语法专题十三 代词
代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。
考点一 替代词it;one;that;those;ones
1.it特指上文所提到的同一个物,它所代替的名词常由the,this,that等修饰。
one泛指上文提到的同类事物中的一个,不特指,相当于a/an+单数名词;ones泛指上文提到的同类事物的复数名词;the one特指前面的可数名词单数,有时用that来代替(尤其是后面有后置定语时);the ones特指上文提到的复数名词,有时可以用those代替,尤其在有后置定语的情况下。
that特指前面出现的单数名词或不可数名词,相当于“the+可数名词单数/不可数名词”;that 的复数形式为those,替代可数名词复数,可指人也可指物。
Yesterday I lost my pen and I couldn't find it.So I had to buy one.昨天我把钢笔弄丢了,并且我没有找到它,因此我不得不买一支。
Mr Li gave me many valuable presents,ones(many presents)that I had never seen.
李先生给了我许多珍贵的礼物,这些是我从来没见过的。
The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk.桌上的那些书比桌下的那些好。
2.that和one在多数情况下是不能互换的,主要区别在于:that既可代替可数名词单数,也可代替不可数名词,常有后置定语,一般不指人,复数形式为those;one只能代替可数名词单数,复数形式为ones。当可数名词前有形容词修饰时,只能用one,不用that。当of短语作可数名词单数的后置定语时,用that,不用one。
The best cigarettes are those from Yunnan.
最好的香烟是来自云南的那些。
The boy told me his story and that of the old man next door.
这个男孩儿告诉了我他的故事,还有他隔壁老人的故事。
Your coat is blue,and my new one is red.
你的上衣是蓝色的,我的新上衣是红色的。
考点二 it 的用法
1.指代作用。代替前文或后文所提到的同一事物(单数可数名词或不可数名词)或整个句子;可以代指环境、情形等也可代指度量衡单位、时间、距离、季节、天气及自然现象。
Although we cannot see it,there is air all around us.
It is said that he has gone to Beijing,but it isn't true.
I can't stand it any longer.
It doesn't matter.
It's getting colder and colder now.
2.形式作用。用作形式主语和形式宾语,而把真正的作主语或宾语的不定式、动名词或从句放在后面。
It's no use crying over spilt milk.
覆水难收。
You must make it clear to them that the situation is serious.
你必须让他们弄清楚形势严峻。
注意:
常用it作形式宾语的谓语动词有appreciate,dislike,hate,like,love,make(按时到达,成功)等,后接由if或when等引导的从句时,往往在从句前加形式宾语it。
I would appreciate it if you paid in cash.
如果你能付现金,我将不胜感激。
The boy likes it when you do that.
这个男孩儿喜欢你那样做。
3.强调作用
it可以用在强调句型中,使句子的某一成分得到强调。强调句型的基本结构为:It is/was+所强调的成分+that/who+其他成分。
It was on the street that I met Tom.
我就是在街上看到汤姆的。
考点三 all,both,either,neither,each,none的用法比较
1.both(两者都),either(两者中的任何一个),neither(两者都不)。以上这些词使用范围为两者。
Neither of the two boys is clever.
2.both与复数名词连用,either与单数名词连用。
There are flowers on both sides of the street.
There are flowers on either side of the street.
3.all(所有的,全部的人或物),any(任何一个),none(都不)。 以上词使用范围为三者或三者以上。
All the students in my class like our teachers.
4.all和both与not 连用表示部分否定;none以及not...any表示全部否定。
All the students don't like rock music.
并不是所有的学生都喜欢摇滚音乐。
5.each可指两者,也可指两者以上。
They each have a car.
考点四 no,none,nothing,nobody的用法比较
1.no不能单独使用,相当于not a或not any,作定语修饰可数名词或不可数名词。
He has no worry about safety.
2.none既可以指人,也可以指物,侧重指三者或三者以上的人或物,可与介词of连用,用于回答how many/much引导的疑问句。
—How many people are there in the room?
—None.
3.nobody指人,用于回答who引导的疑问句;nothing指物,用于回答what引导的疑问句。
—What are you doing?
—Nothing.
考点五 another,other,the other,others的用法比较
1.another既可以单独使用,也可以用于单数名词前,泛指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个人或物”。还可以用于“another+数词+复数名词”中,表示”再,又”。
You have to wait for another three weeks.
你必须等另外的三周。
2.other 可用作形容词,意思为“别的,其他的”,泛指“其他的(人或物)”。
You can ask other people to help you.
你可以让其他人来帮助你。
3.the other指两个人或物中的一个,不能用another,此时other作代词使用。
The old man has two sons.One is a teacher;the other is a doctor.
4.the other 后可接可数名词单数也可接复数名词,不接不可数名词。此时other 作为形容词。
On the other side of the street,there is a tall tree.
He is taller than the other students in his class.
5.others 是other的复数形式,泛指“另外几个”“其他的”。others不能作定语,表示复数意义,相当于“other+复数名词”;the others相当于“the other+复数名词”,指剩下的全部。
Some of them are singing;others are dancing.
Two students in our class failed,but all the others passed the exam.
考点六 部分否定与全部否定
all,both,everyone,everybody,everything以及“every+名词”都表示全部肯定。
none,no one,nobody,nothing,neither,not any 以及no+名词均表示全部否定;
但当not 与表示全部肯定的不定代词连用时,表示部分否定,不管not的位置在其前还是其后。
Such a person can't be found everywhere.
这种人并非随处可见。None of them smoke.
他们都不吸烟。
考点七 与复合不定代词构成的习惯搭配
nothing but 只不过
anything but绝不
or something……之类的人(东西、情况等)
something of 有点儿……;在某种程度上是
or anything 或是其他别的事
nothing to do with 和……没关系
for nothing免费;白白地;白费;无缘无故地
He is anything but a doctor.他绝不是一名医生。
He's something of a liar.
他有点儿在说谎。
They will repair the building for the old man for nothing.
他们将会为这位老人免费维修楼房。
1.(2012·课标全国高考)Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him,but______of them wants to,because they have work to do.
A.either B.any
C.neither
D.none
2.(2012·全国高考Ⅱ)Sarah made ______ to the airport just in time to catch her plane this morning.
A.herself
B.this
C.that
D.it
3.(2012·上海高考)When he took his gloves off,I noticed that ______ one had his name written inside.
A.each
B.every
C.other
D.another
4.(2012·重庆高考)—John,when shall we meet again,Thursday or Friday?
— ______.I'll be off to London then.
A.Either
B.Neither
C.Both
D.None
5.(2012·福建高考)—Have you figured out how much the trip will cost?
—$4,000,or ______ like that.
A.anything
B.everything
C.something
D.nothing
6.(2012·江苏高考)Sophia waited for a reply,but ______ came.
A.either
B.anotherC.neither
D.none
7.(2012·江西高考)My brother would like to buy a good watch but ______ was available from that shop.
A.nothing
B.none
C.no one
D.neither
8.(2012·辽宁高考)If you're buying today's paper from the stand,could you get______ for me?
A.one
B.such
C.this
D.that
9.(2012·山东高考)When you are done with the book, just give it to Lucy or Helen or ______.
A.whoever
B.wherever
C.whatever
D.however
10.(2012·陕西高考)No matter where he is,he makes ______ a rule to go for a walk before breakfast.
A.him
B.this
C.that
D.it
11.(2012·浙江高考)Studying Wendy's menu,I found that many of the items are similar to ______ of McDonald's .
A.those
B.ones
C.any
D.all
12.(2012·四川高考)New technologies have made______possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost.
A.that
B.this
C.one
D.it
13.(2011·全国高考Ⅱ)I got this bicycle for ______:My friend gave it to me when she bought a new one.
A.everything
B.something
C.anything
D.nothing
14.(2011·北京高考)The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase ______.
A.them
B.those
C.it
D.that
15.(2011·上海高考)To stay awake,he finished a cup of coffee and ordered ______.
A.the other
B.other
C.the others
D.another
16.(2011·山东高考)The two girls are so alike that strangers find ______ difficult to tell one from the other.
A.it
B.them
C.her
D.that
17.(2011·湖南高考)I knew that ______ would ever discourage him;he would never give up wanting to be a director.
A.something
B.anything
C.everything
D.nothing
18.(2011·安徽高考)Surprisingly,Susan's beautiful hair reached below her knees and made______ almost an overcoat for her.
A.them
B.her
C.itself
D.herself
19.(2011·福建高考)We have various summer camps for your holidays.You can choose ______ based on your own interests.
A.either
B.each
C.one
D.it
20.(2011·四川高考)There is ______ in his words.We should have a try.
A.something
B.anything
C.nothing
D.everything
21.(2011·辽宁高考)—Would you like tea or coffee?
—______,thank you.I've just had some water.
A.Either
B.Both
C.Any
D.Neither
22.(2011·天津高考)We feel ______ our duty to make our country a better place.
A.it
B.this
C.that
D.one
23.(2011·陕西高考)—Would you get me a bar of chocolate from the kitchen,dear?
—______ one?
A.Other
B.Every
C.Another
D.More
24.(2011·重庆高考)—Silly me!I forget what my luggage looks like.
—What do you think of ______ over there?
A.the one
B.this
C.it
D.that
25.(2016·山西第二次四校联考)—Which book do you think is the most useful to my studies?
—______,as long as you read it.
A.Either
B.Neither
C.Any
D.None
26.(2016·安徽皖南八校第二次联考)Singing with Sun Yang,the swimming champion ,face to face is an unforgettable moment,______the little girl always treasures.
A.one
B.this
C.that
D.it
27.(2016·河南中原名校联考)—Haven't seen you for ages?______ all right?—Quite good.I've already finished my study in Australia,and will go back and work in a big company.
A.Something
B.Everything
C.Anything
D.Nothing
28.(2016·浙江名校联盟第一次联考)—What do you think of that housewife?
—She is ______ of a good housekeeper,for the children's room is always a terrible mess.
A.nobody
B.somebodyC.nothing
D.something
29.Could you tell me where you bought your beautiful handbag?I want to buy______ too.
A.one
B.that
C.this
D.it
30.Knowledge from real life isn't easier to forget than ______ achieved from textbooks.
A.it
B.that
C.one
D.those
31.Mary's parents admitted that she was always contrary to a wish of______.
A.them
B.theirs
C.their
D.themselves
32.(2016·山西第二次诊断考试)—Given one more week,I'll get ______ready.
—Then we'll have a dinner out to celebrate your success.
A.anything
B.everything
C.something
D.nothing
33.(2016·江西白鹭洲中学上学期第二次月考)On average,the footprints discovered are 14 to 18 inches long,59 inches wide and much larger than ______ of a human.
A.that
B.onesC.those
D.one
34.(2016·湖南湘中名校9月联考)To be a learned man,we must keep it in mind that we must make everything in the book______.
A.ours own
B.ourselves
C.ours
D.us
35.(2016·河北衡水中学第一学期调考)—What about today's temperature?
—It's the same as,if the weather report is exact as usual,______of yesterday.
A.one
B.that
C.ones
D.those
1.C either和neither用于两者,any和none用于三者以上,根据Bill and Peter可知应排除B、D两项;句中but表示转折,所以应选否定意义的C项,此处表示“但是他们(两人)没有想去的”。
2.D 词组make it的含义是“抵达,做到,赶上,及时达到”,句意:今天上午萨拉到达机场刚好赶上飞机。故选D项。
3.A 不定代词。句意:他把手套取下来的时候,我注意到每只手套里面都写着他的名字。代词each表示两个或两个以上的“每个”,every表示两个以上的“每个”(不可说every one of my feet);each强调个体,every强调整体。语境表示两只手套中的任何一只,用代词each。
4.B 第一句对Thursday和Friday进行了选择,而第二句中 “I'll be off to London then.”,清楚地表明了上面说的那两天都不会去,所以表示两者都不,故用neither。either用于两者之中任何一个都行;both “两者都”;none 表示三者及三者以上都不。句意:——约翰,什么时候我们再见面,周四还是周五?——那两天都不行。在那期间我要到伦敦去。
5.C anything“任何事情”;everything“一切事情”;something“某事,某物,(表示不确切的描述或数量)大致,左右”;nothing “无事,无物”。根据空前的$4,000可知此处应该用something表示不确切的数量,something like that 意为“大致如此”。
6.D either和neither用于两者,范围错误;another意为“另一个”,不合句意;答案为D项,none表示“一个也没有”。句意:索菲亚等待着答复,但是没有等到任何答复。
7.B 句意:我哥哥想买一块好的手表,但那家商店没有一款适合的。nothing表示什么也没有;no one只能指代人;题干中没有表明那家商店只有两款手表,所以neither也不合适。
8.A 句意:如果你从摊上买今天的报纸,能给我捎一份吗?one用来替代上文提到的可数名词单数a paper(一份报纸),表示泛指。
9.A 句意:当你阅读完那本书,就把它给露西或海伦,或者是其他的任何人。根据give it to Lucy or Helen可知,是把书给某个人。wherever“无论何地”;whatever“无论什么”;however“无论如何”;只有whoever“无论谁,任何人”符合题意。故选A项。
10.D it 在此作形式宾语,to go for a walk作真正的宾语,故选D项。句意:无论在哪儿,他总是习惯在早餐前出去散步。
11.A 分析句子结构可知,代词those在此处替代前面出现的many of the items,注意类比的对象一定要在数上保持一致。
12.D 在此句中it作形式宾语,真正的宾语是to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost。句意:新的技术使得在高效能低成本的前提下生产新的产品成了可能。故选D项。
13.D 考查不定代词。根据“My friend gave it to me”可知,我白白得到了这辆自行车,因此用nothing,get sth.for nothing表示“白白得到某物”。句意:我白白得到了这辆自行车:当我的朋友买了一辆新自行车的时候,她把这辆送给了我。
14.C rate用单数表示“……率”,因此不能用them和those;that用来指代不可数名词且常和介词短语搭配,不符合题意;it就是指the employment rate。句意:由于地方政府的努力,大城市的就业率在持续上升。故选C项。
15.D 句意:为了保持清醒,他喝完一杯咖啡,又要了一杯。the other通常指“两者中的另一个”;other单独使用时,不能用作代词;the others表示在一个范围内的其他全部;another指不定数目中的“另一个”。
16.A it可以作形式主语或形式宾语,而将真正的主语或宾语后置。句意:这两个女孩子长得如此相像,陌生人感觉难以区分彼此。it在find后充当其形式宾语,而将真正的宾语不定式结构放后,difficult为宾语补足语,以此来避免头重脚轻。而其他选项皆不能充当形式主语或形式宾语。
17.D something “(未明的)某事”;anything “无论什么事”;everything “每一件事”;nothing “没什么事”。句意:我知道没有什么能阻止他,他是不会放弃当导演的想法的。故选D项。
18.C 句意:令人惊讶的是,苏珊漂亮的头发到了膝盖以下,好像成了她的一件外衣。make“使得……,使……做”。itself 指头发,作make的宾语,overcoat作宾语补足语。故选C项。
19.C either“两者中的任何一个”;each“两者或两者以上中的每一个”;one用来指代前文提到的同类但不是同一个的可数名词,也可用来指前文提到的人或物中的一个;it指代前面提到过的某个事物。句意:我们为你的假期准备了多种多样的夏令营。你可以根据自己的兴趣选择一个。此处指从所提供的夏令营中选择一个,故选C项。
20.A 句意:他话中有话,我们应试一试。something “某事,值得注意的事”。
21.D either指两者之一;both指两者都;any指三者或者三者以上中的任何一个;neither指两者都不。句意:——你喜欢茶还是咖啡?——都不要,谢谢。我刚喝了水。由句意可知,D项符合题意。
22.A it可用作形式宾语,代替用来作形式宾语的动名词、不定式或从句。但this,that和one均不能作形式宾语。本句中动词不定式to make our country a better place是真正的宾语。句意:我们认为把国家建设得更好是我们的职责。
23.C 根据语境可以判断,这是在家庭中夫妻之间的对话,根据one后面的问号可以推断,此处表示“还要再吃一块巧克力?”,显然是觉得对方已经吃的够多了。
24.D 句意:——我糊涂了。我忘了我的行李是什么样子的了。——你认为那边的那个怎么样?前面的luggage是不可数名词,再次出现时用that替代,特指the luggage。
25.C 句意:——你认为哪本书对你的学习最有用处?——只要你读它,哪本也有用。从前面的the most可知,是多本书,故选C项。any表示三者或者三者以上中的一本。
26.A 句意:和游泳冠军孙杨面对面一起唱歌是一个难忘的瞬间,这个小女孩儿永远珍惜的瞬间。one是替代词,代替a moment。
27.B 句意:——很久没有见面了,一切都好吧?——非常好。我已经在澳大利亚完成了学业,将要回去在一家大公司工作。something“某物”;everything“一切,所以”;anything“任何事情”;nothing“什么也没有”。
28.C 考查不定代词。句意:——你认为那个家庭妇女如何?——她根本不是一个好的主妇,因为孩子们的房间里总是一团糟。nothing of“一点儿也不是,根本不是”。
29.A it指代同名同物;one与that则指代同名异物,但one为泛指,相当于a/an+名词;that为特指,相当于the +名词。所以one所指代的名词的修饰语一般为a/an /some /any;that所指代的名词的修饰语往往是the /this /that。 这里指代a handbag“一个手提包”,用one。句意:你能告诉我你是从哪里买的这个漂亮的手提包吗?我也想买一个。
30.B 句意:来自现实生活的知识和从教科书中获得的知识相比不容易忘记。在比较级中用that指代knowledge。故选B项。
31.B 这里相当于their wishes,所以用名词性的物主代词。
32.B 句意:再多给一周的时间,我就会将一切准备好。anything“任何东西”;everything“一切,所有”;something“某些东西”;nothing“什么也没有”。根据句意,B项正确。
33.C 句意:所发现的脚印平均有14至18英寸长,5至9英寸宽,这要比一个人的脚印大很多。此处用those代替前面的复数名词the footprints,表示特指。
34.C 句意:要想成为一个有学问的人,我们必须牢记必须要将书本上一切知识变为我们自己的东西。由此可知,此处要选用名词性物主代词,故C项正确。
35.B 答语句意:如果天气预报像往常一样精确的话,气温跟昨天是一样的。that在此代指上文的不可数名词the weather。