不定式用法专讲1. 不定式是动词的一种非限定形式,通常前面带有小品词to,有时也可不带to,它可以和助动词或情态动词构成谓语:
They will set up more evening schools next year. 他们明年要办更多的夜校。
We mustn't fall behind the others. 我们一定不要落在别人后面。
也可以作主语(a)、宾语(b)、表语(c)、定语(d)或是状语(e):
a.To scold her would not be just. 责备她是不公平的。
b.We are planning to build a reservoir here. 我们计划在这里修一座水库。
C.One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture. 我们当前的主要任务之一是实现农业机械化。
d.Do you have anything to declare? 你有什么要申报吗?
e. We have come to learn from you. 我们是来向你们学习的。
有时它还可以构成复合结构(类似汉语语法中的主谓结构),作复合宾语等:
He wants all of us to make rapid progress. 他希望我们大家都迅速进步。
不定式在句子里虽能担任种种成分,但它毕竟是一个动词,因此具有动词的许多特点。它可以有自己的宾语(a)或状语(b),来和它构成不定式短语:
a.Would you like to tell me how you overcame the difficulties? 你可不可以告诉我你们怎样克服困难的?
b.I prefer to go there by bike. 我宁愿骑车去。
还有下面种种形式:
主 动 形 式 被 动 形 式
一般式 to do; to be done;
完成式 to have done; to have been done;
进行式 to be doing; ________
完成进行式 to have been doing; _________
另外,不定式虽然在语法上不能有主语,但由于表示的是动作,在意思上是可以有主语的,这个主语可以称为逻辑上的主语(the Logical Subject),以区别于语法上的主语。例如在We came to study.中,we是句子里的主语,同时也是to study的逻辑上的主语;又如在We'll send him to study abroad.中,him是句子里的宾语,而且是to study逻辑上的主语。不定式的逻辑上的主语,可以是句子中的主语、宾语等,也可以由一个用for引起的短语表示,例如:It is difficult for a foreigner to learn Chinese. 外国人学汉语是不容易的。
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