①where用作连接副词，引导名词性从句，意为“在什么地方；到哪里；从哪里”等时从句须用陈述语序。此外，它也可与动词不定式连用；②where用作关系副词，引导定语从句，此时where在定语从句中用作地点状语，对表示地点的先行词起修饰和限制作用，意义上相当于“介词＋which”，意为“……的地方”； ③where用作从属连词，引导地点状语从句，修饰主句中的谓语动词，where引导的从句可以放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，意为“……的地方；在/到……的地方”，相当于in/at/to the place where。 where引导定语从句时，从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词；而引导状语从句时其前没有表示地点的名词。
①You should make a mark where you have problems. 你应该在你有问题的地方做上标记。 ②Don’t leave it where the kids can reach it. 不要把它放在孩子们能够到的地方。 ③You can’t camp where you like these days. 如今你可不能随便在哪儿宿营。 ④Can you tell me where he lives? 你能告诉我他住哪儿吗？ ⑤This is where I disagree. 这就是我不同意的地方。 ⑥This is the room where(＝in which)I lived last year. 这就是我去年住过的房间。 ⑦I visited the small village，where I lived for 10 years. 我去参观了那个小村庄，我曾在那儿生活了十年。 跟踪训练 Ⅰ.完成句子 1．有爱，就有希望。 ________________，there is hope. 2．比赛刚刚开始就下起雨来。 ________ the game _________ when it ________ raining.
Where there is love Hardly had begun started 3．约翰要是听我的话，他就不会失败了。 ____ John _________ me，he ____________________. 4．就在这时铃响了，宣告下课。 At this moment the bell rang，____________ the end of class. Had listened to would not have failed announcing 5．到底是谁昨天打坏了窗户？ Who __________
broke the window yesterday? was it that Ⅱ.单项填空 1．After the war，a new school building was put up ________ there had once been a theatre. A．that B．when C．which
D．where 解析：选D。where在此引导地点状语从句，其意为“(在)……的地方”。 2．________ when the bell rang. A．Hardly would he reach school B．Hardly had he reached school C．Hardly he reached school D．Hardly he was reaching school 解析：选B。这是固定句型Hardly had...when...，这是一个倒装句，可以还原为：He had hardly reached school when the bell rang. 3．—________ that he managed to get the information? —Oh，a friend of his helped him. A．Where was it
B．What was it C．How was it
D．Why was it 解析：选C。考查强调句型的特殊疑问句。句意“——他到底是怎样获取信息的？——噢，他的一个朋友帮 的他”。 4．Had it not been for the
policeman，we ________ our lives. A．would have lost
B．should lose C．might lose
D．had lost 解析：选A。因为had it not been for the policeman＝if it had not been for the policeman(如果没有警察)，显然是与过去事实相反的情况，主句中的谓语应是would have lost。
5．________ more careful，his ship would not have sunk. A．If the captain were B．Had the captain been C．Should the captain be D．If the captain would have been 解析：选B。由主句谓语可判断，这里表示的是与过去事实相反的情况，所以虚拟条件句中的谓语应用过去完成时，Had the captain been＝If the captain had been。 本部分内容讲解结束 按ESC键退出全屏播放 * ①(朗文P707)Schools have experimented with desktop publishing in English classes. 一些学校在英语课上尝试了桌面出版实验。 ②Some scientists experiment on animals. 有些科学家用动物做试验。 ③The teacher gave each of us a piece of filter paper before doing the experiment. 做试验前，老师给我们每个人发了一张滤纸。 6
cut up 切碎 (教材P46)Cut up some tomatoes for eyes，pieces of cheese for ears，and a mushroom for a nose. 切一些西红柿做眼睛，用奶酪片做耳朵，蘑菇做鼻子。 归纳拓展
①(朗文P707)Just cut up the potatoes and throw them in with the meat.把马铃薯切碎和肉一起扔进去就行了。 ②The prisoners cut their way through the barbed wire and escaped.囚犯们从铁丝网中开出一条路逃跑了。 ③He’s not cut out to be a teacher. 他不是当教师的材料。 ④The village was cut off(from the ouside world)by heavy snow for a month. 村庄被大雪封住(而不能与外界联系)达一个月。 ⑤She kept cutting in on our conversation. 我们谈话时她老是插嘴。 ⑥The doctor told him to cut down his consumption of fat. 医生建议他减少脂肪的摄取量。 7
lay out 布置，设计；铺开，展开 (教材P47)You can lay all the pieces out on the card before you stick them down. 你可以在粘贴之前把所有的贝壳都放在卡片上。
归纳拓展
助记 off表示“离开”，on表示“在上”；lay off，take on分别引申为“解雇”、“雇用”。
【辨析】 lie，lay
lie 常作为不及物动词用，意思是“躺，位于”等。 lay 常作及物动词用，意思是“放，摆，铺”等。 【助记】
①(朗文P1163)Lay out the map on the table and we’ll take a look.把地图铺在桌子上，我们要看一看。 ②They were laid off because of the lack of new orders. 由于没有新的定货，他们遭暂时解雇。 ③It is laid down that all applicants must sit a written exam.根据规定，申请者一律需经笔试。 ④I laid my book aside，turned off the light and went to sleep.我把书放在一边，关了灯睡觉。 跟踪训练 Ⅰ.选词填空
1．It ___________him to take hard jobs. 2．I’ll _________at mending your bike today. 3．Tomorrow we _________ another museum in Amsterdam. is typical of have a go are off to 4．These computers are not yet ________________. 5．He has _____________ the exam to come. 6．Visitors ________________ at the achievements in the car manufacture of the city during the past decade. on the market got ready for were amazed Ⅱ.完成句子 1．呈现在登山者面前的风景是非常壮丽的。 The scene that was ____________ before the climbers was magnificent. laid out 2．她父亲的去世使她悲痛万分。 She was very ________ about her father’s death. 3．我们老师实验新的英语教学法。 Our teacher ___________________ new method of teaching English. cut up is experimenting with 4．你的工作效率很高，我们极为钦佩。 We ____ most __________ with/by your efficiency. 5．梵高一生致力于绘画。 Van Gogh _________ his whole being ________ painting. were committed impressed to Ⅲ.单项填空 1．I was just talking to Margaret when Jackson ________. A．cut in B．cut down C．cut out
D．cut up 解析：选A。考查动词短语的辨析。cut in插话，打断别人的话；cut down砍倒；cut out剪掉，剪下；cut up剁碎，砍碎。 2．—What do you think of the book? —________. A．The book is worth reading B．It is worth reading the book C．You are worth reading D．You are worth to read 解析：选A。此句是征求评价性的意见的句式，当然就得用评价的话语回答。句意：——你认为这本书如何？——值得一读。 3．The car factory is going to ________ around 150 workers because of the drop in sales. A．lay out
B．lay on C．lay off
D．lay by 解析：选C。lay off及物动词词组，“解散，解雇”；lay out“铺开， 展开”；lay on“慷慨地提供(食物，娱乐)；安排，款待”；lay by... “躺在……附近”。 4．This restaurant has become popular for its wide ________ of foods that suit all tastes and pockets. A．division
B．area C．range
D．circle 解析：选C。考查名词词义辨析。句意：由于有广泛的食物(选择)适合所有口味和收入的人群的需要，这家餐馆已经火了。由定语从句that suit all tastes and pockets可以推断所选词应表示“(选择)范围”，因此选择C。division分开，分担；area面积，地区，领域；circle 圆圈，环形物，均不合题意。 5．A highly organized system of irrigation is ________ Chinese agriculture. A．typical of
B．consistent with C．famous for
D．subject to 解析：选A。句意：灌溉系统组织严密是中国农业的典型特点。be typical of“特有的，典型的”；be consistent with“与……一致；与……相符合”；be famous for”“以……著名”；be subject to“由……决定的；取决于……的”。 8
(教材P46)Next，spread the glue where you want to attach the string. 然后在你放绳子的地方涂上胶水。 句型精析 【点津】 句中where引导的是地点 状语从句，说明主句的动作发生的 地点。 where引导状语从句、定语从句和名词性从句的常见用法归纳： 归纳拓展
①(朗文P393)Women commit fewer crimes than men. 女性比男性的犯罪率低。 ②She committed herself to philanthropy. 她专心从事慈善事业。 ③He would not commit
himself in any way. 他不愿做出任何承诺。 3
reward n．&vt.奖励；回报，给以报酬 (教材P35)Unfortunately，although Van Gogh committed his whole being to painting，he received little reward for his effort. 遗憾的是，尽管梵·高全身心地投入绘画，他的努力得到的回报却微乎其微。 归纳拓展 【易混词巧辨】 re—＝back “回”，故reward指某人因干了好事或有益的事而得到“回报”。a—是ad—(＝to)的变体，故award指give sth.to sb.。 ①(朗文P1756)It’s a great feeling finally getting rewarded for all our hard work.我们所付出的一切辛勤劳动终于获得了回报，这种感觉真棒。 ②The mother rewarded her child with money. 母亲给孩子钱作为奖赏。 ③I gave her a reward for saving the children from the fire. 她从火灾中救出了孩子们，为此我给予她奖赏。
4
cloth n．布料，织物(一块)布 (教材P43)It was while at the New York School of Art that he experimented with different materials such as cloth and plastic in his paintings. 他是在纽约艺术学校上学期间实验用像布和塑料之类的材料来做画的。 归纳拓展 【辨析】 clothes，clothing，dress clothes 是最常用词，统指身上的各种服装，包括上衣、裤子、内衣等；是复数名词，可与many，few等词连用，但不能直接与数词连用，后面要接复数动词，“一套衣服”要说a suit of clothes。 clothing 是集合名词，是服装的总称，除衣裤外还包括帽子、鞋袜等；没有复数形式，后面要接单数动词，“一件衣服”要说an article of clothing。 dress 范围较窄，作可数名词时指一件女服、连衣裙；作不可数名词时，指某种特殊服装，尤指在社交场合穿的衣服。 一言 辨异 He bought a piece of cloth and made a tablecloth.他买来了一块布做了个桌布。 ①(朗文P362)These pants are made with the finest wool cloth.这些裤子是用最好的毛料制成的。 ②Dry the fruit thoroughly with a dish cloth. 用洗碗布把水果彻底擦干。 ③All of her clothes were made by her mother. 她所有的衣服都是她母亲做的。 ④We are well provided with food and
clothing. 我们吃得好，穿得好。 ⑤She wears a beautiful evening dress. 她穿着一件漂亮的晚礼服。
跟踪训练 Ⅰ.选词填空
1．He has found a temporary _______________ in the suburbs. 2．Einstein’s theory was so ________ that no one else could understand it. 3．Our school has improved the conditions in the students’________． accommodation abstract dormitory 4．What is the _________ of opinion at the afternoon meeting? 5．When Uncle Bill went abroad to live，he left me his watch as a ____________. consensus souvenir 6．The seed was _______ over the ground in huge quantities by aeroplanes. 7．She still has very _____ hearing，though she is eighty years old. sprayed acute Ⅱ.单项填空 1．The loss has not yet been ________ accurately，but it is believed to be well beyond a hundred million dollars. A．calculated B．considered C．completed
D．controlled 解析：选A。考查动词意义。根据句意可知此处表示“损失[数据]还没统计……”，应选择calculated。consider“考虑”；complete “完成”；control“控制”，均不符合句意。 2．The government is committing itself ________ people’s life. A．for bettering
B．to better C．to bettering
D．of bettering 解析：选C。句意：政府为提高人民生活水平做出承诺。这里commit为及物动词，是使承担义务；使做出保证的意思。这里to是介词，后面跟名词和动词的—ing形式。 3．The police have offered a large ________ for information leading to the robber’s arrest. A．award
B．compensation C．prize
D．reward 解析：选D。本题为名词词义辨析题。句意：为了得到任何有助于逮捕抢劫者的信息，警方开出了一大笔酬金。award“奖品，奖金”；compensation“补偿金”；prize“奖品，奖赏”；reward“报酬，赏 金”。根据句意，选项D为正确答案。 4．Food and ________ are daily necessities for the people. A．cloth
B．clothe C．clothes
D．Clothing 解析：选D。food and clothing “衣食”，clothing是衣服的总称。 5．Green products are becoming more and more popular because they are environmentally ________. A．friendly
B．various C．common
D．changeable 解析：选A。environmentally friendly 环保的，对环境无害的。 6．—What a pleasant ________ these trees give us! —Why not stop here and have a rest in it? A．shade
B．shadow C．peace
D．scene 解析：选A。前句句意“这些树给我们多么惬意的阴凉！”，shade “阴凉”；shadow“阴影”。 5 experiment with 对……进行实验 (教材P34)He experimented with different styles of painting，but was most famous for his work in Cubism，which often uses acute angles and where the world is represented as being constructed of cubes 短语精释 and rectangles. 他尝试过多种不同的绘画风格，但尤以立体派作品著称，立体派作品通过运用锐角，作品中世界被呈现为由立方体和矩形构成。
归纳拓展 栏目导引 基础盘点自测自评 考点串讲讲练互动 Unit 3 The world of colours and light Unit 3 The world of colours and light 基础盘点自测自评 1．The scientists are able to ________ (计算)accurately when the spaceship will reach the moon. 核心单词 calculate 2．The house is ___________(使阴暗) by a huge tree. 3．If you _______ (犯罪)a crime you can never escape being punished. 4．He received a medal in ________ (回报)for his bravery. shadowed commit reward 5．How does one gain __________ (进入权)to the Buckingham Palace? 6．The _______(风景)in the mountains is very beautiful. 7．If you are excellent enough，you can win a ____________(奖学金)to the university. admission scenery scholarship 8．My ______ (代理人)has power to sign my name. 9．Commercial television is an effective ____________(媒体)for advertising. 10．He ________(皱起)his brow，confused and worried by the strange events. agent medium wrinkled Ⅱ.词汇活用 1．The bad fish had a ____________ smell.It made us _________.(disgust) 2．Once decisions have been made，they will be _____________.He is a stubborn man and will not ________ his mind easily.(change) disgusting disgusted unchangeable change 1．________________
做某事感到吃惊 2．________________
对……进行试验 3．________________
被……所打动 4．__________________
上市 高频短语 be amazed to do be impressed by come on the market experiment with 5．________________
范围/幅度从……到…… 6．________________
以……为特征 7．________________
多种种类的 8．________________
献身于……，专心致志于…… 9．________________
价值…… range from...to... be typical of a wide variety of commit...to... be worth... 10．________________
动身去 11．________________
用……做出的 12．________________
准备做…… 13．________________
切碎 14．________________
布置，设计，铺开，展开 15．________________
试一试 be made out of get ready to do be off to cut up lay out have a go 1．地点状语从句 Next，spread the glue ________ you want to attach the string. 然后在你放绳子的地方涂上胶水。 典型句式 where 2．doing作非限制性定语 Besides the works of da Vinci，the Louvre Museum has more than 6,000 other European paintings，________ from the 13th century to the 19th century. ranging 除了达·芬奇的作品，卢浮宫还藏有其他欧洲画家从13世纪到19世纪创作的六千多件作品。
3．一……就…… ________ had we left the dormitory the next morning ________ we realized we had left our map in the room. 我们一离开宿舍，就意识到我们把地图落在房间里了。 Hardly when 4．虚拟语气 _____ you _______ with us，I guarantee you would have enjoyed Europe too. 如果你跟我们一起来的话，我保证你也会喜欢上欧洲的。 Had come 5．强调句型 ______ while at the New York School of Art ____ he experimented with different materials such as cloth and plastic in his paintings. 他是在纽约艺术学校上学期间实验用像布和塑料之类的材料来做画的。 It was that 倒装 1．Only then ________ how much damage had been caused? 单元语法 A．she realized B．she had realized C．had she realized
D．did she realize 解析：选D。only位于句首修饰状语then，全句要进行部分倒装，
由then又知道此时时态应用一般过去时态。故正确答案为D。 2．I’ve tried very hard to improve my English.But by no means ________ with my progress. A．the teacher is not satisfied B．is the teacher not satisfied C．the teacher is satisfied D．is the teacher satisfied 解析：选D。by no means意思是 “决不，在任何情况下都不”， 放在句首，句子要用部分倒装。 故正确答案为D。 3．—Did Linda see the traffic accident? —No，no sooner ________ than it happened. A．had she gone
B．she had gone C．has she gone
D．she has gone 解析：选A。no sooner...than意为“一……就……”，no sooner所在的主句常用过去完成时，than引导的从句用一般过去时，no表示否定意 义。故正确答案为A。 4．Just in front of our house ________ with a history of 1,000 years. A．does a tall tree stand
B．stands a tall tree C．a tall tree is standing
D．a tall tree stands 解析：选B。介词短语位于句首，句子用全部倒装结构。故正确答案 为B。 5．—I would never come to this restaurant again.The food is terrible. —________. A．Nor am I
B．Neither would I C．Same with me D．So do I 解析：选B。前句表示否定，则后句也应表示否定，根据上一句的情态 动词，第二句中也应该用情态动词 would。故正确答案为B。 考点串讲讲练互动 单词精研 1
calculate vt.&vi.计算；推测 (教材P34)By popular consensus，this is the most valuable painting in the world—it is impossible to calculate what price it would fetch if it ever came on the market. 举世公认，这幅画是世界上最珍贵的油画作品——如果这幅画到市场上出售，不可能估算出它可以达到什么价格。 归纳拓展 ①(朗文P268)It’s difficult to calculate what effect all these changes will have on the company. 很难估计这些变化将会给公司带来什么影响。 ②The commercials are calculated to attract young single consumers.这些广告旨在吸引年轻的单身消费者。
commit vt.&vi.犯罪(错)； 承诺；保证；全心全意投入 (教材P35)Unfortunately，although Van Gogh committed his whole being to painting，he received little reward for his effort. 遗憾的是，尽管梵·高全身心地投入绘画，他的努力得到的回报却微乎其微。