语法专题二 动词的时态和语态
动词的时态分为三时四体。三时指现在、过去和将来;四体指一般、进行、完成和完成进行。常考时态为一般过去时、一般现在时、一般将来时、过去进行时、现在进行时、将来进行时、过去完成时、现在完成时和将来完成时等。动词的语态分为两种:主动语态和被动语态。
考点一 一般现在时
1.表示一个习惯性、经常性、现在反复出现的动作或状态。
He always comes first.
2.表示永恒的状态或真理。
The moon moves around the sun once every month.
3.在时间、条件、让步状语从句中,如果主句中的动词用一般将来时,从句中的动词通常用一般现在时,而不用将来时态。
We'll stay at home if it rains.
4.动词go,come,start,begin,leave,arrive,return,be等的一般现在时,可用来代替将来时,表示事先已计划或安排好的将要发生的动作或状态。
The live football match starts at 9 o'clock this evening.
5.时间表、时刻表、日程表、节目单、课程表等按规定将要发生的动作,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
The train leaves at 8 o'clock.
考点二 一般将来时
1.be going to表示说话者明确的打算或确信会发生,多用于口语。
1)表示现在打算或计划将来要做的事。
I'm going to buy a new bike.
2)表示根据某种迹象认为在最近或将来要发生的事。
It looks as if it is going to rain.
2.be to表示安排好要发生或命令做什么。
1)表示预先安排好的计划或约定。
I am to meet Tom this evening.
2)表示说话人的意志、意图、职责、义务、命令。
We are to take care of the children.
3)表示注定要发生的事情。
Her plan is to be a failure.
3.be about to 表示一个眼下就要发生的动作,不与具体的时间状语连用,可与when引导的时间状语从句连用。
They were about to leave when their parents came.
4.will 多表示说话时才做出的决定。be going to 表示事先经过考虑或做好安排的将来。
—You have left the light on.
—Oh,so I have.I will go and turn it off.
考点三 现在进行时
1.go,come,leave,arrive,return,stop,start,begin等动词的现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。
I am meeting my teacher tonight.
2.与always,constantly,forever,continually,all the time等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩,表示不满、抱怨或者赞赏等感情色彩。
Tom is always coming late.
3.下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。
1)表示心理状态、情感的动词:like,love,hate,care,remember,believe,want,mind,wish,agree,mean,need等。
2)表存在的状态的动词:appear,exist,lie,remain,seem,belong to,depend on等。
3)表示短暂性、一次性动作的动词:allow,accept,permit,promise,admit,complete等。
4)感官动词:see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look等。
考点四 过去完成时
1.表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已发生的动作,也可以表示从过去某一时间开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去的另一时间,即“过去的过去”。
When Jack arrived,Mary had been out for almost an hour.
2.表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词的过去式接不定式完成式表示,即:hoped/planned...+to have done。
I had hoped to send him a Christmas card,but I forgot to do so.
考点五 现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时是由“have/has been+现在分词”构成,用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在(还要继续下去)的动作,它具备“未完性、暂时性、感情色彩”等特点。
He has been teaching in our school for 5 years.(强调动作现在还在进行)
It has been raining for 2 days.(表达说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩)
考点六 几组时态的区别
1.一般过去时与现在完成时。
时间上有差异:凡有过去时间的均用过去时态,不能用完成时态,如含有ago,last year,just now,the other day等。
结果上有差异:现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果,动作到现在刚完成或还在继续;一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”,和现在毫无关系。
I came to Beijing last year,and have been here since then.
2.一般过去时与过去完成时。
这两个时态都和现在没有关系,都表示过去的动作。但一般过去时只涉及一个纯过去的动作;而过去完成时指的是相对于过去的某一特定时间,更早发生的动作,发生在“过去的过去”,即过去完成时至少涉及两个过去的动作。
When I got to the party,many of them had left for home.
3.一般过去时与过去进行时。
尽管二者所表示的动作都发生在过去,但一般过去时着重强调过去的动作,表示已经结束。而过去进行时仅表示过去某一点时间上,一个动作正在进行,有什么样的结果不得而知。
He wrote three letters last night.(表示他写了三封信,暗指都已写完。)
He was writing a letter at 9:00 last night.(表示当时他在写信,后来是否写完就未知了。)
4.现在完成时与现在完成进行时。
1)现在完成时强调的是动作已完成,着重结果;现在完成进行时是持续了一段时间的动作,这个动作仍在继续,强调动作的持续性。
I have painted my new house.(强调已完成)
I have been painting my new house.(强调动作还在继续)
2)现在完成进行时可以表示动作的反复,现在完成时一般不表示反复性。
Have you been meeting our teacher these days?(强调动作的反复)
Have you met our teacher recently?(强调结果)
考点七 固定结构中的时态
1.hardly/scarcely...when...,no sooner...than...句型中,主句中用过去完成时,从句中用一般过去时。
No sooner had he rushed out than the house fell down.
2.since,in the last/past+一段时间,so far,recently常与现在完成时搭配。
Great changes have taken place in the last few years.
3.This/That/It is/was the first/second...time+that从句,若主句中为is,则从句时态用现在完成时,若为was,则从句时态用过去完成时。
It was the second time that I had visited Shanghai.
4.“by+时间状语”要与完成时搭配使用。
You will have learned about 3,000 words by the next month.
考点八 主动语态表示被动意义
1.表示状态特征的系动词,如look,sound,feel,smell,taste,prove,appear等构成的系表结构。
The soup smells good but tastes terrible.
2.表示主语某种属性、特征的动词,如read,write,sell,wash,clean,wear,shut,dry等。
This kind of material washes easily.
3.表示开始、结束、运动的动词,如begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,run等。
The shop closes at 6 p.m.every day.
考点九 动词的被动语态
被动语态说明主语和谓语之间的关系。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,也就是动作的对象,所以只有及物动词和及物动词短语才有被动语态。被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。
In some parts of the world,tea is served with milk and sugar.
1.“be+过去分词+不定式”构成的被动结构。
He is reported to have broken a world record.
2.“It+be+过去分词+从句”式的被动结构。
It's said that they have discovered a new star. 3.“get+done”构成的被动结构。
get married 结婚;get hurt受伤;get lost迷路;get caught/stuck/trapped被困
1.(2012·课标全国高考)“Life is like walking in the snow,”Granny used to say,“because every step ______.”
A.has shown B.is showing
C.shows
D.showed
2.(2012·课标全国高考)I had been working on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers ______ before my eyes.
A.swim
B.swum
C.swam
D.had swum
3.(2012·全国高考Ⅱ)—Did you ask Sophia for help?
—I ______ need to—I managed perfectly well on my own.
A.wouldn't
B.don't
C.didn't
D.won't
4.(2012·全国高考Ⅱ)The manager ______ the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.
A.has told
B.is telling
C.has been telling
D.will have told
5.(2012·北京高考)By the time you have finished this book,your meal ______ cold.
A.gets
B.has got
C.will get
D.is getting
6.(2012·北京高考)George said that he would come to school to see me the next day,but he ______.
A.wouldn't
B.didn't
C.hasn't
D.hadn't
7.(2012·北京高考)— Have you heard about that fire in the market?
— Yes,fortunately no one ______.
A.hurt
B.was hurt
C.has hurt
D.had been hurt
8.(2012·北京高考)Our friendship ______ quickly over the weeks that followed.
A.had developed
B.was developing
C.would develop
D.developed
9.(2012·天津高考)The letters for the boss ______ on his desk but he didn't read them until three days later.
A.were put
B.was put
C.put
D.has put10.(2012·天津高考)The three of us ______ around Europe for about a month last summer.
A.travelled
B.have travelled
C.had travelled
D.travel
11.(2012·上海高考)Is honesty the best policy?We ______ that it is when we are little.
A.will teach
B.teach
C.are taught
D.will be taught
12.(2012·上海高考)—I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car.
—I know.By next month,he ______ enough for a used one.
A.will have saved
B.will be saving
C.has saved
D.saves
13.(2012·重庆高考)— Kevin,you look worried.Anything wrong?
— Well,I ______ a test and I'm waiting for the result.
A.will take
B.took
C.had taken
D.take
14.(2012·浙江高考)—Alvin,are you coming with us?
—I'd love to,but something unexpected ______.
A.has come up
B.was coming up
C.had come up
D.would come up
15.(2012·安徽高考)In order to find the missing child,villagers ______ all they can over the past five hours.
A.did
B.do
C.had done
D.have been doing
16.(2012·安徽高考)Walmart,which is one of the largest American supermarket chains,______ some of its stores open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays.
A.keeps
B.keep
C.have kept
D.had kept
17.(2012·安徽高考)After school we went to the readingroom to do some reading,only to be told that it ______.
A.was decorated
B.had decorated
C.had been decorating
D.was being decorated
18.(2012·福建高考)—When did the computer crash?
—This morning,while I ______ the reading materials downloaded from some websites.
A.have sorted
B.was sorting
C.am sorting
D.had sorted
19.(2012·湖南高考)Don't worry.The hard work that you do now ______ later in life.
A.will be repaid
B.was being repaid
C.has been repaid
D.was repaid
20.(2012·湖南高考)Close the door of fear behind you,and you ______ the door of faith open before you.
A.saw
B.have seen
C.will see
D.are seeing
21.(2012·湖南高考)“The moment ______ soon,”he thought to himself,waiting nervously.
A.came
B.has comeC.was coming
D.is coming
22.(2012·江苏高考)The manager is said to have arrived back from Paris where he ______ some European business partners.
A.would meet
B.is meetingC.meets
D.had met
23.(2012·湖南高考)—I remember you were a talented pianist at college.Can you play the piano for me?
—Sorry,I ______ the piano for years.
A.don't play
B.wasn't playing
C.haven't played
D.hadn't played
24.(2012·江苏高考)The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he ______.
A.has started
B.starts
C.started
D.will start
25.(2012·江西高考)—Look!Somebody ______ the sofa.
—Well,it wasn't me.I didn't do it.
A.is cleaning
B.was cleaning
C.has cleaned
D.had cleaned
26.(2012·辽宁高考)I feel so excited!At this time tomorrow morning I ______ to Shanghai.
A.will be flying
B.will fly
C.have been flying
D.have flown
27.(2012·辽宁高考)Mum,I was wondering if you could lend me a few dollars until I ______ on Friday.
A.get paid
B.got paid
C.have paid
D.had been paid
28.(2012·山东高考)After Jack had sent some emails, he ______ working on his project.
A.had started
B.has started
C.started
D.starts
29.(2012·山东高考)The manager was concerned to hear that two of his trusted workers ______.
A.will leave
B.are leaving
C.have left
D.were leaving
30.(2012·陕西高考)—Can I call you back at two o'clock this afternoon?
—I'm sorry,but by then I ______ to Beijing.How about five?
A.fly
B.will fly
C.will be flying
D.am flying
31.(2012·四川高考)—Did you catch what I said?
—Sorry.I ______a text message just now.
A.had answered
B.have answered
C.would answer
D.was answering
32.(2012·四川高考)They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house______.
A.is being rebuilt
B.has been rebuilt
C.is rebuilt
D.has rebuilt
33.(2012·浙江高考)Peter had intended to take a job in business,but ______ that plan after the unpleasant experience in Canada in 2010.
A.had abandoned
B.abandonedC.abandon
D.will abandon
34.(2011·课标全国高考)Planning so far ahead ______ no sense—so many things will have changed by next year.
A.made
B.is making
C.makes
D.has made
35.(2011·全国高考Ⅱ)If you don't like the drink you ______,just leave it and try a different one.
A.ordered
B.are ordering
C.will order
D.had ordered
36.(2011·北京高考)Experiments of this kind ______ in both the U.S.and Europe well before the Second World War.
A.have conducted
B.have been conducted
C.had conducted
D.had been conducted
37.(2016·东北三省第一次大联考)We ______ English for six years,and we'll spend three more years on it in college.
A.study
B.are studying
C.have been studying
D.will study
38.(2016·安徽皖南八校第二次联考)The young man,who by then ______ admission to Peking University,determined to do some parttime jobs to gain more practical skills.
A.gained
B.was gaining
C.has gained
D.had gained
39.(2016·山西第二次四校联考)—What's your impression of our country,Lucy?
—Honestly speaking,it's really different from what I ______.
A.am expecting
B.would expect
C.expected
D.had expected
40.(2016·昆明摸底调研)This kind of ice cream ______ like a combination of banana and strawberry.
A.tasted
B.is tasted
C.being tasted
D.tastes
41.(2016·北京东城区示范校综合练习一)The police has been ordered to find out where the thief ______.
A.hides
B.was hiding
C.was hidden
D.is hidden
1.C show意为“显示,显现”,此处祖母说的是一个客观事实,所以应用一般现在时。句意:祖母过去常说“人生就像在雪中行走一样,因为每一步都会留下痕迹”。
2.C 前一个分句用了过去完成进行时,是相对于另一过去情况而言的,所以后一个分句应选一般过去时态。
3.C 由问句的时态标志Did可知答语的时态也应该用过去的时态,即I didn't need to。句意:——你向索菲亚求助了吗?——我没有必要——我自己设法完成得很好。故选C项。
4.C 由句子的时间状语since 9 am可知本句应用现在完成时或现在完成进行时,故排除B项和D项;现在完成时侧重过去的动作对现在造成的影响和结果,而现在完成进行时则侧重做一件事情的过程,意为“一直在……”。句意:自从上午9点,经理就一直在跟工人们讲如何改进这个项目。故选C项。
5.C 句意:到你看完这本书的时候,你的饭也就凉了。时间状语从句为现在完成时代替将来完成时,故主句用一般将来时。
6.B 句意:乔治说第二天他要来学校看我,但他没有来。根据语境可知动作发生在过去,故选B项陈述过去事实。
7.B 句意:——你听说市场上发生的大火了吗?——听说了。幸运的是,没有人受伤。根据句意可知动作发生在过去且hurt是及物动词,与主语存在逻辑上的动宾关系,故用一般过去时的被动语态。
8.D 句意:在接下来的几周里,我们的友谊进展迅速。根据followed可知动作发生在过去,不表示将来或完成,故选D项。
9.A but连接两个并列的分句,根据but后面的句子可知,此处应用一般过去时;句子的主语letters与put存在被动关系,所以用被动语态,且因letters为复数,故用复数形式were。
10.A 根据时间状语last summer可知,此处用一般过去时。受for about a month的影响,该题容易误选C项,但注意:过去的某个时间段内发生的动作通常用一般过去时。
11.C 句意:诚实是上策吗?我们小的时候人们就教育我们是这样的。语境提到when we are little,因此这里是对事物的一般性描述,用一般现在时的被动语态。
12.A 句意:——我听说贾森计划要买车了。——我知道。等到下个月,他就攒够了钱,可以买一辆二手车了。本题的关键词为By next month,这里动词save是延续到将来某个时候的动作,应该用将来完成时。
13.B 由第二句中 “I'm waiting for the result”可知,考试已经结束,故用一般过去时。句意:——凯文,你看起来很忧虑,有什么事吗?——哦,我考了一次试,现在正在等结果。故选B项。
14.A 问句用现在进行时表示将来的动作“你会和我们一起来吗”,答语为“我很想(和你们一起去),但意外的事情发生了”。 显然应用现在完成时表示“已经发生”。
15.D 句意:为了找到走失的孩子,村民们在过去的五个小时里一直在尽全力寻找。由时间状语over the past five hours可知,句子要用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。故只有D项符合题意。
16.A 句意:沃尔玛,美国最大的连锁超市之一,让它的一些分店从周一到周六,一天24小时营业。由句意可知,要用一般现在时态;Walmart作主语,谓语要用单数,根据句意可知,讲的是一般情况,应用一般现在时。故只有A项正确。
17.D 句意:放学后我们去阅览室读书,结果被告知阅览室正在装修。由句意可知,阅览室正在被装修;由主句的时态可知,这件事发生在过去,所以要用过去进行时。故只有D项正确。
18.B 第一句的时态是一般过去时,由此可知该空的时态应该是过去的时态,排除A项和C项;由于“将下载的阅读材料分类”的动作不可能发生在the computer crashed之前,所以本句的时态不能是过去完成时,排除D项。故答案为B项。
19.A 句意:不要担心,你现在的努力工作在以后的生活中会有回报的。根据later in life可知,此处要用一般将来时,且主语the hard work与repay之间为被动关系,故A项正确。
20.C 此处为“祈使句+and/or+一般将来时”的结构。句意:关上恐惧之门后,你就会看到信心之门在你面前打开。故C项正确。
21.D 句意:“这个时刻很快就要来临了,”他紧张地等待着,暗自思考。虽然本句用了一般过去时,但引号内的话是他当时的感受,是采用直接引语的形式,故要用一般将来时。
22.D 分析句意可知,经理已从巴黎回来了,遇到一些欧洲的生意合作伙伴是回来之前的事情,所以应用过去完成时表示“过去的过去”。
23.C 句意:——我记得你上大学时是位天才钢琴家,你能为我弹一下钢琴吗?——很抱歉,我已经多年没弹过了。根据答语可以看出,此处指近几年到现在一直没弹过钢琴,故用现在完成时。
24.C 根据句意判断“开始当总统”是过去的事情,所以应用一般过去时。
25.C 根据“Look!”一词可判断,此处强调现在的结果是“有人把沙发清理干净了”,所以用现在完成时。
26.A 句意:我感觉如此兴奋!明天早上这个时候我就会飞往上海了。根据句意可知此处表示将来的动作,故排除C、D两项。又根据前面的At this time tomorrow morning可知此处指将来的某个时刻正在发生的事情,故用将来进行时。
27.A 句意:妈妈,我一直在想你能否借给我几美元,周五发工资我就还你。根据on Friday可知此处表示将来的时间,故排除B项和D项,又根据get paid“得到报酬”为固定形式,故A项正确。
28.C 句意:杰克发送了一些邮件后,开始忙自己的项目。根据从句中的had sent可以判断使用过去时态,结合句意不难看出动作有先后,即先发送邮件,再开始忙自己的事情,因此主句应选用过去时态。
29.D 句意:听到他的两个信任的工人要离开的消息,这个经理很担心。根据句中的was concerned可以判断使用过去时态。在英语中一些终止性动词,如come, go, leave, arrive等常用进行时态表示将来的含义。故选D项。
30.C 根据Can I call you back及by then可知动作发生在将来,且根据“I'm sorry”可知动作是正在进行的,故用将来进行时。句意:——我今天下午两点给你回电话可以吗?——对不起,到那时我正在飞往北京的路上。五点怎么样?
31.D 由问句“你听到我说的话了吗”可知是过去的动作;答语为“对不起。我刚才在回一条短信息”。故用过去进行时。
32.A 房子和重建为被动关系,由句意可知应用现在进行时的被动形式,表示“正在被重建”。句意:目前他们和父母住在一起,因为他们自己的房子正在重建。故选A项。
33.B 分析句意可知,but后面陈述的是一个过去的事实,所以用一般过去时。
34.C 句意:提前这么长时间筹划没有意义,很多事情到明年都会变化的。根据语境判断应用一般现在时,表示现在做计划尚早。
35.A 句意:如果你不喜欢你点的饮料就别喝,你可以试试别的。根据语境,“点饮料”的动作应发生在过去,因此使用一般过去时。注意因没有构成“过去的过去”,不能误选过去完成时。
36.D 由before the Second World War可知,前面应用过去完成时态,experiments与conduct之间是被动关系,故用过去完成时的被动语态。
37.C 从for six years可知,已经学习了六年英语了,而且从后面的we'll spend three more years可知,现在还在学习英语,而且以后还要学,故用现在完成进行时。
38.D 根据determined和by then可知,gain admission动作发生在determined之前,又根据by then可知,用过去完成时,表示在决定做兼职工作之前已经被北京大学录取。
39.C 这句话的意思是“它确实跟我预料的有所不同”,expect是过去的动作,故用一般过去时态。
40.D 句意:这种冰淇淋有香蕉和草莓混在一起的味道。taste是不及物动词,说明ice cream的特点,故用一般现在时。
41.D 句意:警察接到命令必须弄清楚小偷藏在哪里。从has been ordered可知,这里的含义是“小偷现在藏在哪里”,是指现在的状态,故选D项。
2016届高考英语二轮专题复习提升精选短文改错32
2016届高考英语二轮专题复习提升精选短文改错15
2016届高考英语二轮专题复习提升精选短文改错4
2016届高考英语二轮专题复习提升精选短文改错10
山东省高密市第三中学2016届高三(创新班)政治一轮复习学案:必修一第一课《神奇的货币》(课时2)(人教版)
2016届高考英语一轮复习课件:第三部分 写作技能培优 第5讲 完美衔接过渡,编织流畅作文(牛津译林版)
2016届高考英语二轮专题复习提升精选短文改错30
2016届高考英语二轮专题复习提升精选短文改错8
2016届高考英语二轮专题复习提升精选短文改错2
2016届高考英语一轮复习课件:第三部分 写作技能培优 第7讲 精研提纲材料,轻松驾驭提纲作文(牛津译林版)