语法专题十五 介词和介词短语
介词是一种虚词(前置词),用来表示在句中与名词或相当于名词的其他词之间的关系,不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其他词构成介词短语,介词短语可在句中作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。在高考试题中对介词的考查主要集中在常见介词的基本用法及其搭配上,对介词短语的考查主要侧重其辨析。
考点一 表示时间和日期的介词
1.in用在表示年、季节、月份、周,或泛指上午、下午或晚上的名词前;on用在表示某一天,某一天的上午、下午或晚上的名词前;at用在表示某一时刻或时间上的某一点的词前。
We will have a meeting at 8 o'clock in the morning on Sunday.
2.for后接“一段时间”,表示某事持续多久,多与完成时连用;during表示“在……期间”;through表示“一直……,自始至终”。
She has been ill for several days.
I went to France during the summer holiday.
They worked hard through the winter.
3.from,since
from表示时间的起点,意为“从……”,多用于“from...to/till...”中;since表示“自从……以来”。
I have been waiting here from morning till noon.
We have been friends since we first met.
注意:for和since都常与完成时连用,但for接时间段,since接时间点。如for two hours(持续)两小时;since last week从上周直到现在。
4.before,by,till,until
before指“在……之前”,与after相对。by指“不迟于,到……时为止,在……以前”,by后接过去时间,常与过去完成时连用;by后接将来时间,常与将来完成时连用。till(until)“直到……为止”,在肯定句中,till/until必须与延续性动词连用;在否定句中,till/until常与非延续性动词连用。
Please come before ten o'clock.
You must wait for him till tomorrow.
5.after,in
in+一段时间:表示以说话时为起点一段时间之后,与一般将来时连用;但表示“在……之内”时,用于各种时态。
after+一段时间表示:“在……之后”,用于一般过去时;但时间为点时间时,只能用after,即after+点时间,用于各种时态。
I'll arrive in an hour after 3:00 pm.
考点二 表示方位的介词
1.on意为 “在……的上面”;over意为“在……(垂直)的正上方”;above意为“在……(不一定垂直)的上方”;under意为“在……(垂直的)正下方”;below意为“在……(不一定垂直)的下方”;near意为“在……附近”;next to意为“紧挨着……”;round/around意为“在……周围”;by意为“在……旁边”;along表示沿着街、路、河岸等;across主要表示从某物的表面“横过”,涉及“面”的概念;past意为“从……旁经过”;up表示向上,由南到北,由西到东,由沿海到内陆,由小地方到大地方,由农村到城市,反之则用down;through指从某物的内部“穿过”;over指“越过”某一障碍物;
Pipes carry oil across the desert.
It took us ten minutes to drive through the tunnel.
2.表示两者的位置关系时,in表示“在同一区域内或同一范围内”;on表示“接壤,相邻”;to表示“相离,相隔”,两者不属同一范围,也不接壤。
Mongolia is/lies on the north of China.
考点三 表示计量的介词
1.at表示“以……速度,以……价格”。
I sold my car at a low price.
2.for表示“用……交换,以……为代价”。
He sold his car for 500 dollars.
他以五百美元把车卖了。
注意:at表示单价(price),for表示总钱数。
3.by表示“按……计算”,后跟度量单位。加具体单位前用定冠词the,加具体度量名词时该名词前不加冠词。
They are paid by the day.
考点四 表示行为的工具、手段或者方式的介词
1.by表示用某种方式,多用于交通。如by bus乘公共汽车,by email通过电子邮件。
注意:表示搭乘交通工具时,用by时,名词前不加冠词;用in时,名词前要加冠词。请比较:
I went there by bus/in a car.
2.with表示“用某种具体工具,身体的某部分或是器官”。
We speak with our mouths.
注意:with表示用某种工具时,名词前必须用冠词或物主代词。
3 in表示用某种材料或语言。
Please speak in English and write in ink.
4.through表示“以(方法、手段),经由”,后面多接抽象名词。
You can only achieve success through hard work.
考点五 表示“除……之外”的介词
besides表示包含,“除……之外还有……”。except表示排除,“除……之外”,指整体里面排除部分,后面可接代词、副词、介词短语或状语从句,也可接(省略to的)动词不定式、动名词、基数词,还可接that或wh 从句。
but表示排除,多与nobody,none,no one,nothing,anything,everyone,all,who等连用,其后可以接不定式;
except for表示“除……之外”,常在说明基本情况后,从细节上加以修正。
apart from表示“此外,除……之外”,相当于besides/as well as;表示“撇开……来说,除去”,相当于except for;
in addition to表示“除……之外还有……”,相当于besides。
Apart from going shopping,the old lady likes walking after dinner except when it rains.
Beijing is a beautiful city,except for its traffic.
除了交通之外,北京是一个漂亮的城市。考点六 介词after与behind的区别
两者均可表示“在……之后”,其区别是:
1.after 主要用于时间或次序,behind 主要用于位置。
Mary came after you.玛丽在你之后到的。
The hospital is behind the post office.医院在邮局后面。
注:behind 有时也用于时间,表示“迟于”,主要用于behind time(迟,晚)这一短语。
The plane was 30 minutes behind time.飞机晚点30分钟。
2.两者都可用于引申义,after 侧重指追求、寻找、模仿等;而behind 则侧重指在背后、支持、落后等。如:
He ran after her with the book.
他拿着那本书在后面追赶她。
We are behind you completely.我们完全支持你。
He is behind the others in maths.他的数学不如别人。
考点七 表示原因的几个介词
1.for表示原因,常与sorry,famous,punish,praise,thank,blame等词连用。如:
I am sorry for what I said just now.
2.at指情感变化的原因,意为“因听到或看到……而……”。
He was surprised at the bad news.听到这个坏消息他大吃一惊。
3.from指“外在的原因”,如受伤、车祸、劳累等。
The young man died from an accident.
4.of指“内在的原因”,如疾病、饥饿,年老等。
The old man died of hunger.
5.with指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因。
He was trembling with cold.
6.by表示外部的,尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。
She took your umbrella by mistake.
7.because of 表示引起结果的直接原因。
He came late because of illness/because he was ill.
8.owing to多表示引起某不良后果的原因。
Owing to the rain,they did not turn up.
9.thanks to表示引起某种幸运结果的原因,意为“幸亏……,多亏……”。
Thanks to John,we won the game.
10.out of表示动机的起因,意为“出于……”。
He asked the question out of curiosity.
考点八 against
1.(表示方向)与……方向相反;逆着;迎着;顶着
against the wind 迎着风;逆着风
2.(表示方位)紧靠着……;倚靠着……
against the wall 靠着墙
3.(表示对象)对……不利;对……有害;以……为竞争对手;违反;违背
fight against同……战斗;against the natural law 违背自然规律
4.(表示对比)和……比;和……对照;以……为背景
against the blue sky 以蓝天为背景
考点九 beyond
1.(表示位置)在〔往〕……另一边;在〔往〕……那一边;在〔往〕……的更远处
The house is beyond the bridge.房子在桥那边。
2.(表示时间)迟于;晚于;在……之后
Don't stay here beyond midnight.
待在这里不要超过午夜。3.(表示范围)超出;非……所能及
The switch on the wall was beyond the baby's reach.
墙上的开关小孩子是够不到的。
4.(表示程度)超出……的范围;超过;对……来说太难
The tasks they faced seemed far beyond their ability.
他们面临的任务似乎远远超出了他们的能力。
5.(表示数目)多于;超过
There weren't beyond twenty people present.出席的人不超过20个。考点十 常用介词短语的意义
by hand 用手
by heart 牢记;凭记忆
by means of 借助于;用
by mistake 错误地
in a sense从某种意义上说
in addition 另外
in case 假如;以防(万一)免得
in common共同;共有
in place在适当的位置
in practice在实际中;实际上
in public公开地;当众
in return作为报答;作为回报
in spite of 不管;不顾
in turn 依次;轮流;反过来
in terms of 就……来说
out of order发生故障;失调
out of place不得其所的;不适当的
to the point切中要害;切题
in honor of以纪念;向……表示敬意
in favo(u)r of 有利于;赞成;支持
on the spot 当场;在现场
on one's own 独自地;独立地
on purpose故意;有意
out of date 过期(时)的
1.(2012·全国高考Ⅱ)100 ℃ is the temperature ______ which water will boil.
A.for B.at
C.on
D.of
2.(2012·北京高考)Do you think this shirt is too tight ______ the shoulders?
A.at
B.on
C.to
D.across
3.(2012·上海高考)______ passion,people won't have the motivation or the joy necessary for creative thinking.
A.For
B.Without
C.Beneath
D.By
4.(2012·安徽高考)You can change your job,you can move house,but friendship is meant to be ______ life.
A.of
B.on
C.to
D.for
5.(2012·福建高考)Nothing is so easy as ______ parents to raise their expectations of their children too high.
A.of
B.to
C.by
D.for
6.(2012·江苏高考)—Thank God you're safe!
—I stepped back,just ______ to avoid the racing car.
A.in time
B.in case
C.in need
D.in vain
7.(2012·湖北高考)The furniture,with its modern style and bright colors,suits modern houses and their gardens,but looks______in the garden of a traditional home.
A.out of question
B.out of order
C.out of sight
D.out of place
8.(2012·辽宁高考)The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place
______ the main road at the far end of the lake.
A.to
B.for
C.off
D.out
9.(2012·陕西高考)An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are ______it.
A.against
B.for
C.to
D.with
10.(2012·浙江高考)______ all the animals I've ever had,these two dogs are the most sensitive to the spoken word.
A.From
B.Of
C.For
D.With
11.(2012·福建高考)China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals ______ all its citizens.
A.in charge of
B.for the purpose of
C.in honor of
D.for the benefit of
12.(2011·全国高考Ⅱ)This shop will be closed for repairs ______ further notice. A.with
B.until
C. for
D.at
13.(2011·北京高考)With new technology,pictures of underwater valleys can be taken ______ color.
A.by
B.for
C.with
D.in
14.(2011·上海高考)Graduation is a good time to thank those who have helped you ______ the tough years.
A.through
B.up
C.with
D.from
15.(2011·湖北高考)When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster,many teachers would prefer to see him step aside ______ younger men.
A.in terms of
B.in need of
C.in favor of
D.in praise of
16.(2011·山东高考)I'm sorry I didn't phone you,but I've been very busy ______ the past couple of weeks.
A.beyond
B.with
C.among
D.over
17.(2011·安徽高考)Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek______ food safety problems.
A.in
B.to
C.on
D.after
18.(2011·浙江高考)I always wanted to do the job which I'd been trained ______.
A.on
B.for
C.by
D.of
19.(2011·四川高考)Nick,it's good for you to read some books ______ China before you start your trip there.
A.in
B.for
C.of
D.on
20.(2011·天津高考)He was a good student and scored ______ average in most subjects.
A.below
B.of
C.on
D.above
21.(2011·重庆高考)Shirley,a real book lover,often brings home many books to read ______ the library.
A.in
B.for
C.by
D.from
22.(2011·江苏高考)We'd better discuss everything ______ before we work out the plan.
A.in detail
B.in general
C.on purpose
D.on time
23.(2011·福建高考)______ good service,the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.
A.Far from
B.Apart from
C.Instead of
D.Regardless of
24.(2016·浙江名校联盟第一次联考)According to the weather report,the temperature tomorrow will rise up ______ 23 degrees centigrade,which I think is quite hot ______ November in Zhejiang.
A.at;in
B.to;for
C.to;in
D.by;for
25.(2016·河南中原名校联考)I can't imagine how he finished the race,______ his foot wounded so seriously.
A.for
B.when
C.because
D.with
26.(2016·北京东城区示范校综合练习一)______ time,it becomes easier for people under stress to express anger.
A.During
B.At
C.Over
D.In
27.(2016·浙江杭州七校联考)I know what I'll be doing for the next three weeks,but I haven't thought ______ that.
A.than
B.at
C.against
D.beyond
28.(2016·辽宁鞍山模拟)You go to the salad bar and help yourself,usually ______ as much as you want.
A.to
B.for
C.with
D.by29.(2016·山东淄博阶段性检测)______some spelling mistakes,your composition is well organized and should get a high mark.
A.In addition
B.Except for
C.Rather than
D.More than
30.(2016·河北邯郸质检)I looked ______ the direction of the voice,only to find it was a lovely dog.
A.to
B.toward
C.in
D.for
31.(2016·河南中原名校联考)The weather in London is so changeable that people always take their umbrellas with them ______ rain.
A.for fear of
B.in hope of
C.in spite of
D.because of
32.(2016·天津八中第二次月考)______economic,political and cultural differences,it is difficult for China and America to fully understand each other.
A.In spite of
B.Regardless of
C.On account of
D.In terms of
1.B 由于本句中的which指代上文的100 ℃,表示“在多少度”应用介词at。故选B项。
2.D 句意:“你认为这件衬衣的肩宽是不是有点紧?” across“横跨,在(身体某部位)上”。
3. B 句意:假如缺乏激情,人们就不会有动力,或者说没有创造性思考所必需的快感。根据句意用否定介词without表示“没有;缺乏”。
4.D 句意:你可以换工作,搬家,但是友谊应该是终生的。for life“一辈子,终生”,符合题意。
5.D 表示“对某人来说”应用介词for。
6.A in time意为“及时,终于”;in case意为“以防,万一”;in need意为“需要”;in vain意为“徒劳,无益地”。句意:——感谢上帝,你没事。——我往后退了退,刚好及时地避开了赛车。
7.D 句意:这些家具有着现代的式样和明亮的颜色,适合现代的房子和庭院,但在一个传统的家庭庭院里看起来就不合适了。out of question“毫无疑问”;out of order“有毛病,出故障”;out of sight“看不见的”;out of place“不合适,不协调”。
8.C 句意:威尔酒店坐落于湖的彼岸远离干路的一个僻静之处。此处off表示“离开,在……之外”。
9.A 句意:达成协议似乎是不可能的因为委员会的大部分人都反对。against这里的意思是“反对,不赞成”。against 还有“逆着;依着,靠着;在……的衬托下”的含义。for“同意,支持”。
10.B 句意:在我养过的所有动物中,这两只狗是对口头语言最为敏感的。of在此处表示范围,意为“在……之中”。
11.D in charge of意为“掌管,负责”;for the purpose of意为“为了……的目的”;in honor of意为“向……表示敬意,为纪念……”;for the benefit of意为“为了……的利益”。句意:为了全体公民的利益,中国一直推行公立医院的改革。故选D项。
12.B 句意:在另行通知前,这家店将关门修理。until further notice表示“在另行通知前”。根据语境及搭配,应选择until,表示“直到……时,在……以前”。
13.D by“通过……”,表示方式、手段;for“为了”,表示目的;with“和……”,表示状态;in“以……,用……”,表示所用的原料、材料,in color “用彩色,以彩色”。句意:有了新的技术,水下山谷的照片可以照成彩色的。
14.A 考查介词。句意:毕业是感谢那些帮助你度过艰苦岁月的人的好时候。through在此处意为“度过,经过”。
15.C in favor of“支持,拥护,赞成”。句意:许多老师在问及对校长的评价时,都表示更愿意看到他能支持并让位于那些年纪较小者。故用in favor of。
16.D beyond “超出”;with“具有,和……一起”;among “在……当中”;over “在……正上方,在……期间”。句意:很抱歉没给你打电话,我最近这几周一直都很忙。over the last/past+一段时间“在过去的……里”,与现在完成时搭配使用。
17.B 句意:有时关于食品安全问题的合适答案不难找。be not far to seek “显而易见,极简单”;in“在……之内,在……方面”;to“到,向,达到”;on“关于,有关,在……上;在……旁”;after“在……以后;搜寻,寻找”。此题容易误选D项,因为seek after“追求,探索”,是一个固定短语;而实际上(the)answer to...“……的答案”,是固定搭配,且符合题意。故选B项。
18.B 句意:我总想从事我以前为之培训的工作。在此句中which I'd been trained for为定语从句,修饰先行词the job。be trained for a job意为“为工作而培训”。故选B项。
19.D on在此表示“关于”。这里指在尼克出发前,看一些有关中国的书是有帮助的。
20.D 介词below,on或above常与名词average搭配,分别表示“在平均水平之下”“平均起来”“在平均水平之上”。由空前的a good student可知他在大多数科目中的得分应该在平均水平之上。句意:他是一个好学生,他在大多数学科上的得分在平均水平之上。故选D项。
21.D 句意:雪莉,一个真正的图书爱好者,经常从图书馆里带一些书回家阅读。从图书馆里用from。
22.A 句意:在我们制订计划之前,我们最好详细地讨论每件事。in detail“详细地”;in general“通常,大体上”;on purpose“故意地”;on time “准时,按时”。
23.B far from“完全不,远非”;apart from“除了……之外”,可替换besides或except for;instead of“代替,而不是”;regardless of“不顾,不管”。句意:除了良好的服务,这家餐馆还提供不同种类的传统闽菜。故选B项。
24.B 温度上升到23度,用介词to;相对于浙江的十一月来说,用介词for,故B项正确。
25.D 这是with 复合结构。由于his foot 和wounded之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,故选D项。
26.C over time“随着时间的过去”,over 强调时间的跨度。
27.D 考查介词辨析。句意:我知道接下来的三个星期我会做什么,但是我对此从来没有过多的思考。beyond“(表示位置)在或往……另一边,(表示程度)超出……的范围,(表示数目)多于”符合句意。
28.A 考查介词用法。句意:你去沙拉吧时通常可以随便想吃多少就吃多少。help oneself to... “随便享用”,为固定短语。故A项正确。
29.B 考查介词短语。句意:除了一些拼写错误,你的作文很好应该得到一个高分。in addition “此外,而且”;except for “除了……”,表示整体肯定,细节上的纠正;rather than “而不是”;more than “不仅仅”。根据句意选B项。
30.C in the direction of “朝……方向”。句意:我朝着声音的方向看去,结果发现是一只小狗。
31.A 句意:伦敦的天气变化无常,因此人们总是带着伞以免下雨。for fear of “担心”;in hope of “希望”;in spite of“虽然,尽管”;because of“因为,由于”。
32.C 考查介词短语。句意:由于经济、政治和文化的差异,中美双方很难做到相互理解。in spite of “尽管”;regardless of “不管”;on account of “因为,由于”;in terms of “就……而论”。根据句意选C项。