题型三 阅读理解第4讲词义猜测题 对应学生用书P53
[题型概述]
近几年的高考阅读试题中对于词义猜测题的考查力度逐步加大。词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。由此看来，对于生词的理解是否准确，直接影响着阅读理解题得分的高低，对能否取得好的高考成绩有着举足轻重的作用。
[题型突破]
[典题例析] (2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C节选)
I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips — of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.
29．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1?
A．provider B．delivery man
C．collector
D．medical doctor
[解题样板]
根据画线单词后的“I've done 89 trips”以及“...from the time the stem cells are harvested
from a donor
(捐献者)
to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours ...”可知，“我”是一个运送干细胞的人，运送有严格的时间限制，故“送货员”与之相符合。
A 提供者
根据画线词后的“I've done 89 trips”“carry stem cells”和“are harvested from a donor”等关键信息可知，A项与原文表述相悖。 曲解文意
B 送货员
B项可由画线词所在段的下文语境做出合理推测。 合理推测
C 搜集员
结合画线所在段的下文语境并与C项比对可知，C项与原文表述相悖。 曲解文意
D 医学博士
结合画线词所在段的下文语境并与D项比对可知，D项与原文表述相悖。 曲解文意
$来&源：[答案] B
[题型技法]
5大猜词技巧，巧妙破解词义猜测题
要做好词义猜测题，考生必须熟练掌握大纲规定的词汇，在平时的训练中要注意积累生词和短语，掌握构词法的基本知识，对于各种前、后缀的变化形式了然于心。还要学会根据上下文语意，进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。下面介绍5种行之有效的猜词技巧，希望对同学们提高阅读理解猜测词义题的解题能力有所帮助。
1．利用上下文线索猜测词义
(1)重述
作者为了使某一难词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号与句子的其他部分隔开(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)或用信号词引导。常见的信号词有：or, namely, that is, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put in another way等等。
[典例] (2015·天津高考阅读C节选) In the library, I found my way into the“Children's Room.” I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf at random. The cover of a book caught my eye. It presented a picture of a beagle. I had recently had a beagle,_the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child.
分析：由同位语the first and only animal companion可以猜出beagle为“一种动物”。
(2)定义
作者常常通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中，定义解释作者所用词的准确含义。下定义时，作者通常使用信号词，如i.e., is, are, is/are called, mean, refer to, known as等等。
[典例] (2015·北京高考阅读C节选) Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window.
分析：通过本句中的the same way light passes through a window可知，transparent应意为“透明的”。
(3)举例
作者常常会通过对某一难词给出具体的例子，帮助读者理解该词的词义。举例常用的信号词有：such as, such ...as, for example, for instance, like, including, especially等。
[典例] (2016·全国卷Ⅲ阅读D节选) Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.
分析：根据下文的举例like anger or anxiety可推知，画线部分的意思应是“消极的”。
(4)同义词或近义词
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。例如上文[典题例析]中的carry和courier与delivery近义。再如：
[典例] (2015·湖南高考阅读B节选) This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small woodframe buildings could be lifted fairly easily.
63．The underlined word “hoist” in Paragraph 4 means “________”．
A．changeB．lift
C．repair
D．decorate
分析：根据下文“Small woodframe buildings could be lifted fairly easily.”可知hoist与lift同义，故正确答案为B项。
(5)反义词
有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether)．..or, unlike, but, yet, however, while, although, nevertheless, instead, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand等。
[典例] (2015·福建高考阅读E节选)If you're tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that'll keep your workout on track.
73．The underlined word“upbeat”in the second paragraph probably means “________”.
A．cheerful
B．average
C．serious
D．temporary
分析：根据语义，upbeat应与上文中的“tired of”意义相反，故本题正确选项为A项。
2．根据语法知识猜测词义
在英语句子中，同位语或同位语从句、定语从句等都起着解释说明、补充或限定的作用，因此也能提供猜测词义的线索。
[典例] (2015·江苏高考阅读D节选)Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies,_one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.
65．What does the underlined word“tyrannies”in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Countries where their people need help.
B．Powerful states with higher civilization.
C．Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.
D．Governments ruled with absolute power.
分析：根据后面的同位语“one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses”我们不难得知选项D与其意义一致，即“专政，暴君统治”。
3．根据上下文逻辑猜测词义
有时单词所在的上下文中没有明显的解释说明性线索，这时可根据上下文的逻辑关系进行推理，以确定某一难词或短语的意义。
[典例] (2016·全国卷Ⅲ阅读C节选)There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you'll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it's a_pipe_dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.
30．What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．A practical idea.
B．A vain hope.
C．A brilliant plan.
D．A selfish desire.
分析：根据连接词so可知上下文之间存在着因果关系，故我们需要从上文中寻找答案。由上文中的“One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you'll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it ...”可知，尽管Orleans Reinette是很好的品种，但是对各项条件的要求很高，因此大多数喜欢它的人种植它的希望会落空。故选择B项。
4．根据构词法猜测词义
英语中的许多词汇，特别是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的。因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义。
[典例] (2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读D节选) A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.
分析：根据构词法知识我们可知，un为否定前缀，ness为名词后缀，easy (舒适)为词根。因此，我们可知uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。
5．根据常识或背景知识猜测词义
有时考生可运用自己的常识或背景知识，根据上下文猜测词义。
[典例] (2015·北京高考阅读C节选) The objects around you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scatter (散射) light, bouncing it away from its original path.Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its tracks.
64．The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means
________.
$来&源：A．silently
B．gradually
C．regularly
D．completely
分析：根据画线词dead所在句子的前一句可知，一些物质使光发散；而本句中的前半句说其他的物质吸收光，根据常识我们可以推知应该是“完全地”阻止光的传播。故正确答案为D项。
[课堂巩固训练]
A
You use her as a shoulder to cry on. She texts you back with casual jokes.But she, Xiaoice, is only a virtual chatbot.
Xiaoice, Microsoft's latest artificial intelligence robot, was briefly released in 2014, and returned to WeChat in 2015, where she_became_a_big_hit. Millions of young Chinese now exchange messages with her daily, The New York Times reported. On WeChat,
Xiaoice is an official account. After following it, users can start textbased conversations with Xiaoice.
“Xiaoice's incredible learning ability was why people loved to talk with her，” Liu Jinchang, a researcher at Hightech Research and Development Center under the Ministry of Science and Technology, told China Daily. Apart from her ability to identify photos and send emojis (表情符号) in conversations, Xiaoice gains 45 percent of her knowledge from interacting with users, China Daily reported.
Chatbot programs first appeared in the mid1960s in the US. Driven by top tech companies, they are becoming smarter and more common. For instance, IBM's latest artificial intelligence program served as an academic consultant at Australia's Deakin University, answering students'
questions about course schedules and financial aid. Apple's Siri and Amazon's
Alexa have been used as voice assistants who can read news, play music and even make jokes for their users.
These programs are expected to move beyond smartphones, into televisions, cars and living rooms, The New York Times pointed out. However, it may take decades before scientists develop a “Samantha”， the advanced chatbot seen in the fiction film Her. In the film, Samantha sparks a romantic relationship with her user played by US actor Joaquin Phoenix. Many viewers are enthusiastic about this fantasy of virtual soul mate.
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。讲述了微软官方推出的一款人工智能机器人“微软小冰”，用户可以与它进行对话交流。
1．What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean?
A．She became a bestseller.
B．She became very powerful.
C．She became a moneymaker.
D．She became very popular.
解析：选D 句意猜测题。依据第二段“Millions of young Chinese now exchange messages with her daily”可知，画线句意为“Xiaoice”变得非常受欢迎，因此选D项。
2．Which of the following can Xiaoice do?
A．Do housework.
B．Spread messages.
C．Identify various photos.
D．Read news to its users.
解析：选C 细节理解题。依据第三段中的“Apart from her ability to identify photos and send emojis (表情符号) in conversations”可知，Xiaoice能够识别各种各样的照片，故选C项。
3．Which company's chatbot program can act as an academic consultant?
A．Microsoft.B．IBM.
C．Apple.
D．Amazon.
解析：选B 细节理解题。依据第四段的第三句可知，在澳大利亚的迪肯大学，IBM公司的人工智能程序担任学术咨询顾问，故选B项。
4．What can be learned from the last paragraph?
A．Chatbots mainly run on smartphones now.
B．It'll take decades to apply chatbots to cars.
C．Samantha is played by a US actor in the film.
D．The film Her doesn't interest
many audiences.
解析：选A 推理判断题。依据尾段的第一句可知，这些聊天程序希望将来能用在电视、汽车和起居室，句中的“beyond smartphones”暗示着现在这款程序主要用于智能手机。
B
(2016·武汉市高中毕业生4月调研测试) In 1885, the Republic of France, important friend during the American Revolution, donated the largest statue in the world, Liberty Enlightening the World, to the United States of America. The statue would celebrate its century of independence. To ship it, the statue was broken down into 350 pieces. And now, spread across Bedloe's Island in New York Harbour, it sat in 214 wooden packing boxes. The problem was that New York had no money to reassemble it. Six other cities, less affected by the recent economic decline, had the money and bid to build it.
But a Hungarian immigrant, Joseph Pulitzer, the owner of America's biggest newspaper called the World, wouldn't let “Liberty” go. When he
heard that the Statue of Liberty was about to die from lack of funds, he saw his chance.
Pulitzer set the fundraising goal of the World at D|S100,000. In its pages he laughed at the rich, thus increasing the paper's appeal among workingclass people, and firmly planted the idea that the statue was a monument not just for New York City but, indeed, for all of America.
Perhaps Pulitzer's cleverest trick was the promise to publish the name of every single contributor in the pages
of the World, no matter how small the contribution. The editorial that opened the fundraising campaign set its tone. He wrote：“The World is the people's paper and it now appeals to the people to come forward and raise the money for the statue's base.”
The statue, he said, was paid for by “the masses of the French people. Let us respond in like manner.” The circulation of the World
increased by almost 50,000 copies.
African American newspapers joined in the effort, encouraging their readers to contribute to a monument that would, in part, celebrate the end of slavery. So the money poured
in, as singledollar donations from grandmothers and pennies from the piggy banks of schoolchildren.
On August 11, 1885, the front page of the World announced,
“ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS！” The goal had been reached, even slightly beyond, thanks to more than 120,000 contributions.
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。自由女神像是法国送给美国人民的礼物，由于资金问题，女神像的装配出了问题。美国报业大亨Pulitzer为此做了很多努力，最后他终于为自由女神像筹集了足够的资金。
5．What does the underlined word
“reassemble”
(Para.1) probably mean?
A．Put together. B．Take apart.
C．Transport.
D．Repair.
解析：选A 词义猜测题。根据第一段可知，自由女神像是法国送给美国人民的礼物，为了运送它，女神像被分解成350块。装在214个木箱里。问题是纽约没有钱来把它重新装配起来。故画线词“reassemble”与put together意思相近，表示重新组装。故A项正确。
6．Which of the following was the greatest move in Joseph Pulitzer's success?
A．Attacking the rich people.
B．Celebrating the end of slavery.
C．Printing every contributor's name in the World.
D．Persuading children to donate their pocket money.
解析：选C 细节理解题。根据第四段“Perhaps Pulitzer's cleverest trick
... how small the contribution.”并结合第二、三段可知，为了不让自由女神像因资金短缺而落入他人之手， Pulitzer发起筹募资金活动，同时还做了一些其他努力。其中最伟大的一项就是把每位捐款人的名字都公布在《世界报》上。故C项正确。
7．What did Joseph Pulitzer try to convey to his readers about the Statue of Liberty?
A．It was a symbol of independence.
B．It was a monument for the whole USA.
C．It was a wonder in the building history.
D．It was a favor from the rich French people.
解析：选B 细节理解题。根据第三段“and firmly planted the idea
... for all of America.”可知，关于女神像。Pulitzer想对读者传达的思想就是它是全美国的纪念碑。故B项正确。
8．What was the main purpose of Joseph Pulitzer's efforts?
A．To protect the Statue of Liberty.
B．To win workingclass readers over.
C．To expand the circulation of his paper.
D．To raise money for the Statue of Liberty.
解析：选D 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句中“Pulitzer set the fundraising goal”并结合第三至五段内容可知， Pulitzer所做的努力就是为自由女神像筹集资金。故D项正确。