题型三 阅读理解第1讲细节理解题 对应学生用书P42
细节理解题在高考英语阅读理解试题中所占比例最大，但这部分题目相对来说比较简单，只要通过题干或题肢的关键词，在文中找到题目的信息区间，仔细比对，就能得出答案，因此对这类题目要做到读得快、答得准，力争不丢分，保住基本分才能得高分。
[看原文与题目如何对应] 析选项有哪些特征]
(2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读A节选)
Jane Addams (18601935)
Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community (社区) by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need. In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
21．What is Jane Addams noted for in history?
A．Her social work.
B．Her teaching skills.
C．Her efforts to win a prize.
D．Her community background.
A.Her social work.
原文中“a social worker”和选项中“social work”意思相近，故A项正确，选项特征为同义替换。
B．Her teaching skills.
文中提到“promoting education”而并未提及“her teaching skills”，故B项错误，选项特征为无中生有。
C．Her efforts to win a prize.
她并非为了获奖而付出努力，故C项错误，选项特征为曲解文意。
D．Her community background.
文中未提及“她的社区背景”，故D项错误，选项特征为无中生有。
(2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读A节选)
When Sandra Day O'Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator (参议员) and, in 1981, the first woman to join the U．S. Supreme Court. O'Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.
22．What was the reason for O'Connor's being rejected by the law firm?
A．Her lack of proper training in law.
B．Her little work experience in court.
C．The discrimination against women.
D．The poor financial conditions. A.Her lack of proper training in law.
由文中“finished third in her class at Stanford Law School”可知，她在法学院接受过教育，故A项错误，选项特征为曲解文意。
B．Her little work experience in court.
文中并未提及她在法庭的工作经验，故B项错误，选项特征为无中生有。
C．The discrimination against women.
由文中“she could not find ...a woman”可知C项正确。因为是女性所以找不到工作，也就是性别歧视。选项特征为语言简化。
D．The poor financial conditions.
文中并未提及她的经济状况，故D项错误，选项特征为无中生有。
知正确选项如何命制] 明干扰选项如何隐藏]
细节理解题正确选项特征
1．同义替换。指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lose one's job换成了be out of work。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把important改成of importance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。
2．语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，设置为答案。
3．正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。 细节理解题干扰选项特征
1．张冠李戴。是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。
2．无中生有。符合常识，但不是文章的内容。
3．曲解文意。与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。
4．颠倒是非。在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。
5．正误参半。部分正确，部分错误。
两步轻松搞定阅读理解细节题
解题模板]
[解题样板]
典例] (2016·全国卷Ⅱ阅读D节选)
Frank Hurley's pictures would
be outstanding —
undoubtedly firstrate photojournalism — if they had been made last week. In fact, they were shot from 1914 through 1916, most of them after a disastrous shipwreck (海难), by a cameraman who had no reasonable expectation of survival. Many of the images were stored in an ice chest, under freezing water, in the damaged wooden ship.
13．What do we know about the photos taken by Hurley?
A．They were made last week.
B．They showed undersea sceneries.
C．They were found by a cameraman.
D．They recorded a disastrous adventure.
第一步：审读题干抓关键，定位信息区间
根据关键词的醒目性和唯一性原则，可以确定本题的关键词为Hurley和photos。从而定位本题的信息区间为第二段。
第二步：选项与原文逐一比对，确定正确选项
A．They were_made last week.曲解文意原文信息：Hurley's pictures would be outstanding ... if they had been made last week.
正误分析：文中使用了虚拟语气，“如果是在上周拍摄的，也会很出色”是对事实相反的假设
B．They showed undersea_sceneries. 无中生有
原文信息：were stored ... under freezing water
正误分析：文中说照片封存在海底而没有说照片拍摄的是海底景观。
C．They were
found
by a cameraman.
张冠李戴
原文信息：they were shot ... by a cameraman
正误分析：文中说摄影师拍摄的而并非发现的。 D．They
recorded_a_disastrous_adventure. (正确选项)同义替换原文信息：they were shot ... after a disastrous shipwreck (海难)．..
正误分析：文中说在一次海难后拍的，也就是题干所说的记录的是一次灾难性探险。课堂巩固训练]
A
(2016·河北衡水中学高三一调)
International Studies (BA文学士)
Key features
·Recognizes the “global community”
·Has close connections with practical research
·Much of the teaching is done in small discussion groups
About the course
The course focuses on the complex relations between nation states. It will provide more opportunity to study specific issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of international bodies such as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.
The course applies theories to the working of the international system with close attention to particular countries. It provides students with a better knowledge of ways to solve international problems.
Related courses
BA (Hons) Community Management
BA (Hons) Public Policy and Management
Employment possibilities
International organizations
International business
Earth Science (BSc理学士)
Key features
·Based on key courses and the latest research findings
·Pays much attention to practical skills
·Offers chances for fieldwork
About the course
The
demand and competition for natural resources is becoming an increasingly serious problem for the future of mankind. Graduates in Earth Science will play an important role in meeting this demand, and in how these natural resources will be used.
The course covers geography and geology (地质学). You will carry out fieldwork in the UK and possibly abroad, and in your final year complete a research project in an area of interest to you.
Related courses
BSc (Hons) Geography
BSc (Hons) Geology
Employment possibilities
Mineral, oil, water or other related engineering industries
语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了两种学位课程的相关信息。
1．International Studies is a course in ________.
A．international politicsB．international business
C．international bodies
D．international relations
解析：选D 细节理解题。根据“The course focuses on the complex relations between nation states.”可知，International Studies课程的内容主要是关于国际关系的。故选D。
2．After taking the course of International Studies, the students will ________.
A．become practical and openminded
B．have a greater ability to discuss theories
C．know ways to settle problems between countries
D．have good jobs in any international organization
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据“It provides students with a better knowledge of ways to solve international problems.”可知，学完International Studies这门课程后，学生可以学会解决国际问题的方法。故选C。
3．Earth Science, as described in the second text, ________.
A．is attractive because of the chance for fieldwork
B．pays more attention to theories than practical skills
C．is built on important courses and the results of recent studies
D．encourages students to play a role in using natural resources
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据“Based
on key courses and the latest research findings”可知，Earth Science课程建立在重要的课程和近期的研究成果之上。故选C。
4．The above two texts are most probably written for the students who ________.
A．are first year college students
B．have not yet chosen their course
C．want to study in the UK
D．are interested in practical study abroad
解析：选B 推理判断题。纵观全文可知，文章除了介绍两种课程的特点之外，还介绍了课程概述以及具体科目；由此可推知，本文应该是为了给还没有做出具体选择的学生提供参考。故选B。
B
(2016·福建省普通高中毕业班单科质量检查)
This summer I volunteered at the China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda in Sichuan and had a once in a
lifetime chance to get within three feet. Born and raised in America, very rarely had I ever seen a panda. I had expected this moment ever since my mother told me that we would be volunteering at the Center.
When my cousin and I arrived at the Center and received our uniforms and gloves, any nervousness I had felt during the car ride quickly faded and changed into excitement. Our first task was to clean up the panda's cage. Although it was a boring job, it was interesting to be in the panda's living area and see how big the animals really are. Pandas actually fear heat, so the Center provides each animal with an ice block to keep it comfortable.
When it was time to feed the pandas, the keeper gave us five pieces of food each, which consisted of bamboo, carrots, or bread to feed to a oneyearold male. Never having dreamed of being so close to
a panda, I was delighted by the action and after listening to it munch (用力嚼) on the food, hurriedly offered a piece more.
Next, we watched a video on China's goal to help giant pandas back into the wild. It explained China's efforts to raise them to increase the population, and detailed measures taken to train the pandas to enter their nature reserve once again.
The workers had to spend lots of time teaching the animals how to live in nature and guaranteeing their safety at all times. I am grateful to have been able to volunteer for a day and will treasure the experience for the rest of my life.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了作者志愿到中国四川的大熊猫保护研究中心近距离为大熊猫服务的一次经历。
5．How did the writer feel on the way to the Center?
A．Excited.B．Nervous.
C．Bored.
D．Calm.
解析：选B 细节理解题。根据第二段“When my cousin and I arrived
... into excitement.”可知，在去中国大熊猫保护研究中心的路上作者感到紧张。故选B。
6．Which of the following is delightful to the writer?
A．Wearing uniforms.
B．Cleaning the cages.
C．Feeding the panda.
D．Watching the video.
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据第三段“Never having dreamed of being ... offered a piece more.”可知，喂大熊猫是使作者感到高兴的事情。故选C。
7．Why does the Center raise the giant pandas?
A．To attract more volunteers.
B．To keep them comfortable.
C．To help them back to nature.
D．To gain more experience.
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据第四段“Next, we watched a video on China's goal to help giant pandas back into the wild.”可知，保护中心饲养大熊猫是为了帮助它们回到野外。故选C。
C
(2017·太原市高三模拟考试)
We have got a lot of things from our families. Maybe we have our father's eyes or our grandmother's hair color. But there are other features of our personalities such as behaviors and viewpoints that we pick up by modeling our parents. Researchers at the university of Michigan believe there may be a specific viewpoint that we can thank our parents for the way we view work. The researchers referred to previous studies that identified three main ways of viewing work.
First, there are joboriented people, who tend to see their job as simply a way to make money. They look forward to clocking out (打卡下班) every day and pursuing fun activities outside the office. If you have a joboriented father, you may view work this way. However, if you grow up close to your mother, you probably will not hold this viewpoint.
Second, there are careeroriented people who see their job as a place to find achievement and gain a sense of identity. These are the people who don't mind working overtime. In fact, some people love their jobs so much that they become workaholics. They are more comfortable in the office than at home. According to the study, being close to a careeroriented father while growing up means there is a good chance you will share his viewpoint. Strangely, having a mother with this viewpoint seems to have little influence.
Third, there are callingoriented people who view their job as a way to make a positive impact upon the world. They are more concerned with improving the world around them than earning a large salary. In the study, those who expressed a strong calling orientation came from homes where both parents were callingoriented. This suggests that teenagers need the support of both parents in order to have the confidence to put personal ideals first and career success second.
语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文，主要谈论的是我们所获得的个性特征，例如行为和观点等，许多都源自我们的家庭，父母起了很大的榜样作用。
8．Which can best describe joboriented people?
A．They are eager to go to work every day.
B．They seldom have fun doing afterwork activities.
C．They don't spend time talking to their children.
D．They view their job as only a way to earn money.
解析：选D 细节理解题。根据第二段“First, there are joboriented people, who tend to see their job as simply a way to make money.”可知，以工作为目的的人只是把工作看成一种挣钱的方式。故答案选D。
9．What can be inferred from the third paragraph?
A．The careeroriented people don't mind working extra hours.
B．The careeroriented
people feel more comfortable at home.
C．The careeroriented
people are deeply affected by their mothers.
D．The careeroriented
people think of their job as a resting place.
解析：选A 细节理解题。根据第三段“Second, there are careeroriented
... mind working overtime.”可知，以职业为目的的人不介意加班。故答案选A。
10．How are
callingoriented teenagers different from others according to the last paragraph?
A．They don't need support from their parents.
B．They are much eager to make a big fortune.
C．They value career success more than personal ideals.
D．They desire to change the world for the better.
解析：选D 细节理解题。根据最后一段“They are more concerned with improving the world around them than earning a large salary.”及前一句中的“Third, there are callingoriented people”可知，以需求为目的的人渴望把世界变得美好。故答案选D。
11．What kind of family may a callingoriented teenager come from?
A．The one where the father is
callingoriented.
B．The one where the mother is callingoriented.
C．The one where both parents are callingoriented.
D．The one where all the members are callingoriented.
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据最后一段“In the study, those who expressed
... were callingoriented.”可知，以需求为目的的青少年通常来自父母双方都是以需求为目的的家庭。故答案选C。