affect vt. ①影响 ②感动，打动
[特征]
- The part-time job affected her studies. 这份兼职工作影响了她的学习。
- She was affected by this movie. 她被这部电影感动了。
[备考必背] 辨析affect和influence
affect指的是受到具体事物的影响;influence指的是抽象的影响，经常指的是态度、行为和思想等方面的影响。
- The entire country was affected by drought. 整个国家干旱肆虐。
- The globalization influences the concept of the whole world.
全球化影响了整个世界的理念。
afford vt. ①负担得起(时间、费用等) ②提供
[特征]
- He can't afford the new house. 他买不起这间新房。
- The firm could not afford to pay such large salaries. 公司无法支付如此巨额的工资。
[考点]
afford常常接在一些助动词后面，如：can，could，be able to等。afford后面所跟动词的形式经常是afford to do sth.，可以直接跟名次，但是很少用于被动语态。
- I can't afford so much money for the new car. 我付不起这么多钱买辆新车。
(×)A car can be afforded by most people.
(√)Most people can afford a car. 大多数人都能买得起汽车。
[贴心叮咛]
afford这个单词非常重要，也经常考，但它的考点并不多。
afraid adj. 害怕;担心;恐怕
[考点] 重要句型
afraid只能作表语，不能作定语，也就是只能用在be afraid of/to do/that这样的句型中。
be afraid of sth./sb./doing sth. 害怕某事/害怕某人/害怕坐某事
- The little boy was afraid of rats. 这个小男孩害怕老鼠。
- She was afraid of her teacher very much. 她很怕她的老师。
- She was afraid of waking her mother up. 她生怕把她妈妈吵醒了。
be afraid to do sth. 害怕/不敢做某事
- She is afraid to make a mistake any more. 她不敢再犯错误了。
be afraid +从句 恐怕/怕……(意思常相当于I'm sorry, but ...表示委婉的回绝。)
- I'm afraid that I can't join your party. 我恐怕参加不了你的聚会。
[练习与解答]
— Go for a picnic this weekend, OK?
— . I love getting close to nature. [2004 福建]
A. I couldn't agree more B. I'm afraid not
C. I believe not D. I don't think so
答案：A (“这个周末去野餐，好吗?”“再好不过了。我喜欢亲近自然。”本题考查的是交际用语。I couldn't agree more是“再好不过了(表示同意 )”;I'm afraid not是“我恐怕不能”; I believe not 和I don't think so表示“我不认为这样”。)
[贴心叮咛]
afraid非常重要，要熟练掌握上面的考点。
afterward(s) adv. 然后，后来地
[特征]
afterwards是英国的用法，美国人更多的是用afterward，这两个词意思一样。
- Afterwards the girl left Guangdong for Shanghai. 后来这女孩离开广东去了上海。
[备考必背] 辨析afterwards和later
这两个词有时可以互换。但later可以和具体的时间连用，而afterwards不能。
- He will realize his mistakes afterwards/later. 他以后会意识到他的错误的。
- I saw her three days later. 我三天后见到了她。
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