补上一课从划分句子成分上找到语法填空、短文改错的解题突破口目前的英语教学往往存在对句子成分不够重视的问题，以至于不少考生在这方面比较薄弱。殊不知正确分析句子成分和判断句子结构是学好英语的必备基础，不仅对语法填空和短文改错等题型的解答有直接的影响，而且对写好作文、理解完形填空和阅读理解中出现的长难句有重要意义。所以在此很有必要给考生们补上这一课。
句子由各个组成部分构成，这些组成部分叫作句子成分。句子成分可分为主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语和同位语等。一、主语——句子的主体(主语用“—”标注)
主语是句子的主体，用于说明谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者，除倒装句外，一般位于句子的开头。主语通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当。
The__most__obvious_problem_in_our_class is lack of interaction and teamwork.
我们班最明显的问题是缺少互动和协作。(名词短语作主语)
Mastering_a_foreign_language
will be of great help in our life.
掌握一门外语对我们的生活非常有帮助。(动名词短语作主语)
Whether_she_will_be_able_to_come
remains a question.
她是否能来仍然是一个问题。(从句作主语)二、谓语——主语的行为(谓语用“—”标注)
谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或特征，常位于主语之后。谓语可由动词和动词短语、系表结构以及“助动词/情态动词＋实义动词”充当。
When he
got up
at 7：00 am, a big plan occurred to him.
他早上七点起床时，脑海里突然有了个大计划。(动词和动词短语作谓语)
The watch
is necessary
in our daily life, but its function
is too simple and dull.
手表在我们日常生活中是必要的，但它的功能太简单呆板了。(系表结构作谓语)
We
may have
different opinions in organizing class activities.
对于组织课堂活动，我们可能有不同的观点。(“情态动词＋实义动词”作谓语)三、宾语——动作的对象(宾语用“—”标注)
宾语是动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词的后面。可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词和从句等。
I managed
to persuade
my classmates into accepting my idea.
我设法说服我的同学接受我的想法。(不定式作宾语)
Suddenly he thought of
seeing the beautiful views of the city again
before setting out.
他突然想在启程之前再看看这座城市的美景。(动名词短语作宾语)
Our success depends on
how well we can cooperate with one another.
我们的成功取决于我们彼此合作良好的程度。(从句作宾语)四、表语——主语的特征(表语用“[ ]”标注)
表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语(系表结构)，用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。可以用作表语的有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、分词和从句等。
Although the answer seemed
[a little strange], nobody but I doubted it.
尽管答案有些奇怪，但只有我对此产生了怀疑。(形容词作表语)
Several minutes passed but the whole class was
[in complete silence]．
几分钟过去了，但是整个班级一片寂静。(介词短语作表语)
The important thing is
[to learn and control your temper]
so that you may not do or say anything you'll regret.
最重要的是学会控制你的脾气，这样你可能就不会说出使你后悔的话。(不定式短语作表语)五、定语——名词的修饰语(定语用“[ ]”标注)
定语是用来描述名词的品质与特征的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。单个词作定语时常放在被修饰词之前，而短语和从句作定语时往往放在被修饰词之后。可以用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词和从句等。
We may have
[various]
ways
[to deal with such a situation]．
我们可能有各种各样应付此类情况的方式。(形容词和不定式短语作定语)
All the books
[offered by the students]
are reported to have been sent to the children in the countryside the other day.
据报道，同学们提供的所有书籍都在几天前送给了乡下的孩子们。(过去分词短语作定语)
How Li Hua regretted the
[valuable]
time
[(that)
he had wasted on the computer]!
李华多么后悔浪费在玩电脑游戏上的宝贵时间！(形容词和从句作定语)六、状语——动词、形容词、副词或句子的修饰语(状语用“[ ]”标注)
状语是用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的一种成分。可以用作状语的有：副词、名词、数词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、分词、独立主格和从句等。
[After a week's trip], he returned home,
[tired but very happy]．
旅行了一周后，他回到了家，感到很累但很高兴。(介词短语和形容词作状语)
[To compete]
more effectively with others, more and more people equip themselves with a higher education.
为了更好地与他人竞争，越来越多的人们都用更高水平的教育来装备自己。(不定式短语作状语)
[Time permitting], I expect to have more spare time to spend with my friends
[so that we can have a better relationship]．
时间允许的话，我希望有更多的业余时间和朋友一起度过，这样我们就会有更加良好的关系。 (独立结构和从句作状语)
七、补语——宾语或主语的补充说明(补语用“[ ]”标注)
补语是用来说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。补充说明主语意义的句子成分叫作主语补足语；补充说明宾语意义的句子成分叫作宾语补足语。可以用作补足语的有：形容词、副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、分词和从句等。
We'll try our best to make our country
[more and more beautiful]．
我们将尽全力使我们的国家越来越美丽。(形容词作宾补)
Popular science books can help us students [to become more interested in science and nature]．
科普书能帮助我们学生对科学和自然更感兴趣。(不定式短语作宾补)
To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English
[spoken]
as much as possible.
为了学好英语，我们应该尽可能多地听英语。(过去分词作宾补)
八、同位语——同等重要的修饰语(同位语用“[ ]”标注)
对句子中的名词或代词作进一步解释、说明，与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。可以用作同位语的有：名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动名词和从句等。
They
[three]
want to travel around the world together on foot.
他们三个想一起步行周游世界。(数词作同位语)
We are going to the local nursing home for the coming Double Ninth Festival,
[a holiday]
for us to show our respect for the elderly.
我们打算去当地一家敬老院过即将到来的重阳节，该节日显示了我们对老年人的尊重。(名词作同位语)
I hold the opinion
[that we should go to help them (to)
overcome the present difficulty]．
我认为，我们应该去帮助他们克服目前的困难。(从句作同位语)[课堂巩固训练]
划分句子成分
题型研究课从题型上探究语法填空、短文改错的解题技能题型一 语法填空
对应学生用书P4
语法填空就是命题人在预先选好的一篇地道的英语美文中，在保证句子成分、结构和语法等有效解题信息基本完备的基础上，挖去10个空所为。这10个空又根据提示词的有无分为有提示词和无提示词两种，这两种题型究其实质还是对基本语法知识的考查。
[感悟高考]
A(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)
Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia's biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top
__61__(attract)．
So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the notforprofit Panda Base,
where ticket money helps pay for research. I __62__ (allow)
to get up close to these cute animals at the 600acre centre. From tomorrow,
I will be their UK ambassador. The title will be __63__ (official)
given to me at a ceremony in London. But my connection with pandas goes back __64__ my days on a TV show in the mid1980s, __65__ I was the first Western TV reporter __66__ (permit)
to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. My ambassadorial duties will include
__67__ (introduce)
British visitors to the 120plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.
On my recent visit, I held a lively threemonthold twin that had been rejected by __68___ (it)
mother. The nursery team switches him every few __69__ (day)
with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed,
__70__
other is with mum — she never suspects.
[答案解析]
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。成都涌现出很多百万富翁、亚洲最大的建筑以及豪华酒店，但这对于作者这样的游客来说，熊猫才是那里的魅力所在。
61．attraction 形容词top修饰空格处的名词，attract的名词形式是attraction，意思是“吸引人之物”。
62．was allowed I与allow之间是被动关系，故用被动语态；又因上一句主句用过去时，可确定此句也用过去时。故填was allowed。
63．officially 空格处修饰过去分词given，故用副词修饰。official的副词形式是officially (官方地)。
64．to go back to“追溯到”，是固定搭配。句意：但是我和熊猫的渊源可以追溯到20世纪80年代中期我做一个电视节目的……。
65．when 分析句子结构可知，空格处所在的句子是定语从句。定语从句修饰前面的“the mid1980s”，且从句缺少时间状语，故用when引导该定语从句。
66．permitted reporter与permit之间是被动关系，故用过去分词表被动。过去分词短语permitted to ...作后置定语，修饰reporter。
67．introducing 此处用动名词作include的宾语。
68．its mother是名词，故此处填it的形容词性物主代词its。
69．days “every few＋复数名词”意思是“每隔……”。every few days“每隔几天”。
70．the one ... the other ...“一个……另一个……”。
B(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)
If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify
(识别) those of
__61__ (great) and less importance. Then, handle the most important tasks first so you'll feel a real sense of
__62__ (achieve). Leaving the less important things until tomorrow
__63__ (be)
often acceptable.
Most of us are more focused __64__
our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day. So, get an early start and try to be as productive
__65__
possible before lunch. This will give you the confidence you need to get you through the afternoon and go home feeling accomplished.
Recent __66__ (study)
show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks __67__ (regular). Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for
__68__ while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.
If you find something you love doing outside of the office,
you'll be less likely
__69__ (bring)
your work home. It could be anything — gardening,
cooking,
music,
sports —
but whatever it is, __70__ (make)
sure it's a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.
[答案解析]
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。如果在工作中感觉压力很大，你不妨先后退一步，把手头的工作分一下轻重缓急，优先处理最重要的工作，这样你就能获得一种成就感。
61．greater and连接并列成分，由and后的less可知，空格处也要用形容词的比较级。great的比较级是greater。
62．achievement 介词of后要用名词形式，achieve的名词是achievement。
63．is 单个的动名词短语leaving ...作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式，又因为文章主体时态是一般现在时，故填is。
64．on focus on“集中于，聚焦于”，是固定搭配。句意：我们大多数人在上午比在一天的晚些时候更能集中精力工作。
65．as as ... as possible意为“尽可能……”，是固定句式。句意：因此，早点儿开始，在午餐前尽可能高效。
66．studies 谓语动词为show，故空格处应填study的复数形式studies。
67．regularly 空格处修饰动词短语“take short breaks”，故用副词。regular的副词形式是regularly。
68．a for a while“片刻，一会儿”，是固定搭配。
69．to bring be likely to do sth.“可能做某事”。句意：如果你发现在办公室之外有喜欢做的事情，你把工作带回家的可能性就小了。
70．make 分析破折号后的句子结构可知，whatever引导让步状语从句，make sure ...部分是主句。这里用动词原形开头构成祈使句。
C(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)
In much of Asia, especially the socalled “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan, Korea, __61__ Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.
Chopsticks are usually two long, thin pieces of wood or bamboo. They can also be made of plastic, animal bone or metal. Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might __62__ (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters. Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal __63__ (create) special designs.
The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years. People probably cooked their food in large pots, __64__ (use) twigs (树枝) to remove it. Over time, __65__ the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly. Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which __66__ (gradual) turned into chopsticks.
Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, __67__ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C., influenced the __68__ (develop) of chopsticks. Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and __69__ (be) too violent for use at the table.
Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example，most people traditionally eat __70__ their hands.
[答案解析]
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。筷子通常是两根细长的木头或竹子。它们也能用塑料、动物的骨头或者金属制成。有时，筷子很有艺术性。
61．and 句意：……在中国、日本、韩国和越南的……文化里，人们通常用筷子吃饭。
62．be made 筷子用金、银做成，此处用被动语态。be made of“用……制成”。
63．to create 此处表示combine ... and ...的目的，故用不定式作目的状语。句意：熟练的工人也把各种各样的硬木和金属结合起来以创造出特别的样式。
64．using people与use之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作方式状语。
65．as/when 句意：慢慢地，随着人口的增加(当人口增加时)，为了使食物熟得更快，人们开始把食物切成小块。根据句意可知，空格内填as或者when, as/when引导时间状语从句。
66．gradually 空格处修饰turned into，故用副词。gradual的副词形式是gradually。
67．who 分析句子结构可知，空格处所在句子是非限制性定语从句。定语从句修饰先行词Confucius(孔子)，且从句中缺少主语，故用who引导。
68．development 空格处位于定冠词the后，由of chopsticks修饰，故空格处须填名词。develop的名词形式是development。
69．were 分析句子结构可知，believed后接宾语从句，宾语从句由and连接两个并列谓语。主句用了一般过去时，从句也要用相应的过去时态；又因主语是knives，故填were。
70．with eat with their hands“用手抓饭吃”。with表示“用”。