2014届高考英语一轮复习讲义语法系列之非谓语动词

　　不定式用法专讲

　　7. 不定式的被动形式

　　当不定式的逻辑上的主语是这不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。这种形式可以用来：

　　1)作主语：

　　It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here. 我很荣幸被邀在这里讲话。

　　Is it possible for our hopes to be realized? We believe it is. 我们的希望能实现吗? 我们相信是可以的。

　　It's necessary for us to be constantly reminded of our shortcomings. 经常有人提醒自己注意缺点是必要的。

　　2)作宾语：

　　She asked to be sent to work in Tibet. 她请求派她到西藏去工作。

　　He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 他宁愿给他些更重的工作做。

　　She hated to be flattered. 她讨厌受人奉承。

　　3)构成复合宾语：

　　He wanted the letter to be typed at once． 他让把信马上打好。

　　She didn't like herself to be praised like that. 她不喜欢自己受到那样的赞扬。

　　He didn't expect the book to be so well received. 他没想到这本书会受到这样的欢迎。

　　4)构成复合谓语：

　　This is bound to be found out. 这准会被人发现。

　　The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. 这些书不许携出室外。

　　The date is expected to be announced soon. 估计日期不久就会宣布。

　　5)作定语：

　　Are you going to the banquet to be given at the embassy?

　　你准备参加大使馆举行的宴会吗?

　　There are a lot of things to be done. 有很多事要做。

　　It was the first such project to be designed by Chinese engineers.

　　这是中国工程师设计的第一个这类工程。

　　The questions to be answered are on page 32. 需回答的问题在第32页上。

　　6)作状语：

　　The kids went to the hospital to be inoculated. 孩子们到医院去种牛痘去了。

　　She was too young to be assigned such work. 她年纪太小，不适宜把这工作交她做。

　　就是逻辑上的主语不出现，只要在意思上是被动的，这不定式仍然要用被动式：

　　It's a great honour to be elected a model teacher. 选为模范教师是很大的荣誉。

　　To be criticized might be a good thing. 受批评可能是件好事。

　　不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式，在句中用作主语(a)，宾语(b)，或构成复合宾语(c)，或复合谓语(d)，间或用作定语(e):

　　a. It is a good thing for him to have been criticized. 他受到批评是件好事。

　　b. She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. 她宁愿分给她的是更重的工作。

　　c. They knew him to have once been arrested by the police. 他们知道他被警察逮捕过。

　　He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. 被邀参加晚会他感到很荣幸。

　　d. The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 这书据说已被译成好几种语言。

　　He is not likely to have been notified about it. 这事多半还没有通知他。

　　e. She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. 她是第一个选上这样位置的妇女。

　　这时，这不定式表示的是一个比谓语动作发生得更早的动作。

　　注：不定式的被动式用来构成谓语的情况在179中已经讲到，这里就不谈了。

　　在某些结构中不定式虽然表示被动的意思，用的却是主动形式：

　　a. He has no one to take care of. 没有什么人需要他照顾。

　　(比较：He has no one to take care of him. 没有谁照顾他。)

　　We still have many difficulties to overcome. 我们还有很多困难要克服。

　　b. Give him some books to read. 给他点书看。

　　He'll show you the right path to take. 他将告诉你该走什么道路。

　　c. They found the lecture hard to understand. 他们发现这报告不好懂。

　　I don't consider that a proper thing to do. 我想这不是正确的做法。

　　d. It is a hard nut (for one) to crack. 这是一个棘手的问题。

　　He is not easy (for anyone) to convince. 他不容易被说服。

　　在这些句子中，虽然不定式与最近的名词(代词)有动宾关系，但与句子中另一个名词(代词)却可能有主谓关系，如前三类情况都是如此，这或许是用主动形式的原因。在a，b两类句子中，如果没有这种主谓关系，不定式就仍以用被动式较好，如：

　　a． Have you anything to be taken to the city (by me or someone else)?

　　你有什么东西需要(让我或其他人)带到城里去?

　　I have no more letters to be typed, thank you.

　　谢谢你，我没有什么信要打了。

　　b. Please give me the books to be distributed among the students.

　　请把要发给学生的书交给我。

　　Let me show you the room to be used as the teacher's readingroom.

　　我来带你去看看要用作教员阅读室的那个房间吧。

　　另外，在以there is (are)引起的句子中，用来修饰主语的不定式可以用被动式，也可以用主动形式：

　　There is no time to lose (to be lost). 时间紧迫，不能耽误了。

　　There are still many things to take of (to be taken care of). 还有好些事要处理。

　　Are there any more items to put (to be put) on the agenda? 还有什么别的项目该列入议程？

　　在口语中用主动形式的时候更多一些。但有时候两种形式可能表示不同的意思，如：

　　There is nothing to do now. (We have nothing to do now.) 现在没事儿干。

　　There is nothing to done now. (We can do nothing now 现在没有什么办法了。

　　There is nothing to see (nothing worth seeing). 没有东西值得看。 

　　There nothing to be seen (nothing there at all)． 看不见有什么东西。

　　注：在下面类型的句子中，to let, to blame, to seek等不定式，都是主动形式，却有被动意思：

　　The house is to let. 房子要出租。

　　Who is to blame for it? 这得怪谁?

　　The reason is not far to seek. 这理由不难找到。

　　4)在had better， had best， would rather， would rather...than， would sooner， would sooner...than， cannot but， do nothing but等结构后面：

　　You'd better remain where you are． 你最好待在你现在待的这地方。

　　I would (had) rather not see him. 我宁愿不去见他。

　　They would rather try and fail than give up the plan．

　　他们宁愿尝试不成功也不愿放弃这个计划。

　　We preferred to put the meeting off rather than hold it without adequate preparation．

　　我们情愿延期开会，而不愿意没有充分准备就开。

　　I'd sooner take a taxi than walk. 我宁愿坐出租车去而不是走着去。

　　I cannot but agree to his terms. 我只好同意他的条件。

　　She was so resolute that we couldn't but let her try.

　　她是那样坚决，我们不得不让她去试一下。

　　Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. 现在他只有认输。

　　All I could do was go home. 我只好回家。

　　My grandfather could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.

　　我祖父没有别的办法，只好等医生来。

　　注：在下面这类句子中作表语的不定式可带to，也可不带to：

　　What we must do is (to) make a draft plan. 我们该做的事是起草一个计划草案。

　　All I wanted to do was (to) help them. 我只不过是要帮助他们。

　　但：All I wanted was to help them. (比较：I wanted to help them.)

　　有时to和不定式中间可以插入一个副词，如：

　　They have started a drive to further improve the miners' working conditions.

　　他们开始做一番努力，来进一步改善矿工的工作条件。

　　He was too ill to really carry out his duty.

　　他病得太重，不能真正履行他的职责。

　　He likes to half close his eyes. 他喜欢半闭着眼睛。

　　I am glad to always find her in high spirits. 我很高兴老看到她情绪高昂。

　　Mother asks you to kindly come over and see us some day this week.

　　妈请你烦神这星期哪天到我们这儿来一趟。

　　只有在意思上绝对有必要把副词紧搁在动词前面时才这样做，一般(特别是在口语中)总避免这样，而把副词放在后面，或是放在 to前面。事实上也只有少数副词能插在to和后面的不定式之间。 有时为了避免重复前面的动词，可以把一个不定式省 略掉，单留下一个to：

　　I shall go if I want to. 如果我想去我就去。

　　Will you come? I'd love to. 你来吗? 我愿意来。

　　You don't know her? You ought to. 你不认识她? 你应该认识她。

　　"Will you join me in a walk?""I'll be glad to."

　　"你愿意来和我一块儿去散散步吗?""愿意。"

　　"Do you want to give a talk on that subject?" "I prefer not to."

　　"你想就那个题目给大家谈谈吗?""我想不谈为好。"

　　You'd better give a performance if they should ask you to.

　　 如果他们要求你表演一个节目，你最好表演一个。

　　You can do it this way if you care to. 要是你乐意的话，可以这样做。

　　Did you get a ticket? No, I tried to, but there weren't any left.

　　你买到票了吗？ 没有，我去买来着，但卖完了。

　　在某些个别情况下，to可以保留也可以不保留，如：

　　He says he will come as soon as he has got a chance (to). 他说一有机会就来。

　　They won't encourage you to do it even if you have the time (to).

　　你就是有时间做这事他们也不会鼓励你做的。

　　She may go if she likes (to). 她如果想去可以去。

　　在少数句子中常常不带to，如：

　　You may go if you like. 你高兴的话可以去。

　　She wants to come but her parents won't let her (come)．

　　她想来但是她父母不让她来。

　　在used to, be going to, mean to, ought to, try to, plan to等结构中，当不定式给省略掉时，to通常都是保留的。当两个(或更多)作用相同的不定式并列使用时，我们常常只在第一个不定式前加to，在后面的不定式前不加：

　　She decided to remain in the enemy rear and carry on underground work.

　　她决定留在敌后干地下工作。

　　It is quite necessary for us to read more and have more practice.

　　我们多读一些，多做些练习是非常必要的。

　　She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.

　　她让孩子待在那里等她回来。

　　但是，如果两者有对比关系，那么，每个前面就都得加to：

　　To try and fail is better than not to try at all.

　　尝试而失败总比不尝试好。

　　He hasn't decided whether to go home or to stay at school during the vacation.

　　他没决定假期是回家还是留在学校里。

　　Wouldn't it be better for her to continue to do this work than to take up something new?

　　让她继续做这工作，而不另外做新的工作是不是更好一些?