title of the passage?
A．Have a Nice Day—a Social Custom
B．Have a Nice Day—a Pleasant Gesture
C．Have a Nice Day—a Heartwarming Greeting
D．Have a Nice Day—a Polite Ending of a Conversation
答案 A [考查主旨大意。本文讲的是“Have a nice day”这句话在不同的场合的不同理解。再根据最后一段第一句可知，A项作为本文标题最合适，其他三项说法片面。]
维B 完形填空(每题1.5分，满分30分)
高考曾用材料：2010辽宁卷完形填空
选材相似度：★★★★
设题相似度：★★★
难度系数：★★★★
When I first entered university，my aunt，who is an
English
professor，gave
me
a
new
English dictionary.I was __1__ to see that it was an English dictionary，also known as a monolingual dictionary.__2__ it was a dictionary intended for nonnative learners，none of my classmates had one __3__，to be honest，I found it extremely __4__
to use at first.I would look up words in the dictionary and __5__
not fully understand the meaning.I was used to the
__6__ bilingual dictionaries，in which the words are
__7__ both in English and Chinese.I really wondered why my aunt __8__ to make things so difficult for me.Now，after studying English at university for three years，I __9__
that monolingual dictionaries are __10__
in learning a foreign language.
As I found out，there is __11__
often no perfect equivalence (对应) between two
__12__
in two languages.My aunt even goes so far as to __13__ that a Chinese “equivalent” can never give you the
__14__ meaning of a word in English! __15__，she insisted that I read the definition(定义) of a word in a monolingual dictionary __16__
I wanted to get a better understanding of its meaning.__17__，I have come to see what she meant.
Using a monolingual dictionary for learners has helped me in another important way.This dictionary uses a(n) __18__
number of words，around 2,000，in its definitions.When I read these definitions，I am __19__ exposed to(接触) the basic words and learn how they are used to explain objects and ideas.__20__
this，I can express myself more easily in English.
【语篇解读】 这是一篇记叙文，作者主要描写自己从最初接触英汉词典的惊异，到习惯使用英汉词典以及使用英汉语词典的好处。
1．A.worried
B．sad
C．surprised
D．nervous
答案 C [通读全文可知，作者是一个中国大学生，中国人学英语，尤其是初学者习惯使用英汉词典。当作者看到英英词典的时候，他感到“吃惊”。]
2．A.Because
B．Although
C．Unless
D．If
答案 B [前后两句在意义上是让步关系，所以用although引导让步状语从句。而A项because引导原因状语从句，unless和if引导条件状语从句。]
3．A.but
B．so
C．or
D．and
答案 A [此空格处是一个并列连词，连接前后两句。而前后两句之间存在的是转折关系，所以用but。]
4．A.difficult
B．interesting
C．ambiguous
D．practical
答案 A [最初用英英词典，不习惯，所以作者感觉用起来很难。interesting是“有趣味的意思”，根据下文not fully understand the meaning排除；ambiguous“不明确的”；practical“实用的”。]
5．A.thus
B．even
C．still
D．again
答案 C [句子中有否定词not，有副词fully，所以用still，表示“仍然不能够完全明白”的意思。]
6．A.new
B．familiar
C．earlier
D．ordinary
答案 B [be used to表示“习惯……”，对作者来说习惯了双语词典，或者说是英汉词典。这里指双语词典的使用对他来说是熟悉。]
7．A.explained
B．expressed
C．described
D．created
答案 A [此句是一个in which引导的定语从句，其中words是主语，根据常识在词典中单词的意思是被“用两种语言解释出来”的，所以用explained。]
8．A.offered
B．agreed
C．decided
D．happened
答案 C [“我”真想知道“我”姑妈为什么决定这么为难“我”。其他三个词虽然都跟动词不定式，但是在这里意思都不恰当。]
9．A.imagine
B．recommend
C．predict
D．understand
答案 D [过去不理解，经过一段时间后，明白了。]
10．A.natural
B．better
C．easier
D．convenient
答案 B [此句中monolingual dictionaries和bilingual dictionaries比较，A和D项没用比较级，better强调更好，更实用，而不是easier。]
11．A.at best
B．in fact
C．at times
D．in case
答案 B [常见的情况是实际上两种语言之间的两个词没有完全的对应。in fact表示“实际上，事实上”。at best“至多；充其量”；at times“有时”；in case“万一，以防”。]
12．A.words
B．names
C．ideas
D．characters
答案 A [词典上重点的内容应该是单词。]
13．A.hope
B．declare
C．doubt
D．tell
答案 B [“我”姑妈甚至还声称汉语意思决不能给出一个英语单词的确切意思。]
14．A.exact
B．basic
C．translated
D．expected
答案 A [前面的a Chinese equivalent和the meaning of a word in English对应，所表明还是对应不准确的问题，所以用exact。]
15．A.Rather
B．However
C．Therefore
D．Instead
答案 C [此空后面的句子和前面表示的是一种“因果”关系，所以用therefore。]
16．A.when
B．before
C．until
D．while
答案 A [表示“当……时候”，用when引导时间状语从句。before“在……之前”；until“直到……时候”；while“在……的同时”。]
17．A.Largely
B．Generally
C．Gradually
D．Probably
答案 C [该句的谓语have come to see是表示“变化过程”，所以用gradually表示“渐渐地”。]
18．A.extra
B．average
C．total
D．limited
答案 D [从后面的around 2,000可知词典中用于解释词义的词是限制在2 000左右。]
19．A.repeatedly
B．nearly
C．immediately
D．anxiously
答案 A [在有限的范围内，查阅阅读释义的话，就会反复接触基本词汇、学会这些词汇怎样用来解释事物和观点，所以用repeatedly表示“反复地，经常地”。]
20．A.According to
B．In relation to
C．In addition to
D．Because of
答案 D [后面主句部分I can express myself more easily in English.表达的是结果，此处表达的应该是原因，说明使用这种词典所带来的好处。]
维C 阅读理解(每题2分，满分分)
高考曾用材料：2011天津卷A篇
选材相似度：★★★★
设题相似度：★
难度系数：★★★★
Despite the popularity of
school
spelling competitions，adults in the US performed poorly in a survey comparing how English speakers on both sides of the Atlantic deal with commonly misspelt words.
Sixtytwo percent of Americans got “embarrassed” wrong，against 54 percent of Britons who struggled with the word in a survey last year.Adults in the US performed less well on most of the ten words tested，including millennium (52 percent wrong，against 43 percent in the UK)，liaison (61 percent to 54 percent) and “accommodation” (42 percent to 36 percent )．Only “definitely” and “friend” were spelt correctly by more Americans.
Jack Bovill of the Spelling Society，which sponsored (发起) the research，said the high inaccuracy rates in both countries showed the need for the English spelling system to be modernized.“When asked，only a quarter of adults thought they had a problem with spelling.The answers in the test prove that this_is_far_from_the_case，” he said.“What is holding the UK and the USA back is the irregular spelling system.”
Professor Edward Baranowski，one academic consultant for the project，said，“We have different spellings for the same sound，and a system which reflects how English was spoken in the 13th to 15th centuries，not how it is spoken today.So many sound changes have occurred in the language，which is not reflected in modern spelling，that we are left with a ‘fossilized (僵化的)’ system.”
The study found that 40 percent of the respondents would support updating words that caused problems while 16 percent opposed the idea.And 31 percent said it didn't matter.
The US survey involving a sample of 1,000 adults was carried out online by Ipsos MORI last month，with the method based on a survey of 1,000 Britons in April last year.
【语篇解读】 一项调查发现，美国人在单词拼写方面不如英国人。
1．The underlined word “inaccuracy” in Paragraph 3 can best be replaced by ________.
A．success
B．error
C．correctness
D．growth
答案 B [词义猜测题。根据本句的“showed the need for the English spelling system to be modernized”，联系第二段英美成年人较高的拼写错误率，可知inaccuracy可用error来代替，都是“错误”的意思。]
2．The underlined part “this is far from the case”
in Paragraph 3 implies that ________.
A．most of the Americans can spell correctly
B．there are more people having spelling problems
C．adults perform worse in spelling than kids
D．it is difficult to create a new spelling system
答案 B [推理判断题。联系上一句“When asked，only a quarter of adults thought they had a problem with spelling”可知，Bovill是想说，这项研究表明，实际上很多人都存在拼写问题。]
3．Professor Baranowski seems to agree that ________.
A．spelling should represent the sound of words
B．we should learn how English was spoken centuries ago
C．different countries should have different spellings
D．sound changes have nothing to do with spelling
答案 A [推理判断题。根据第四段Baranowski所说的话可知，他认为拼写应该表现单词的发音。represent意为“表现”，reflect意为“反映”，此处两者含义一致。]
4．What would be the most suitable title of the passage?
A．Who is responsible for our spelling
B．The English language to be blamed
C．Americans embarrassed by their spellings
D．Words needed to be modernized
答案 C [主旨大意题。C项标题一语双关，embarrassd一词既表明了美国人拼写的尴尬现状，又涉及了拼写调查的部分内容。]
维D 根据短文内容，从下框的A～F选项中选出能概括每一段主题的最佳选项。选项中有一项为多余项。(每题2分，满分10分)
1.
Hotel managers make sure their staff are providing friendly service and the hotel building and room facilities are in good condition.They may also hire staff，work with marketing and the hotel's finances and make sure banquets are running properly.Because the manager's job is pivotal(关键的) to the hotel，many work over 40 hours a week.
2.
Working as a hotel manager means long working hours and managing a variety of employees in different departments：you will need to keep track of the cleaning staff，the cooks，the front desk and other employees，depending on the size of the hotel you are managing.Because of the great amount of responsibility you have undertaken，you may become stressed out.Managing stress and handling stressful situations calmly will keep your staff reassured and allow you to resolve any problems with hotel operations more quickly.
3.
It is an essential skill for a hotel manager.The hotel must be run according to specific standards.You will need to make sure the maids are cleaning the rooms properly and maintaining sanitation conditions.You will also need to make sure the hotel restaurant is following state health guidelines，when preparing food for guests.You will also want to make sure rooms are properly cleaned before guests receive their room keys.Walk through your hotel and check rooms at random to make sure your staff are keeping up with the cleaning.
4.
It is one of the most important skills you will need as a hotel manager.At work，you will be managing employees from all departments as well as working with customers.You will need to let employees know whether or not they are doing their jobs correctly in a way that will encourage them rather than frustrate them.You will also need to turn on your smile for customers and let them know why staying at your hotel is a good decision.
5.
As a hotel manager，you will likely be dealing with multiple employees and customers at the same time.However，if you fail to listen to what each person is saying，you might miss an important issue with the hotel or give customers the idea that your hotel doesn't care their needs or business.This could damage the reputation of your hotel and cause you to lose business.This is why taking the time to listen to what people around you are saying is important；employees' concerns about the work environment can cause them to be less friendly and not to work as efficiently.
答案 1.B 2.C 3.A 4.F 5.E