语法专题一 定语从句
定语从句在句中作定语，修饰名词或代词。被修饰的名词或者代词被称为先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词被称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词，它们在先行词和定语从句之间起引导作用，在意义上代替先行词，在定语从句中充当一个成分。其基本解题方法是：第一，找出先行词；第二，看先行词在定语从句中充当的成分，作主语、宾语、表语或定语时要用关系代词，如果作状语，则要选用关系副词；第三，看先行词是否为特殊词，然后根据需要选用合适的关系词。
考点一 关系代词与关系副词的区别
关系代词有who，whom，which，that和whose，另外，as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有when，where和why，在定语从句中充当状语。
1．who指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
2．whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。
Mr Liu is the person（whom）you talked about just now.
3．which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。
The book which he gave me is very interesting.
4．that 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。
She is the pop star（that）I want to see very much.
5．whose可指人或物，修饰名词或代词，在定语从句中充当定语。“whose＋名词”可改为“the＋名词＋of which/whom”或“of which/whom the＋名词”。
The house whose windows are very large is my uncle's.＝The house of which the windows are very large is my uncle's.
6．as可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
1）引导限制性定语从句，先行词前常有as，the same，so，such修饰，且在从句中作主语、宾语或表语时，关系代词要用as。
It was so difficult a problem as nobody in my class could work out.（作work out的宾语）
注意：①so/such...that结构中，that引导结果状语从句，只起连接作用，不充当从句的任何成分。
It was so difficult a problem that nobody in my class could work it out.（work out 已经有宾语，that只起连接作用）
②This is the same village where we spent our childhood.（先行词作从句中的地点状语，故要用关系副词where；as仅在句子缺少关系代词时使用。）
2）as可以引导非限制性定语从句，代指整个主句的内容，从句中常用的谓语动词为see，say，hear，expect，know，report等，常译为“正如，正像”，其引导的从句可以放在主句前面也可以放在主句后面。
As we all know，Taiwan belongs to China.
Avatar is a very successful film，as is known to us all.
7．when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词time，day，week，year，month等。常用on which，in which，at which，during which等代替。
I still remember the day when（on which）we first met.
8．where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词。可以用“介词＋关系代词”代替。
The house where（in which）he lives is near the river.
9．why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。可用for which来替代。why不可引导非限制性定语从句。
Tell me the reason why（for which）you came late.
方法技巧：用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。
考点二 关系代词必须用that的情况
1．当先行词是everything，anything，nothing，something，all，none，few，little，some等不定代词时，或当先行词被every，any，all，some，no，little，few，much等不定代词修饰时。
We should do all that is useful to the people.
2．先行词被the only，the very，the same，the last等词修饰时。
This is the last place that I want to visit.
3．先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。This is the best novel that I have ever read.
4．先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。
This is the second time that you told us the story.
5．当先行词同时含有人和物时。
We talked about the things and persons that we were interested in.
6．以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中，含有定语从句，为避免重复时。
Who is the man that is standing under the tree?
注意：Qingdao is the most beautiful city where I have ever worked.（即使有最高级修饰先行词city，但从句中work为不及物动词，先行词只作其地点状语，故要用关系副词）因此牢记，前面所述几种情况已有前提：需要用关系代词时，遇到这几种情况才选用that。
考点三 关系代词不能用that的情况
1．在“介词＋关系代词”的结构中，关系代词只能用指物的which和指人的whom。
This is the train by which we went to Beijing.
2．在非限制性定语从句（即通常用逗号与主句隔开，若去掉整个句子仍能表达完整意义的定语从句）中。
Football，which is a very interesting game，is played all over the world.
3．指人时，当先行词为everybody，anybody，everyone，anyone等时，关系代词要用who，不用that。
Is there anyone who can answer this question?
4．先行词本身是指示代词that或those时，关系代词应用which。
What's that which she is looking at?
考点四 as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
1．位置不同。which 引导的定语从句只置于所限制的 句子后；as引导的定语从句位置较灵活，也就是说as从句可置于所限制的句子前面、插在句子中或放在句子后。
Mike，as you know，is an honest man./Mike is an honest man，as you know./As you know，Mike is an honest man.
2．先行词不同。as引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子；which引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词、一个短语或一个句子。
As we all know，he is very proud.（先行词为一个句子）
He was proud，which his brother never was.（先行词是一个词）
3．意义不同。as一般译为“正如，就像”；which一般译为 “这一点，这件事”。
John，as you know，is my best friend.
正如你所知，约翰是我最好的朋友。
He has been to Paris more than ten times，which I don't believe.
他已去过巴黎十多次了，这一点我不相信。
4．关系不同。当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。
Tom was late for school，which made his teacher very angry.
考点五 “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
1．在“介词＋关系代词”结构中，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose。
The person to whom you'll write is Mr Ball.
The old man was talking with Mr Smith，in whose hospital I was operated on.
2．“介词＋关系代词”前可有some，any，none，both，all，neither，most，each，few等代词及名词、数词等。
He has two sons， both of whom were killed in the war.
I live in a house，the window of which faces the south.
3．“介词＋关系代词＋to do”为省略形式，可以转化为“介词＋关系代词＋句子”的形式。
The poor man had no house in which to live.＝The poor man had no house in which he could live.
4．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的选择可根据定语从句中谓语动词和介词的习惯搭配、先行词和介词的习惯搭配来确定，有时也需要结合句意。
In the street there wasn't any person to whom she could turn for help.
The boss in whose company my father worked is a very kind person.
5．from where 虽为“介词＋关系副词”结构，但也可引导定语从句，where往往指代前面的表示具体位置的介词短语。
He stood on top of the hill，from where he could see the whole village.（where指代on top of the hill，指的是“从山顶那个地方看”，而不是指“山”）
考点六 定语从句与其他句型的区别
1．定语从句与同位语从句的区别。二者都跟在名词后面，区别是：定语从句修饰先行词，是对其进行修饰限定；同位语从句则是对前面名词的解释说明，是其内容。同位语从句前的名词常为抽象名词，如：idea，fact，truth，evidence，news，thought等。同位语从句主要由that引导，在从句中不作成分，有时也可以由when，where，how，why，whether，what等词引导，在从句中充当成分。
The news that our team won made us excited.（“our team won”是news的内容，that不充当从句的成分，为同位语从句。可理解为：The news was that our team won.）
The news that he told me was exciting.（he told me 缺少一个直接宾语，由that充当，故为定语从句。不能将其理解为：The news was that he told me.）
2．定语从句与并列句和简单句的区别。区别的关键是看标点和连词。
Our class has sixty students，most of whom study hard.（逗号后为另一句子，两个句子之间要用连接词whom，此为定语从句）
Our class has sixty students，and most of them study hard.（逗号后为另一句子，且已经有并列连词and，故用them即可，此为并列句）
Our class has sixty students.Most of them study hard.（此处为句号，代表两个独立的简单句，故不需要连词）
3．定语从句与状语从句的区别。定语从句前面必有先行词，而时间状语从句和地点状语从句则是作整个句子的状语，前面没有先行词。
Do you know the time when he will come back？（定语从句，前面有先行词time）
I will go shopping when he comes back.（时间状语从句，表示主句动作发生的时间，前面没有先行词）
Put the book where it belongs.（地点状语从句，指的是“放书”的地点，前面无先行词，因此不能用in which）
Put the book in the place where it belongs.（定语从句，前面有先行词place）
4．定语从句与强调句的区别。当it is /was后出现表示地点或是时间的名词时，其后所接从句是定语从句还是强调结构，要看将it is/was和that（可以先假设）去掉之后句式是否完整（不缺少成分），完整则为强调句。
It was Sunday when he came back.（定语从句）
It was on Sunday that he came back.（强调句式，强调的是时间状语on Sunday，去掉It was和that后句式完整）考点七 几种特殊情况
1．当先行词为way，意为“方法、方式”，且在定语从句中作主语、宾语时，可用关系代词which或that；作状语时，要用in which 或that或不填任何关系词。
The way（that/in which）he finished the task successfully was difficult to understand.（作状语）
The way that/which he explained to me was not difficult to understand.（作宾语）
2．当先行词为case，stage，position，point，situation等表示抽象地点的名词，且在定语从句中作状语时，要用where 来引导，occasion表时间时，用when引导定语从句；表地点，译为“场合”时，用where引导定语从句。
We'll see a case where soft music can help to cure people.
3．当先行词为time时，若表示“一段时间”，后面定语从句用when引导，也可用at/during which；若表示“次数”，后面定语从句用that引导，that可以省略。
This is the second time（that）the President has visited our country.
There was a time when we had no TV sets.
1．（2012·全国高考Ⅱ）That evening，______ I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.
A．that B．which
C．what
D．when
2．（2012·北京高考）When deeply absorbed in work，______ he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping. A．that
B．which
C．where
D．when
3．（2012·天津高考）I wish to thank Professor Smith，without ______ help I would never have got this far.
A．who
B．whose
C．whom
D．which
4．（2012·重庆高考）Sales director is a position ______ communication ability is just as important as sales skills.
A．which
B．that
C．when
D．where
5．（2012·山东高考）Maria has written two novels, both of ______ have been made into television series.
A．them
B．that
C．which
D．what
6．（2012·安徽高考）A lot of language learning，______has been discovered，is happening in the first year of life，so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
A．as
B．it
C．which
D．this
7．（2012·福建高考）The air quality in the city，______ is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months.
A．that
B．it
C．as
D．what
8．（2012·四川高考）In our class there are 46 students，______ half wear glasses.
A．in whom
B．in them
C．of whom
D．of them
9．（2012·浙江高考）We live in an age ______ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
A．why
B．when
C．to whom
D．on which
10．（2012·浙江高考）Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature，______，for some reason，had withdrawn from all human society.
A．which
B．who
C．where
D．whom
11．（2012·江苏高考）After the flooding，people were suffering in that area，______ urgently needed clean water，medicine and shelter to survive.
A．which
B．who
C．where
D．what12．（2012·湖南高考）Care of the soul is a gradual process ______ even the small details of life should be considered.
A．what
B．in what
C．which
D．in which
13．（2012·江西高考）By 16：30，______ was almost closing time，nearly all the paintings had been sold.
A．which B．
B．when
C．what
D．that
14．（2012·陕西高考）It is the third time that she has won the race，______ has surprised us all.
A．that
B．where
C．which
D．what
15．（2011·江苏高考）Between the two parts of the concert is an interval，______ the audience can buy icecream.
A．when
B．where
C．that
D．which
16．（2011·山东高考）The old town has narrow streets and small houses ______ are built close to each other.
A．they
B．where
C．what
D．that
17．（2011·安徽高考）Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator，______ it will keep for two or three weeks.
A．when
B．which
C．where
D．while
18．（2011·天津高考）The days are gone ______ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
A．when
B．that
C．where
D．which
19．（2011·浙江高考）English is a language shared by several diverse cultures，each of ______ uses it somewhat differently.
A．which
B．what
C．them
D．those
20．（2011·浙江高考）A bank is the place ______ they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.
A．when
B．that
C．where
D．there
21．（2011·福建高考）She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ______ allows them to communicate freely with each other.
A．which
B．where
C．what
D．who
22．（2011·全国高考Ⅱ）Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a Tshirt，______ is a stupid thing to do in such weather.
A．this
B．that
C．what
D．which
23．（2011·湖南高考）Julie was good at German，French and Russian，all of ______ she spoke fluently.
A．who
B．whom
C．which
D．that
24．（2011·全国高考Ⅰ）The prize will go to the writer ______ story shows the most imagination.
A．that
B．which
C．whose
D．what
25．（2011·上海高考）You'll find taxis waiting at the bus station ______ you can hire to reach your host family.
A．which
B．where
C．when
D．as
26．（2011·四川高考）The school shop，______ customers are mainly students，is closed for the
holidays.
A．which
B．whose
C．when
D．where
27．（2011·江西高考）She showed the visitors around the museum，the construction ______ had taken more than three years.
A．for which
B．with which
C．of which
D．to which
28．（2011·陕西高考）I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends，______ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.
A．which
B．where
C．who
D．that
29．（2011·北京高考）Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others，______，of course，made all the others upset.
A．who
B．which
C．what
D．that30．（2016·安徽黄山七校联考）Most of us will eventually find ourselves in a situation ______ we or someone else need help.
A．who
B．which
C．that
D．where
31．（2016·北京海淀区模拟）Mo Yan became the first Chinese Nobel Prize winner in literature，______ left school to make a living at the age of 12.
A．as
B．which
C．that
D．who
32．（2016·辽宁鞍山模拟）QQ，______ you can chat with your friends，makes communication easy.
A．as
B．which
C．that
D．where
33．（2016·福建四地六校联考）A man hurried in and asked，“Is there a hospital around ______ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand？”
A．what
B．which
C．that
D．where
34．（2016·浙江宁波期中）The beautiful mountain village ______ we spent our holiday last year is located in ______ is now part of Guangxi.
A．which；where
B．where；what
C．that；what
D．when；which
35．（2016·北京东城区第二次联考）The old man，______ money is no problem，still leads a simple life.
A．for whose
B．of whose
C．of whom
D．for whom
36．（2016·安徽芜湖模拟）Living in the eastern part of the city has its problems，______shopping is not the least.
A．with which
B．of which
C．for which
D．which
1．B 由空前的“，”可知该定语从句不能用that来引导，排除A项；what不能引导定语从句，排除C项；从句中的about 缺少宾语，因此排除不能作宾语的when，而which可以在从句中作宾语且可以引导非限制性定语从句，故选B项。
2．B which引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作表语，代替整个主句的内容。句意：通常情况下，当他沉浸在工作中时，他会忘了吃饭和睡觉。
3．B 句意：我想感谢史密斯教授，没有他的帮助，我不可能取得这么大的成就。whose引导的定语从句修饰Professor Smith，whose在从句中作定语修饰help。
4．D “______communication ability is just as important as sales skills”在句中作定语，修饰先行词a position，先行词在定语从句中作状语，相当于in which，故where符合题意。句意：销售总监是一个交际能力和销售技巧同等重要的职位。故选D项。
5．C 先行词为two novels, 所以介词之后需要选用关系代词which。句意：玛利亚写了两本小说，都拍摄成了电视连续剧。故选C项。
6．A as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句，代表整个主句或者主句的部分内容。as意为“正如，正像”，位置比较灵活，位于主句的前面、中间或者主句的后面都可以；which意为“这件事”，一般位于主句的后面。句意：正如被发现的一样，大量的语言学习发生在生命的头一年，因此在那个阶段父母应该多和孩子交流。由句意可知，A项符合题意。
7．C 由空前的“，”可知该定语从句不能用that引导；it和what不能引导定语从句；只有as可以引导非限制性定语从句，此处的as代替的是“The air quality in the city has improved over the past two months.”。
8．C 句意：我们班共有46名学生，其中一半的学生戴眼镜。先行词是students，“一半的学生”应表达为half of the students，在介词之后关系代词应为whom。故C项正确。
9．B 句意：我们生活在一个比以往更容易获得更多信息的时代。when引导的定语从句修饰an age。
10．B 分析句子结构可知，从句缺少的是主语，排除C项和D项；根据句意可知，定语从句修饰的是a painter，所以用who来引导。
11．B 根据句意判断，需要纯净水、药品和帐篷的是“人”，所以该定语从句修饰的先行词是people，故选用who引导该定语从句并在从句中作主语。
12．D 句意：关爱心灵是一个逐渐的过程，在此过程中我们应当考虑到生活中一些小的细节。先行词为process，在定语从句中作状语，故用“介词＋关系代词（in which）”来引导定语从句。
13．A 分析句子结构可知，nearly all the paintings had been sold是主句，which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰前面的时间，which在从句中作主语。
14．C which引导非限制性定语从句，代指前面整个句子的内容。句意：这是她第三次在比赛中获胜，这使得我们都很吃惊。
15．A 句意：音乐会的两部分中间有幕间休息时间，在这段时间里观众可以去买冰激凌。when引导的定语从句修饰an interval，when在从句中作时间状语。
16．D 句意：这座古镇拥有窄巷小舍，它们彼此紧邻。定语从句中缺少主语，故用关系代词that。they是代词，不能引导从句；where是关系副词，在从句中充当地点状语；what引导名词性从句，不引导定语从句。
17．C 句意：不管剩下什么食物，都可以放到冰箱里，在冰箱里食品可以保持二到三周不坏。分析题干可知，先行词是refrigerator，其后的定语从句中，主语是it，谓语动词keep“保持”，是不及物动词，不接宾语，所以定语从句中缺少地点状语in the refrigerator，故用where引导该定语从句。
18．A when引导定语从句时，其先行词为表示时间的词；that和which引导定语从句时，需要在定语从句中作主语或宾语，而该空后的从句不缺少这样的成分；where引导定语从句时，其先行词为表示地点的词。由本句的先行词The days可知本句的引导词应为when。句意：你完全需要体力来谋生的日子一去不复返了。故选A项。
19．A 句意：英语是不同文化所共用的语言，只是每种文化在使用程度上是不同的。介词之后的关系代词要根据先行词确定，本句的先行词为several diverse cultures，选用which，故选A项。如选C项，则应在each前加and。
20．C 从句不缺主语、宾语和表语，故选用关系副词在句中作状语；先行词为the place，因此用关系副词where。
21．A which引导定语从句时，在从句中作主语或宾语；where引导定语从句时，在从句中作状语；what不能引导定语从句，其前不能有先行词；who引导定语从句时，其先行词应是表示人的单词。由于空后的从句缺少主语，所以排除B项，可以考虑A项；由句子中的先行词an atmosphere可以排除C项和D项。句意：她有为学生创造氛围的天赋，这种氛围使得学生们彼此能够自由地交流。故选A项。
22．D 分析句子结构可知，该句为定语从句，首先排除A项和C项；根据“，”可知，该句为非限制性定语从句，that一般不用于引导非限制性定语从句，故排除B项。该从句应用which引导，which在从句中作主语，代指前面整句话的内容。
23．C 先行词是物，而不是人，所以先排除A项与B项。which可以引导非限制性定语从句，而that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。句意：朱莉擅长德语、法语和俄语。她能流利地说这三种语言。故选C项。
24．C 该题writer后面为定语从句，从句中需要定语，所以答案为C项。句意：奖项将颁给故事最有想象力的作家。
25．A 分析句子结构可知，which在此处引导定语从句，修饰taxis，which在定语从句中作hire的宾语。where和when只能作状语，故排除；as引导定语从句时，常用于一些特殊结构中。
26．B 先行词shop在从句中作customers的定语。which不能在定语从句中作定语，when和where在从句中作状语。故选B项。
27．C 句意：她带领游客参观了这家博物馆。这家博物馆的建设历经三年多才完工。定语从句中whose＋名词＝of which＋the＋名词/the＋名词＋of which，由此可知答案为C项。
28．B 逗号后面的从句结构完整，不缺少主语和宾语，因此只能从状语的角度考虑；在四个选项中，只有where能在定语从句中作地点状语，where引导的定语从句修饰先行词the top of the hill。
29．B of course 为插入语，which代指前面整个句子的内容，在从句中作made的主语。句意：玛丽对待杰克要比她对待其他人好得多，当然，这让其他的所有人很不舒服。who不指代整个句子的内容，what不引导定语从句，that不引导非限制性定语从句，故选B项。
30．D 句意：我们大多数会最终发现自己置身于这样一种处境，我们或是别人需要帮助。先行词为situation，在从句中作状语，故用关系副词where。
31．D 句意：莫言成为中国获得诺贝尔文学奖的第一人，他12岁就辍学开始自谋生计了。先行词为人，且在从句中作主语，故要用who。
32．D 句意：你可以与你朋友在QQ上聊天，这使得沟通很方便。先行词QQ在从句中作状语，故要选择关系副词where。
33． D a hospital是先行词，where引导定语从句，并在从句中作状语。
34．B 第一个空为定语从句关系词，先词为village且在从句中作地点状语，故要用关系副词where。第二个空为宾语从句，且从句中缺少主语，故要用what。
35．D 可以把定语从句部分变化成“Money is no problem for the old man”，这样便不难看出用介词for＋关系代词whom（指代John）来引导定语从句。
36．B 句意：生活在这个城市的东部地区有它自己的一些问题，其中购物是最大的问题。先行词为problems，从句为shopping is not the least of the problems，故此处要用介词of。