2016届高考英语一轮复习 语法专题 非谓语动词 外研版-查字典英语网
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2016届高考英语一轮复习 语法专题 非谓语动词 外研版

发布时间:2017-01-04  编辑:查字典英语网小编

  语法专题三 非谓语动词

  在句中充当除谓语以外句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式(作主语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和表语)、动名词(作主语、表语、宾语和定语)和分词(作定语、补足语、状语和表语),分词包括现在分词和过去分词。从时间关系上看,不定式表将来,现在分词表进行,过去分词表完成,同时注意不定式和现在分词的完成式也表完成(尤其是表示有明显的先后关系的完成);从主动与被动来看,不定式和现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动,同时注意不定式和现在分词的被动式也表被动(不定式的被动式在表被动的同时还兼表将来,现在分词的被动式表被动的同时还兼表进行)。

  考点一 非谓语动词的时态和语态的基本用法

  1.不定式、现在分词或动名词的动作若发生在谓语动词的动作之前,就用完成式,否则,用一般式。不定式、现在分词或动名词与其逻辑主语若是主动关系,就用主动式,否则,用被动式。要注意此处的完成式并不等同于谓语动词的现在完成时,相对于现在已经完成,它只强调动作的先后关系。

  They worked day and night,sending supplies to the flooded areas.(虽然send动作已经完成,但相对于work来说却是同时的,不是发生在它之前)

  Not having received the call,Tom returned home.(显然是先未接到电话,然后又回家,有明显的先后关系)

  2.being done所表示的时间概念并非全是正在进行,要分清是现在分词还是动名词。

  Being exposed to the sun for so long will do harm to our skin.(只强调动作是被动,为动名词作主语,并不表示动作正在进行)

  The problem being discussed is very important.(强调被动、进行,此处是现在分词,表示动作正在进行)

  3.判断语态时学会找非谓语的逻辑主语:作定语时,被修饰的词是其逻辑主语;作状语时,句子的主语是其逻辑主语;作补语时,句子的宾语或主语是其逻辑主语。若是系动词则一定用主动式,或是非谓语形式后面接宾语也多为主动式。

  The teacher came in,following our monitor.

  考点二 分词与不定式作状语的区别

  1.作目的状语和结果状语的通常是不定式,分词一般作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语和伴随状语。

  不定式放句首作状语,只表目的;作结果状语时表示出乎意料的、令人不愉快的结果。而现在分词不能表示目的,作结果状语时也表示伴随谓语动词动作的发生而产生的自然结果(同时发生),有时在前面加上thus,谓语动词与现在分词是因果关系。

  To catch the train,he got up early.But he reached the station only to be told that the train was delayed.

  2.要注意非谓语动词的逻辑主语为句子的主语。因此要注意主语前后一致。

  To improve English,his father bought him many books.(× )(improve的逻辑主语为he,而不是his father)

  Walking in the street,a car knocked the boy down.(×)(walk的逻辑主语为the boy,而不是a car)

  3.不定式可以跟在表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”的形容词后面作原因状语或用于too...to do sth.,so...as to do sth.,enough...to do sth.等结构中作结果状语。I am happy to meet you here.

  The boy is old enough to go to school.

  4.独立成分作状语,其形式不受前后文的影响。considering...(鉴于/考虑到……);generally speaking(总的来说);judging by/from...(从……来看,依据……来判断);supposing that...(假定……);providing that...(假定……);owing to...(由于……);talking/speaking of...(谈及……);given...(考虑到……);provided that...(如果……);to tell the truth(实话实说);to be honest(老实说)。

  Generally speaking,it is hot in summer in this area.

  考点三 不定式和分词作补语的区别

  1.表示感觉的动词,可以简单归纳为:一感(feel)二听(hear,listen)三让(let,make,have)四看(see,watch,notice,observe等),其后可以跟不带to的不定式或者分词作宾补。不定式表示动作的全过程,说明某事已发生;用现在分词表示动作正在进行,还未结束。现在分词和宾语之间存在逻辑上的主动关系;用过去分词表示被动和完成,时间性不强。过去分词和宾语之间存在逻辑上的被动关系。

  I saw my mother crying,which made me puzzled.

  2.find,leave(使……处于某种状态),keep(使……保持某种状态)后一般跟分词作补足语,而不跟动词不定式。

  What you said left me thinking.

  3.常用不定式作宾补的词:wish,want,ask,require/request,order,warn,allow/permit,forbid,expect,remind,encourage,inspire,call on,depend on等。

  We depend on you to help us out of trouble.

  考点四 非谓语作定语的区别

  1.不定式作定语。

  不定式作定语常表示该动作尚未发生;被修饰的词为ability,chance,idea,fact,promise,attempt,belief等抽象名词时一般用不定式作定语;

  不定式常用于不定代词或被the first/next/only/last等修饰的名词后作定语;如果作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词有动宾关系,在不及物动词后通常要加上适当的介词。

  He will attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.

  He has become the first to go abroad in our town.

  He wanted to find a place to live in.

  2.动名词作定语。

  动名词作定语表示被修饰词的用途,与被修饰词之间不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。

  A sleeping pill will help you to fall asleep quickly.

  3.现在分词作定语。

  当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时,用v.­ing形式;当为被动关系且表示动作正在进行时用being+过去分词;当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且动作已经完成时,要用过去分词形式,现在分词的完成时不作定语。现在分词作定语一般要求其动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或在说话时该动作正在进行,否则就用定语从句。

  Three days later I received a letter offering me the job.

  The houses being built are for the students.

  4.过去分词作定语。

  过去分词作定语与被修饰词之间存在逻辑上的被动关系,表示动作已完成。及物动词的过去分词作定语表示被动完成,少数不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示完成,不表被动。

  The retired worker was sweeping the fallen leaves on the road.

  考点五 非谓语动词作宾语的区别

  1.通常跟不定式作宾语的词有:afford,agree,want,wish,hope,refuse,manage,ask,offer,promise,pretend,decide,learn,determine,expect,beg,choose,intend,attempt,fail,claim,long(v.),plan,prepare,would like(love),prefer,seek等。

  Don't pretend to be reading.

  2.通常跟动名词作宾语的词有:acknowledge,admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,dislike,enjoy,feel like,finish,imagine,keep,mention,mind,miss,practice,resist,risk,suggest,stand等。

  I'm considering buying a new car.

  3.有些动词的后面可用不定式或动名词作宾语,但是意义有别。这些动词有:forget,remember,regret,mean,stop,try,can't help,go on等。

  Don't forget to call me.(别忘记给我打电话。)

  I forgot meeting you here.(我忘记在这里遇见过你了。)

  4.need,want,deserve,require(表示需要,值得)+动名词表被动意义,相当于用不定式的被动式。

  The man who wanted to steal money deserved punishing.

  5.在like,hate,prefer等动词后,表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作用不定式;表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的行为用动名词。

  I like watching TV,but I don't like to do that this evening because I am too busy.

  考点六 独立主格结构

  独立主格结构是英语中的一个特殊短语结构,它只有逻辑上的主语(名词或代词充当)和谓语(一般用分词、不定式、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语来充当),而没有语法意义上的主语和谓语,主要用于书面语中,在口语中不常用,在句子中起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,表示时间、原因、方式、条件、伴随情况等,用于修饰整个句子。“with+宾语+宾语补足语”也是独立主格结构的一种形式。

  The weather being so fine,we decided to go for an outing.

  With you to help us,we will make much progress.

  考点七 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义

  1.在“be+表示特征、性质的形容词+不定式”结构中;该结构中常用的形容词有:easy,hard,difficult,important,impossible,interesting,pleasant,nice,comfortable,safe,dangerous,cheap,fit,heavy,happy,glad,pleasant,sorry,lucky,surprised,angry,able,right,ready,clever,foolish,quick,slow,polite,wrong等。这类形容词往往说明产生这种特性或情绪的原因。要注意不定式当中动词要用主动式,且是及物动词或是“不及物动词+介词”的形式。

  He is easy to get along with

  2.不定式与疑问词连用时。

  I don't know what to do.

  3.某些动词(如blame/seek/let等)的不定式与be动词连用时。

  He is to blame for the accident.

  考点八 固定句式

  1.It is/was no use/good doing sth.

  2.It is/was of little use/good doing sth.

  3.It is/was not any use/good doing sth.

  4.There is no point in doing sth.

  5.There is no possibility of doing sth.

  It is no good reading such books.

  There is no point in waiting for him.

  1.(2012·课标全国高考)The party will be held in the garden,weather ______.

  A.permitting B.to permit

  C.permitted

  D.permit

  2.(2012·课标全国高考)Film has a much shorter history,especially when ______ such art forms as music and painting.

  A.having compared to

  B.comparing to

  C.compare to

  D.compared to

  3.(2012·上海高考)The club,______ 25 years ago,is holding a party for past and present members.

  A.founded

  B.founding

  C.being founded

  D.to be founded

  4.(2012·全国高考Ⅱ)The old man sat in front of the television every evening,happy ______ anything that happened to be on.

  A.to watch

  B.watching

  C.watched

  D.to have watched

  5.(2012·北京高考)One learns a language by making mistakes and ______ them.

  A.corrects

  B.correct

  C.to correct

  D.correcting

  6.(2012·北京高考)______ with care,one tin will last for six weeks.

  A.Use

  B.Using

  C.Used

  D.To use

  7.(2012·北京高考)Bird's singing is warning to other birds ______ away.

  A.to stay

  B.staying

  C.stayed

  D.stay

  8.(2012·天津高考)He got up late and hurried to his office,______ the breakfast untouched.

  A.left

  B.to leave

  C.leaving

  D.having left

  9.(2012·上海高考)As Jack left his membership card at home,he wasn't allowed ______ into the sports club.

  A.going

  B.to go

  C.go

  D.gone

  10.(2012·上海高考)When Peter speaks in public,he always has trouble ______ the right things to say.

  A.thinking of

  B.to think of

  C.thought of

  D.think of

  11.(2012·全国高考Ⅱ)Tony lent me the money,______ that I'd do as much for him.

  A.hoping

  B.to hope

  C.hoped

  D.having hoped

  12.(2012·上海高考)“Genius” is a complicated concept,______ many different factors.

  A.involved

  B.involving

  C.to involve

  D.being involved

  13.(2012·重庆高考)______ to work overtime that evening,I missed a wonderful film.

  A.Having been asked

  B.To ask

  C.Having asked

  D.To be asked

  14.(2012·重庆高考)We're having a meeting in half an hour.The decision ______ at the meeting will influence the future of our company.

  A.to be made

  B.being made

  C.made

  D.having been made

  15.(2012·安徽高考)I remembered ______ the door before I left the office,but forgot to turn off the lights.

  A.locking

  B.to lock

  C.having locked

  D.to have locked

  16.(2012·安徽高考)When ______for his views about his teaching job,Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding.

  A.asking

  B.asked

  C.having asked

  D.to be asked

  17.(2012·福建高考)China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from ______ in the South China Sea.

  A.attacking

  B.having attacked

  C.being attacked

  D.having been attacked

  18.(2012·福建高考)Pressed from his parents,and ______ that he has wasted too much time,the boy is determined to stop playing video games.

  A.realizing

  B.realized

  C.to realize

  D.being realized

  19.(2012·湖南高考)We've had a good start,but next,more work needs ______ to achieve the final success.

  A.being done

  B.do

  C.to be done

  D.to do

  20.(2012·山东高考)George returned after the war, only ______ that his wife had left him.

  A.to be told

  B.telling

  C.being told

  D.told

  21.(2012·湖南高考)The lecture,______ at 7:00 pm last night,was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes.

  A.starting

  B.being started

  C.to start

  D.to be started

  22.(2012·江苏高考)______ an important decision more on emotion than on reason,you will regret it sooner or later.

  A.Based

  B.Basing

  C.Base

  D.To base

  23.(2012·江西高考)Having finished her project,she was invited by the school ______ to the new students.

  A.speaking

  B.having spoken

  C.to speak

  D.to have spoken

  24.(2012·江西高考)John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter ______ him it.

  A.offered

  B.offering

  C.to offer

  D.to be offered

  25.(2012·辽宁高考)The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog ______ them.

  A.to follow

  B.following

  C.followed

  D.follows

  26.(2012·辽宁高考)This machine is very easy ______.Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.

  A.operating

  B.to be operating

  C.operated

  D.to operate

  27.(2012·湖南高考)Time,______ correctly,is money in the bank.

  A.to use

  B.used

  C.using

  D.use

  28.(2012·山东高考)After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope ______.

  A.providing

  B.provided

  C.having provided

  D.provide

  29.(2012·陕西高考)______ in a long queue,we waited for the store to open to buy a New iPad.

  A.Standing

  B.To stand

  C.Stood

  D.Stand

  30.(2012·陕西高考)If he takes on this work,he will have no choice but ______ an even greater challenge.

  A.meets

  B.meeting

  C.meet

  D.to meet

  31.(2012·四川高考)Tom took a taxi to the airport,only______his plane high up in the sky.

  A.finding

  B.to find

  C.being found

  D.to have found

  32.(2012·浙江高考)“It's such a nice place,”Mother said as she sat at the table______ for customers.

  A.to be reserved

  B.having reserved

  C.reserving

  D.reserved

  33.(2012·四川高考)Before driving into the city,you are required to get your car______.

  A.washed

  B.washC.washing

  D.to wash

  34.(2012·浙江高考)No matter how bright a talker you are,there are times when it's better ______ silent.

  A.remain

  B.be remaining

  C.having remained

  D.to remain

  35.(2012·四川高考)I looked up and noticed a snake______its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.

  A.to wind

  B.wind

  C.winding

  D.wound

  36.(2011·江苏高考)Recently a survey ______ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.

  A.compared

  B.comparing

  C.compares

  D.being compared

  37.(2011·安徽高考)Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier ______ into small pieces.

  A.break

  B.breaking

  C.broken

  D.to break

  38.(2011·浙江高考)Even the best writers sometimes find themselves ______ for words.

  A.lose

  B.lost

  C.to lose

  D.having lost

  39.(2011·浙江高考)Bats are surprisingly long­lived creatures,some ______ a life span of around 20 years.

  A.having

  B.hadC.have

  D.to have

  40.(2011·上海高考)It's no use ______ without taking any action.

  A.complain

  B.complaining

  C.being complained

  D.to be complained

  41.(2016·浙江名校联盟第一次联考)When ______ properly,a reward system can help to increase students' effort,attention and improve their behavior.

  A.using

  B.to use

  C.used

  D.having used

  42.(2016·河北普通高中教学质监)Practice greeting your teachers and classmates in English.Remember ______!

  A.smiling

  B.to smile

  C.to be smiling

  D.having smiled

  43.(2016·江苏南京四校期中)The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and ______ less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat. A.being weighed

  B.to weigh

  C.weighed

  D.weighing

  44.(2016·北京东城区示范校综合练习一)When ______ a car,don't drive at an extreme speed.

  A.driving

  B.driven

  C.drive

  D.to drive

  45.(2016·山西第二次诊断考试)Many people are taking part in various TV programs ______overnight success.

  A.achieving

  B.to achieve

  C.being achieved

  D.having been achieved

  1.A 由于逗号前后没有关联词,所以只能用非谓语形式,根据weather和permit的逻辑关系判断应选用现在分词形式构成独立主格结构,表示“天气允许的话”。

  2.D compare...to...意为“把……和……进行比较”,在该题when后面为非谓语形式,由于句子主语film和compare为被动关系,所以应用过去分词形式,此处是when it(film)is compared to such art forms as music and painting的省略。

  3.A 语境表示这个俱乐部是25年前成立的,用过去分词作非限制性定语表被动和完成。

  4.A 本句中的happy...是形容词短语作状语,修饰句子主语The old man的状态。由句子中的happy 可知其后应接动词不定式表原因,即(the old man is)happy to...。故选A项。

  5.D and 前后连接两个并列成分,根据making可知此处填correcting。句意:一个人在犯错和纠错中学会一种语言。

  6.C 分析句子结构可知所填部分在句中作状语,且与句子的主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系,故选C项。句意:如果用得仔细的话,一罐够六周用。

  7.A 不定式用作目的状语。句意:鸟叫是为了警告其他的鸟远离它们。

  8.C 句意:他起床晚了,匆忙赶往办公室,早餐一动没动。现在分词短语在此处作结果状语。

  9.B 根据句意和搭配,这里用allow sb. to do sth.的被动语态be allowed to do sth.,用带to的不定式作主语补足语。

  10.A 句意:彼得在公共场所讲话的时候总是想不出说什么才合适。这里用了have trouble(in)doing sth.表示“做某事有困难”。

  11.A 由空前的“,”可排除B项,因为动词不定式作目的状语时其前不加“,”;如果选择C项(hoped)则应在空前加and;希望的动作并不是发生在“托尼借给我钱”之前,故排除表示完成的having hoped;由于Tony与hope之间存在主动关系,故选择现在分词hoping作状语。

  12.B 句意:“天才”是个很复杂的概念,包括很多不同的因素。这里动词involve表示“涉及”,动词后面已经接了宾语,因此这个动词与句子主语之间应该是逻辑上的主谓关系,用现在分词作状语表示主动含义。

  13.A 由后半句中 “I missed a wonderful film”可知,那晚上加班已经发生,而不定式表将来,所以排除B、D两项;ask与I 之间应为被动关系,故用现在分词的完成被动式。句意:那天晚上要求我加班,所以我错过了一场好看的电影。故选A项。

  14.A 根据第一句 “in half an hour”可知,会议还没有开始,因此决定还没有做出,只是将要做出,故排除B、C、D三项;A项为动词不定式表将来,符合题意。句意:半小时后我们将举行一次会议,在会议上将要做出的决定会影响我们公司的将来。故选A项。

  15.B 句意:我在离开办公室以前,记着了要锁门,但是忘了要关灯。remember to do sth.“记着要做某事”;remember doing sth.“记着做过某事”。由句意可知,B项符合题意。

  16.B 句意:当问到他对教学工作的看法时,菲利普说他觉得这项工作既有趣又值得。分词作状语时,其逻辑主语是句子的主语;Philip和ask之间是被动关系,故只有B项符合题意。

  17.C 由于Chinese fishing boats与attack之间存在被动关系,所以排除表示主动的A项(attacking)和B项(having attacked);由句意“最近中国加紧对黄岩岛附近水域的控制来阻止中国渔船在中国南海受到进攻”可知attack的动作并没有发生,因此排除表示完成的D项(having been attacked)。故选C项。

  18.A 由于此处的并列连词and是连接两个分词短语,所以第二个空也应该选择非谓语动词。又主句的主语the boy与realize之间存在主动关系,故排除表示被动的B项和D项;动词不定式短语位于句首作状语时,多作目的状语,排除C项。此处用现在分词短语表示原因。故选A项。

  19.C 句意:我们已经有了一个很好的开端,但要想获得最终的成功,接下来还有更多的工作要做。此处谓语动词为needs,表示 “需要”,而其主语more work与后面的do存在被动关系,故要用动词­ing形式的主动形式(doing)或者不定式的被动形式(to be done)。故C项正确。

  20.A only+to do sth.表示意想不到的结果;doing表示自然的结果。句意:乔治战后回来,却被告知妻子已离他而去了。being done通常表示“正在被……”;done表示被动和完成。结合句意,选A项。

  21.A 句意:昨晚7点开始的演讲结束之后,紧跟着的是对月球用望远镜进行了一次观测。此处start用作不及物动词,表示“开始”,故用现在分词作后置定语,相当于which started...。而不定式的一般式多表示将来的动作;若start用作及物动词,则此处要用被动形式,而B项being started表示正在开始,D项to be started表示将来的动作,均与原题中last night不符。故选A项。

  22.B base...on...意为“把……建立在……基础上”。由于逗号前后没有关联词,可排除构成祈使句的C项;该句主语you与base为主动关系,可排除A项,此项表示被动的过去分词形式;不定式在句首通常表示目的,不合逻辑,可排除D项;答案为B项,现在分词形式作条件状语。句意:如果你把一个重要的决定建立在情感之上而不是理智之上,你迟早会后悔的。

  23.C 句意:完成她的工程以后,她被学校邀请给新生做演讲。“做演讲”发生在was invited之后,所以用动词不定式的一般式作主语补足语。

  24.B 该题容易误选A项,因为大家一般认为letter与offer存在被动关系,但此处offer后面有两个宾语,显然,应使用offer sb.sth.的主动形式作后置定语修饰the official letter,说明信的内容。

  25.B 句意:这对老年夫妇经常晚饭后去公园散步,后面跟着他们的宠物狗。此处是with的复合结构,宾语dog与作宾语补足语的follow存在逻辑上的主动关系,且表示伴随情况,故用现在分词作宾语补足语。

  26.D 句意:这台机器很容易操作。任何人几分钟就学会操作。不定式作表语形容词的状语,表示在哪一方面存在这个形容词表示的情况或产生这种情绪的原因。本题结构可换为It is very easy to operate the machine.或To operate the machine is very easy.这一结构中的不定式要用主动式且要用及物动词或“不及物动词+介词”。故此处D项正确。

  27.B 句意:时间如果运用得当,就会变成银行里的钱。此处是非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语time与use之间存在被动关系,故用过去分词表示被动。

  28.B 所填词应在此作定语修饰envelope, 而且和envelope构成被动关系,故选用provided表示被动。providing表示主动;having provided也是主动形式,表示动作发生在主句谓语动作之前;provide为动词原形,形式错误。句意:在完成表格并签字后,请用提供的信封把表格寄回给我们。故选B项。

  29.A 句意:我们排在长长的队伍中,等着商店开门买一台全新iPad。分析句子结构可知所填部分在句中作伴随状语,且句子的主语we与stand之间是主动关系,故用现在分词。

  30.D have no choice but to do sth.“除了做某事之外别无选择”。句意:如果接受这份工作,除了迎接更大的挑战之外他别无选择。

  31.B only后接不定式形式表示意想不到的结果。to have done表示动作发生在主句谓语动作之前,与句意矛盾。句意:汤姆乘出租车去了机场,却发现飞机已经飞在高空了。

  32.D 分析句子结构可知,此处应用非谓语动词修饰table,“桌子”是“被预订或保留”的,所以用过去分词短语作后置定语。

  33.A car和wash为被动关系,故选用过去分词washed作补语。句意:在你开车驶入这所城市前,你应该先洗车。

  34.D when在此处引导定语从句修饰times,在when引导的从句中,it是形式主语,真正的主语是动词不定式to remain silent,表示“有时保持沉默更好”。

  35.C 句意:我抬起头来,注意到一条蛇正盘旋着往树上爬,去捕捉它的早餐。snake和wind之间为主动关系,注意到蛇在往树上爬,表示动作正在进行。故选C项。

  36.B 分析句子结构可知,该句的主语是a survey,谓语动词是has caused,宾语是heated debate。可见,句子结构是完整的,因此我们要选择的只能是非谓语动词形式。survey与compare 之间存在主动关系,因此用现在分词短语作后置定语。

  37.D 句意:汤姆问制作糖果的人他们是否能使巧克力更容易碎成小块。make “使得……,让……”,其后常接“宾语+宾语补足语+不定式”结构。此题中,chocolate和不定式to break之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,但该结构中,不定式应用主动表被动。故选D项。

  38.B 句意:即使最好的作家有时候也觉得自己无法用言语表达。lost为过去分词,相当于形容词作宾补,意为“丧失的,迷惑的”。故选B项。

  39.A 第一句话是一个完整的句子,由于其后没有连词,我们可以断定后面部分为状语。some相当于some bats,与have构成主动关系,因此须用some having...的形式作状语。句意:蝙蝠是极其长寿的生物,有些寿命长达20年。故选A项。

  40.B 句意:只抱怨而不采取任何行动是没有用的。It's no use doing sth.是固定句型,其中,it是形式主语,真正的主语是动名词短语。

  41.C use 和a reward system之间为动宾关系,故用过去分词作状语。

  42.B 句意:练习用英语向你的老师和同学问好。记住要微笑。remember to do sth.“记住要干某事”。

  43.D weigh当“重达……”讲时,是不及物动词,和逻辑主语young children之间为主动关系,故用现在分词。

  44.A 主句是祈使句,其主语为you,you和drive为主动关系,故用现在分词,表示“当你开车的时候”。

  45.B 句意:许多人参加各种各样的电视节目想一夜成名。此处用不定式表示目的。

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