选修8 Unit 2 Cloning
要 点 梳 理
高效梳理·知识备考
●重点单词
1．differ vi.different adj.不同的→difference n．不同，2．twin n adj.成对的；成双的 3．straightforward adj.4．undertake vt.undertook(过去式)→undertaken(过去分词)
5．breakthrough n6．cast vt.cast/cast(过去式/过去分词) 7．object vi.objection n．不赞成；反对；异议→objective adj.真实的；客观的；无偏见的 8．obtain vt.9．attain vt.(水平、、)
10．forbid vt.forbade(过去式)→forbidden (过去分词) 11．accumulate vt.12．owe vt.(账、、)；归功于…… 13．retire vi.retirement n．退休 14．bother vt. vi.操心 n．烦扰
15．strike vi. & vt.struck/struck (过去式/过去分词) 16．vain adj.17．resist vt.resistance n．抵抗；对抗→resistant adj. 18．drawback n19．feather n. 20．adore vt.
●重点短语
1．pay off2．cast down
3．object to
4．in favour of
5．owe...to...
6．(be)bound to(to)..
一定或注定(做)……
7．strike...into ones heart
使……刻骨铭心 8．from time to time
9．bring back to life
10．in vain
11．in good/poor condition
/坏；情况很好/坏 12．have a great impact on
●重点句型
1．Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill.。2．Altogether Dolly lived six and a half years, half the length of the life of the original sheep.6年半，。
3．Did she die young because she was a clone? ，4．Besides that, there is also a fierce dabate over the question whether human cloning experiments should be allowed. ，。
(2008·广东) 你很荣幸地成为2008北京奥运会的一名志愿者，。，
背景：射击最初只是生存工具，19。1896：第一次成为奥运项目 1904：中断 1928：中断 1932：重回奥运会 1968：第一次允许妇女参加奥运射击比赛 现状：稳步发展，1896，17项。
5个句子表达全部内容。，，。________________________________________________________________________
[范文1]
Shooting, originated as a means of survival, developed into a sport only in the late 19th century. The sport first appeared in 1896, but none were contested during the 1904 and 1928 Games. The sport returned to the Olympics in 1932. Women were first allowed to compete in the Olympic shooting in 1968. The sport has grown steadily from just three shooting events at the 1896 Olympic Games to 17 today.
[范文2]
It was not until the end of 19th century that shooting, originated as a means of survival, earned its status as a sport. Shooting became an Olympic event officially in 1896. Yet, twice in history (1904,1928) shooting was suspended at the Olympics. It returned to the Games in 1932, and women were first allowed to participate in the competition in 1968. The sport has been growing steadily from 1896‘s three events to today’s seventeen.
考 点 探 究
互动探究·能力备考
Ⅰ.词汇短语过关
1．differ vi. different adj. 不同的；有区别的；相异的 difference n. 不同；不同之处
differ from... 不同于…… differ in... 在……方面不同 differ with/from sb. on/about sth. 与某人关于……意见不同 be different from 与……不同 make a/some/no difference to sb./sth.
对某人/某物有/有些/没有影响或作用 difference between A and B A和B之间的差别
[即学即练1](1)Men are all alike in their promises. It is only in their deeds that they ______. 人在许诺时都一样，。(2)I have to ____________ you ______ that. 在那一点上我不能同意你的看法。(3)The rain didn‘t _______________________ the game.这场雨对比赛没有多大影响。
differ with
on
make much difference to
2．undertake vt. undertaking n. 任务，事业；承诺，答应 undertake a task/project 承担一个任务/项目 undertake to do sth. 答应做某事 undertake for sth. 为……负责
[即学即练2](1)The company has announced that it will _____________ a full investigation ______ the accident. 公司已宣布将对这次事故进行全面调查。(2)He __________________ the job by Friday. 他答应星期五之前完成这项工作。(3)I’ll __________________ your security. 我将保证你的安全。
into
undertook to finish
undertake for
3．cast vt.&vi. (cast, cast) cast aside 抛弃，，cast away 抛弃，，(船)漂流，()失事 cast behind 疏远；把……抛在脑后 cast down 使沮丧/不愉快 cast off 丢弃 cast one‘s eyes over 审视 cast one’s mind back to sth. 回顾，cast light on/upon＝throw light upon 弄清楚
[即学即练3](1)Don‘t be so ____________. Just keep up your spirits.不要这么沮丧，(2)As soon as they reached the fishing area, the fishermen ______ their nets ______ the sea. 渔民们一到捕鱼区就把渔网撒进了大海。
cast
into
(3)As soon as he became rich he ____________ all his old friends who gave him some help. 他一富起来就抛弃了所有曾经给过他帮助的老朋友。
4．object vi. n. 实物；目的；对象 objection n. 反对；厌恶 object to sb./sth. 反对，/某事 object to doing sth. 反对做某事 object to sb. doing sth. 反对某人做某事 raise an objection to (doing) sth. 对……提出异议 have/make an objection to (doing) sth. 对……表示反对
[即学即练4](1)I ____________ the proposal. 我反对这个提议。(2)We _______________________ like this. 我们抗议这种待遇。(3)I feel ________________________ getting up early. 我极不愿意早起。
object to being treated
a strong objection to
5．obtain vt. [即学即练5](1)I haven‘t been able to _________________ anywhere. 我到处都没买到那本书。(2)He failed to __________________. 他没有获得奖学金。
obtain a scholarship
(3)Details can be _________________ the Ministry of Education.可以从教育部获知详情。
6．forbid vt. (forbade/forbad, forbidden) forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事 forbid doing sth. 禁止做某事 forbid that... 禁止……(从句中常用“should＋动词原形”) forbid sb. sth. 禁止某人某事
[即学即练6](1)Our school ______________________________.我们学校不允许学生吸烟。(2)Smoking should __________________ public places. 公共场所应该禁止吸烟。
be forbidden in
(3)His parents __________________. 他的父母不准他喝酒。
提示：forbid 后不能直接跟动词不定式做宾语，而是跟动名词做宾语，也可用 forbid sb. to do sth. 形式，有类似用法的单词还有 allow, permit, advise 等。
7．owe vt.(钱、物、债等)；应当给予 (1)owe sb. sth.或owe sth. to sb.欠某人某物 owe...to... 把归功于 owe it to sb. that...多亏某人帮忙 (2)owing to＝because of因为，，、、，，。
[7](1)Don’t forget you still ______ 150 yuan to the wine shop.别忘了，150元钱呢。(2)He ______ his success to hard work and practice. 他把他的成功归功于努力工作和实践。
owes
(3)If I have improved in any way, I ______ it all to my teacher.如果说我有一些进步，。(4)You ______ me an apology. 你得向我道歉。(5)We should do the duty which we ______ to our country.我们应对国家尽我们应尽的义务。
owe
owe
(6)I ______ it to you that I finished my work in time. 多亏你帮忙，。(7)_________ to the rain, they could not come. 由于下雨，。
Owing
8．bother vt. vi. 操心n. 烦扰；令人烦恼的事或人 bother with/about sth. 花费时间或精力(做某事) bother sb. about/with sth. 使某人烦恼，It bothers sb. that.../to do sth. 使某人苦恼的是…… bother to do/doing sth. 操心做某事
[即学即练8](1)Don't _________ Mary while she's reading. 玛丽读书的时候不要打扰她。(2)I don't want to _________ you ______ my problems. 我不想让你因为我的问题而烦心。(3)Don't ____________________ that trifling matter. 别为那件小事烦恼。
bother
with
bother about
9．strike vt. & vi. n．罢工，打击 be struck with(by)为……所侵袭； 为……所触动(感动) It strikes me that...我觉得……；我的印象是…… strike a match划火柴 strike on/upon打在……上；撞到……上 be on strike举行罢工 go on strike实行罢工
[即学即练9](1)The workers ____________/____________ because they wanted more money. 工人们在罢工，。(2)When the clock ____________， the strike started.，。
on strike
struck five
(3)The match ____________ because of the moisture of the air.由于空气潮湿，。(4)________________________ none of them trusts each other.他们当中没有一个人信赖对方这使我震惊。
’t strike
It strikes me that
(5)Great damage has been caused by the tornado which ______ the area last week. 上周侵袭这一地区的龙卷风造成了巨大的损失。
10．resist v. resistance n. 反抗 resistant adj. 抵抗的；耐……的 resist sth. 抵制、resist doing sth. 反对做某事 can‘t resist doing sth. 忍不住做某事 be resistant to 对……有抵抗力
[即学即练10](1)The river banks could not ________________________. 河堤抵不住水压。(2)A healthy diet should help your body ___________. 健康饮食有助于身体抵抗感染。 (3)I could hardly ____________.。
resist infection
resist laughing
11．pay off pay money for sth. 付钱买…… pay for sth. 买…… pay back 还钱，pay out 付出大笔款项；放松 pay up 付清欠款
[即学即练11](1)They ____________ their debt after ten years.十年后他们还清了债务。(2)Two hundred workers have __________________. 200名工人已被结清工资了。(3)They took a hell of a risk but it ____________. 他们冒了很大的风险，。
been paid off
paid off
12．in favour of in favour 赞同；流行；得宠 in favour with sb. 受某人支持 in sb.‘s favour 对某人有利 out of favour 失宠；不流行 do sb. a favour＝do a favour for sb. 帮某人忙 do sb. the favour to do sth. 帮某人做…… owe sb. a favour 欠某人情
[即学即练12](1)Are you __________________ cloning or __________ cloning? 你是支持还是反对克隆(技术)? (2)There were 247 votes _________________ the plan and 152 against. 有247票同意这个计划，152。
against
in favour of
(3)She‘s not __________________ the media just now. 目前她没有媒体的捧场。(4)The exchange rate is __________________ at the moment.目前汇率对我们有利。(5)Could you ________________________ and pick up Sam from school? 你能帮我个忙去学校接萨姆吗？
in favour with
in our favour
do me a favour
13．be bound to bound v. 跳跃；限制；形成……的界线 n. 跳跃；界线， adj. 必然的，be bound to sth. 被束缚于某物；被绑在某物上 be bound to do sth. 一定会、be bound (for...) 准备(去……) be bound up in 热心于，be bound up with 与……有密切关系 I'll be bound... 我确信……
[即学即练13](1)It‘s __________________ sunny again tomorrow.明天肯定又是阳光灿烂。(2)We _________________ obey the law. 我们有义务遵守法律。
are bound to
(3)The plane __________________ New York. 这架飞机是飞往纽约的。(4)He's too _________________ his work to have much time for his children. 他工作太忙，。
bound up in
14．in good/bad condition (坏)；情况很好(坏) be in good condition(＝be in a good state) (人)健康状况好；(东西)保存/保养得好 out of/in bad condition(人)身体不适；(物)保养得不好 working/living conditions工作/生活条件 in difficult conditions在困难的条件下 on condition that...(相当于so long as或if)只要 on this/that condition在这种/那种条件下 economic conditions经济形势 in/under favourable conditions在有利的形势下
[即学即练14](1)The car is still _________________. 这车状况仍然良好。(2)The miners there worked __________________. 那里的矿工们在极其恶劣的环境中工作。
in dreadful conditions
(3)You must _________________ tell him what has happened.你无论在什么情况下都不可告诉他所发生的事。(4)I’ll do it __________________ you pay for everything.我可以做此事，。
on condition that
Ⅱ.重点句型详解
1．Then_came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill.——多莉得了重病。
(1)表示方位、，here, there, now, then, up, down, in, away, off, out, in the room, on the wall等置于句首时，。Look, here comes the bus.看，。Out rushed the children.孩子们冲了出去。There goes the bell.铃响了。
(2)news与that Dolly had become seriously ill是同位语关系。、，，，。
We heard of the news that our team had won. 我们听说了我们队赢了这一消息。We must face the fact that we have run out of all the money.我们必须面对我们已花完了钱这一事实。
[1] (1)In the dark forests ______， some large enough to hold several English towns. A．stand many lakes B．lie many lakes C．many lakes lie
Dmany lakes stand
答案：B
解析：表地点的介词短语放在句首时用完全倒装，表示某物位于某处用动词lie。
(2)Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ______ he had to meet his uncle at the airport. A．why
Bthat C．where
Dbecause
答案：B
解析：考查同位语从句。句意为：他没来上课，因他必须到机场接他叔叔，没人相信这个理由。his reason后接同位语从句，由for being absent from the class隔开，从句是个完整的句子，故选B项。
2．Did she die young because she was a clone?young 为形容词，。，(短语)或形容词化的分词有时起状语作用，、。
(1)(短语)或形容词化的分词多放在句首，。(短语)相当于原因状语从句。Thirsty and hungry (＝As he was thirsty and hungry), he went to a farmer‘s cottage to ask for something to eat. 由于又饥又渴，。 Frightened(Because she was frightened), she asked me to go with her. 由于害怕，。
(2)(短语)表主语动作发生的时间，。。Ripe (＝When they are ripe), the oranges taste sweet. 这些橘子熟了时，。
(3)(短语)表示主语所处境况或意义增补时，。。Holmes found the man lying on the floor, dead (＝and he was dead). 福尔摩斯发现那个人躺在地板上，。
One woman was lying in bed, awake (and she was awake). 有位妇女醒着躺在床上。For a moment she just stood there, unable (＝and she was unable) to believe what had just happened. 她在那儿呆呆地站了一会儿，。
[2] (2008·北京)After the long journey, the three of them went back home, ______. A．hungry and tiredly
B．hungry and tired C．hungrily and tiredly
D．hungrily and tired
解析：本题考查形容词做状语。
易 错 点 拨
自我完善·误区备考
1.bother/disturb/trouble/annoy 这组词都表示“使人不得安宁”或“心烦意乱”。 (1)bother指干扰别人的正常生活和工作而使之不太安宁，可能是故意的，含有使人讨厌的意味。 (2)disturb指使人失去正常秩序而一时得不到安宁，精力不能集中，语气比bother弱。
(3)trouble常指在心情上失去平静而感到忧虑、苦恼或行动上带来不便，也常用于礼貌的请求。 (4)annoy通常指重复性的行为使(别人)生气。常用被动，表示为某事烦恼、生气。
[应用1] (1)I don’t want to _________ you ______ my problems.我不想让你因为我的问题而担心。(2)What’s ___________ you－money problems? 什么事令你忧虑不安——经济问题吗？ (3)These flies are ___________ me. 这些苍蝇一直在烦我。
with
troubling
annoying
(4)They were charged with ______________ public peace. 他们被指控扰乱社会治安。
2. obtain/earn/gain/get/win (1)obtain应用范围较广，，。(2)earn表示经过艰苦努力而得到报酬，，、。
(3)gain、。、、、。(4)get最常用，，，，。 (5)win，，，、、。
[2] (1)She ______ rich experience in teaching. 她获得了丰富的教学经验。(2)She ______ a bad cold yesterday.她昨天得了重感冒。(3)They ______ the basketball match. 他们打赢了这场篮球赛。
got
won
(4)We wished to ______ the firsthand information. 我们希望得到第一手情报。(5)He ______800 yuan of wages a month. 他月薪八百元。(6)This custom still __________in some districts. 这种风俗在某些地区仍然流行。
earns
obtains
3. strike/hit/beat/knock 这四个词均有“打”的意思。 (1)strike 通常表示打一下、，，，、(火)，(、)抓、，()敲响”。
(2)hit ，，。， strike 同义。(3)beat 侧重“连续地打击”，、。(4)knock 侧重于“敲打，，， at 连用。
[3] 用 hit, strike, beat, knock 的适当形式填空 (1)His heart ______ violently. (2)In 2009, H1N1 ______ China. (3)I was ______ by her youth and enthusiasm. (4)Please ______ at the door before entering.
beats
hit
struck
knock
(5)______ while the iron is hot. (6)Happily, we heard our team ______ the Japanese team. (7)The stone ______ him on the head.
Strike
beat
hit
高 效 作 业
自我测评·技能备考
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The brothers d______ widely in their tastes.2．This question is quite s____________________， while that one is much more complicated.
3．The problem has been b__________ me for weeks.
4．Smoking is f___________ in public places.
5．His suggestion sounds quite r___________ to most of us.
differ
straightforward
bothering
forbidden
reasonable
6．The film was a _____________ () success.
7．I'd like to come, too, if you have no _________ ()．
8．He ______ () asked us our names.
9．We have made another __________________() in space exploration.
10．He always managed to ______ () what he wanted.
commercial
objection
merely
breakthrough
obtain
Ⅱ .单项选择
1．(2010·)______， I thought I would only stay there for a week, but later I changed my mind. A．Generally
BInitially C．Extremely
DEventually
答案：B
解析：考查副词辨析。语意为：最初，我想我只在那里待一周，但后来我改变了主意。generally一般地；initially最初；extremely极其；eventually最后，终于。根据语意可知B项正确。
2．Hearing the news that he didn't pass the final exam, he became
at once. A．casted down
Bcast down C．cast off
Dcasted off
答案：B
解析：cast 的过去式、过去分词都是cast，故排除A、D项。cast down 使沮丧；cast off 解缆放船；抛开。
3．Money spent on the brain is never spent ______. A．in ease
Bin anger C．in vain
Din comfort
答案：C
解析：句意：智力上的投资决非浪费。in vain意为“徒劳，无效，无益”，合语境。
4．I need to take more exercise regularly, because Im really ______ these days. A．in bad conditions
Bout of condition C．on no condition
Din bad state
答案：B
解析：考查固定短语的辨析。in bad condition“情况不好”，此时常用condition的单数；out of condition健康状况不好；on no condition决不。
5．To our joy, there are so many ______ in science and technology all over the world in recent years. A．discovery
Bbreakthroughs C．findings
Dinvention
答案：B
解析：discovery “发现”，invention “发明”，都符合句意，但须用复数形式。finding 有两种含义，一是指别人丢掉后的“发现物，拾得物”；二是其复数形式还有一特别含义，指“(委员会等的)调查结果，报告”，不合句意。
6．Everybody present smiled. Sally spoke English ______. A．aloud and clear
Bloud and clear C．loudly and clear
Dloud and clearly
答案：B
解析：speak loud and clear 说话声音响亮而清楚。aloud adv. 大声地，出声地，如 read aloud 朗读；loudly adv. 高声地；喧噪地；clearly 清楚地，明白地，如 speak clearly 说话清楚。
7．We are bound ______ with difficulties in carrying out this research. A．to meet
Bto have met C．meeting
Dhaving met
答案：A
解析：考查 be bound to do sth. “一定会……；注定(做)……”。
8．The child is much too young; I object ______ him alone at home. A．to leave
Bleave C．leaving
Dto leaving
答案：D
解析：object to “反对”，其中 to是介词，后接名词、代词、动名词。
9．The fortystorey building is one of the most challenging engineering projects they have ______. A．undergone
Bovertaken C．understood
Dundertaken
答案：D
解析：考查动词辨析。undergo 经历，遭受；overtake 赶上，追上，超过； understand 理解，明白；undertake 从事，进行。由题意知，选D。
10．The result of the football match, ______ the surprise of us all, was 2 to 1 ______ our favour. A．in; to
Bto; to C．in; in
Dto; in
答案：D
解析：考查介词搭配。to the surprise of sb. 使某人吃惊的是……；in our favour 对我们有利。
11．I ______ suggested you should do it again; there is no need to get annoyed. A．merely
Beven C．still
Dyet
答案：A
解析：句意为：我只是建议你应该再做一次；你没有必要烦恼。merely 只是，仅仅；even 甚至；still 仍然；yet 然而。
12．Although a teenager, Fred could not resist ______ what to do and what not to do. A．telling
Bto tell C．being told
Dto be told
答案：C
解析：考查 can‘t resist doing sth. “不能忍受……”，且句中表被动意义，用 being told “被告知”。
13．Though we take a great risk of investing in the project, yet it will ______ in the long run. A．go off
Bturn up C．pay off
Dcome up
答案：C
解析：pay off 得到好的结果，取得成功；go off 离开；turn up 出现；come up 过来。
14．(2010·)Just as Alan M. Eddison ______ it, “Modern technology ______ ecology an apology.” A．says; owes
Bputs; makes C．put; owes
Dsaid; owed
答案：C
解析：put it为固定短语，意思是“说，表达”；owe...an apology的意思是“应向……道歉”。say为不及物动词，后面不可跟宾语，由此可排除A、D两项；这是过去所说的话，因此选C。
15．______a terrible storm would take place in Hainan. A．Word came which
BWord came that C．Word that came
DWords came that
答案：B
解析：word 在此句中是“消息”的意思，不可数名词，that 引导的是同位语从句 a terrible storm would take place in Hainan。
Ⅲ .完形填空
In the doorway of my home, I looked closely at my 23－year－old son, Daniel. In a few hours he would be flying to France to __1__
a different life. It was a transitional(过渡的) time in Daniel's life. I wanted to __2__ him some words of significance. But nothing came from my lips, and this was not the __3__ time I had let such moments pass.
When Daniel was five, I took him to the bus stop on his first day of kindergarten. He asked, “What is it going to be like, Dad? Can I do it？” Then he walked
__4__
the steps of the bus and disappeared inside. The bus drove away and I said nothing. A decade later, a
similar __5__
played itself out. I drove him to college. As I started to leave, I tried to think of something to say to give him__6__
and confidence as he started this new stage of life. Again, words __7__
me.
Now, as I stood before him, I thought of those
__8__
opportunities. How many times have I let such moments __9__ ? I don't find a quiet moment to tell him what they have __10__ to me, or what he might __11__
to face in the years ahead. Maybe I thought it was not necessary to say anything.
What does it matter in the course of a lifetime if a father never tells a son what he really thinks of him? __12__
as I stood before Daniel, I knew that it did matter. My father and I loved each other. Yet, I always __13__
never hearing him put his
__14__
into words. Now I could feel my palms sweat and my throat tighten. Why is it so
__15__ to tell a son something from the heart?
My mouth turned dry, and I knew I would be able to get out only a few words clearly. “Daniel， I said, “if I could have picked, I would have picked you.” That‘s all I could say. He hugged me. For a moment, the world __16__，
and there were just Daniel and me. He was saying something, but tears misted my eyes, and I couldn't understand what he was saying. All I was __17__ of was the stubble() on his chin as his face pressed
__18__
mine. What I had said to Daniel was
__19__
. It was nothing. And yet, it was
__20__
.
1．A. experience
B. spend
C. enjoy
D. shape 2．A. show
B. give
C. leave
D. instruct 3．A. last
B. first
C. very
D. next 4．A. upward
B. into
C. down
D. up
5．A. sign
B. scene
C. scenery
D. sight 6．A. interest
B. instruction
C. courage
D. direction 7．A. failed
B. discouraged
C. struck
D. troubled 8．A. future
B. embarrassing
C. obvious
D. lost
9．A. last
B. pass
C. fly
D. remain 10．A. counted
B. meant
C. valued
D. eared 11．A. think
B. want
C. expect
D. wish 12．A. But
B. And
C. Instead
D. So
13．A. wondered
B. regretted
C. minded
D. tried 14．A. views
B. actions
C. feelings
D. attitudes 15．A. important
B. essential
C. hard
D. complex 16．A. disappeared
B. changed
C. progressed
D. advanced
17．A. sensitive
B. convinced
C. aware
D. tired 18．A. by
B. against
C. on
D. with 19．A. clumsy
B. gentle
C. absurd
D. moving 20．A. none
B. all
C. anything
D. everything
1. A。作者的儿子即将飞往法国去体会一种不同的生活。experience，。2. C。give，leave sb sth“给某人留下某物”，sth可以是具体的物品，。C。
3. B。，，，。4. D。，。。
5. B。，，，。scene，。6. C。 ，。
7. A。。sth fail sb。。8. D。，，(指想对儿子说一些重要的话，，)。
9. B。，，。pass。10. B。 。11. C。expect to do sth。。。
17. C。此刻作者太激动，仅能够意识到的是当儿子的脸紧靠着自己的脸的时候，他下巴上的胡须扎着自己。be aware of 意识到，认识到。 18. B。固定短语。press against。其中against表示“紧靠”。 19. A。clumsy笨拙的，不得体的。 20. D。由句首的And yet可知前后两句话之间是转折关系，所以用everything与nothing对比。
Ⅳ.短文改错
Cats are animals of habit. They like to go to sleep
1.______
about same time every day and for a certain length of time. They
2.______
seem to have natural clock inside them that tells them
3.______
when sleeping. Besides their regular sleep, cats take naps(打盹).
4.______
Some scientists think that people should also take cat nap. The
5.______
√
same∧→the
have∧→a
sleeping→to sleep
nap→naps
habit would do good for people's health. 6.______
Cat naps helped build up energy in the body.
7.______
Since cats have moods(情绪) like these of people,
8.______
scientists believe that people can improve their moods with
9.______
catnapping. People might become more happier and more active. 10.______
for →to
helped→help
these→those
with→by
去掉第一个more