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第4部分:阅读理解(第31~45题，每题3分,共45分)
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇
Do Patients Trust Doctors Too Much
Earlier this year, the American College of Surgeons, the national scientific and educational organization of surgeons conducted a nationwide survey that found that the average patient devotes an hour or less to researching his or her surgery or surgeon. While prospective patients worry about the costs or complications of an operation, they dont necessarily look for information that would address their concerns.
In fact, more than a third of patients who had an operation in the last five years never reviewed the credentials of the surgeon who operated. Patients are more likely to spend time researching a job change (on average, about 10 hours) or a new car (8 hours) than the operation they are about to submit to or the surgeon who wields (支配) the knife. And many patients are satisfied with the answers they receive from their surgeons or primary care doctors, whoever those individuals happen to be.
I felt curious about the survey, so I called Dr. Thomas Russell, executive director of the American College of Surgeons. There is a tendency for patients not to get particularly involved and not to feel compelled to look into their surgery or surgeons.He told me.
There are consequences to that kind of blind trust. Today, medicine and surgery are really team sports. Dr. Russell continued,and the patient, as the ultimate decision maker , is the most important member of the team. Mistakes can happen, and patients have to be educated and must understand what is going on.
In other words, a healthy doctor-patient relationship does not simply entail good bedside manners and responsible office management on the part of the doctor. It also requires that patients come to the relationship educated about their doctors, their illnesses and their treatment.
If we are truly going to reform the health care system in the US, Dr.Russell said,everybody has to participate actively and must educate themselves. That means doctors, nurses, other health care professionals, lawyers pharmaceutical (制药的) companies, and insurance companies. But most of all, it means the patient.
Trust is important. But as Sir Francis Bacon, who was among the first to understand the importance of gathering data in science, once observed , knowledge is power.
31. According to the author, patients should spend more time _________.
A. researching the American College of Surgeons
B. researching their surgery or surgeons
C. researching new cars
D. researching job changes
32. Nowadays patients seem to have _________.
A. too much trust in their doctors
B. too much information about their doctors
C. too little faith in their doctors
D. a healthy relationship with their doctors
33. Medicine and surgery are now really team sports in which _________.
A. patients and doctors play equally important roles
B. the patient does not have an active role to play
C. doctors have the final say in almost everything
D. the patient has the most important role to play
34. It is wrong to think that a healthy doctor-patient relationship _________.
A. is dependent just on the doctor
B. is a goal that can be achieved
C. entails any effort on the part of the patient
D. is what the patient truly desires
35. The author does NOT believe in_________.
A. lots of scientific data
B. Francis Bacon
C. blind trust
D. too much knowledge
第二篇
CT Scans and Lung Cancer
Small or slow-growing nodules (小结节) discovered on a lung scan are unlikely to develop into tumors over the next two years, researchers reported on Wednesday.
The findings reported in the New England Journal of Medicine, could help doctors decide when to do more aggressive testing for lung cancer. They could also help patients avoid unnecessarily aggressive and potentially harmful testing when lesions (损伤) found.
Lung cancer, the biggest cancer killer in the United States and globally, is often not diagnosed until it has spread. It kills 159,000 people a year in the United States alone.
The work is part of a larger effort to develop guidelines to help doctors decide what to do when such growths, often discovered by accident, appear in a scan.
High-tech (高技术的) X-rays called CT scans can detect tumors-but they see all sorts of other blobs (模糊的一团 ) that are not tumors, and often the only way to tell the difference is to take a biopsy (活检), a dangerous procedure.
At the moment, routine lung cancer screening is considered impractical because of its high cost and because too many healthy people are called back for further testing.
Good guideline could help make lung cancer screening practical, Dr. Rob van Kiaveren of the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, who led the new study, said in a telephone interview.
The team looked at7,557 people at high risk for lung cancer because they were current and former smokers. All received multidetector (多层螺旋) CT scans that measured the size of any suspicious-looking modules.
Volunteers who had nodules over 9.7 mm in width, or had growth of 4.6 mm that grew fast enough to more than double in volume every 400 days, were sent for further testing. Of the 196 people who fell into that category, 70 were found to have lung cancer，10 additional cases were found years later.
But of the 7, 361 who tested negative during screening only 20 lung cancer cases later developed.
In a second round of screening done one year after the first, 1.8 percent were sent to the doctor because they had a nodule that was large or fast-growing. More than half turned out to have lung cancer.
The result means that if the screening test says you dont have lung cancer, you probably dont,the researcher said. The chances of finding lung cancer one and two years after a negative first-round test were l in l,000 and 3 in l,000 respectively, they concluded.
36. The new study indicates that in case of small or slow-growing lung nodules_________.
A. you cannot be too careful
B. cancer is just matter of time
C. a biopsy is unnecessary
D. more aggressive testing is a must
37. Which is probably NOT true of lung cancer?
A. Smokers are usually considered to be at high risk for it.
B. It is the leading cause of cancer deaths around the world.
C. 159,000 new cases of it are diagnosed in the US each year.
D. It often goes unnoticed until it has spread.
38. According to the passage, good guidelines for lung cancer screening ________.
A. are a little bit too costly
B. do not exist yet
C. are being implemented
D. have been developed
39. All the following statements are true EXCEPT________.
A. a relatively small number of the volunteers had large or fast-growing nodules
B. almost all those with large or fast-growing nodules were found to have lung cancer
C. all the volunteers were at high risk for lung cancer
D. most of the volunteers tested negative during screening
40. In the eyes of the researchers the percentages given in the last paragraph ________.
A. are somewhat inaccurate
B. are pretty small
C. are rather high
D. are quite unbelievable
第三篇
The Iceman
On a September day in 1991, two Germans were climbing the mountains between Austria and Italy, high up on a mountain pass, they found the body of a man lying on the ice. At that height (10,499 feet, or 3,200 meters), the ice is usually permanent, but 1991 had been an especially warm year. The mountain ice had melted more than usual and so the body had come to the surface.
It was lying face downward. The skeleton(骨架) was in perfect condition, except for a wound in the head. There was still skin on the bones and the remains of some clothes. The hands were still holding the wooden handle of an ax and on the feet there were very simple leather and cloth boots. Nearby was a pair of gloves made of tree bark (树皮) and a holder for arrows.
Who was this man? How and when had he died? Everybody had a different answer to these questions. Some people thought that it was from this century, perhaps the body of a soldier who died in World War I, since several soldiers had already been found in the area. A Swiss woman believed it might be her father, who had died in those mountains twenty years before and whose body had never been found. The scientists who rushed to look at the body thought it was probably much older,maybe even a thousand years old.
With modern dating techniques, the scientists soon learned that the Iceman was about 5,300 years old. Born in about 3300 BC, he lived during the Bronze Age in Europe. At first scientists thought he was probably a hunter who had died from an accident in the high mountains. More recent evidence, however, tells a different story. A new kind of X-ray shows an arrowhead still stuck in his shoulder. It left only a tiny hole in his skin, but it caused internal damage and bleeding. He almostcertainly died from this wound, and not from the wound on the back of his head. This means that he was probably in some kind of a battle. It may have been part of a larger war, or he may have been fighting bandits. He may even have been a bandit himself.
By studying his clothes and tools, scientists have already learned a great deal from the iceman about the times he lived in. We may never know the full story of how he died, but he has given us important clues to the history of those distant times.
41. The body of the iceman was found in the mountains mainly because _________.
A. the melted ice made him visible
B. he was just on a mountain pass
C. two Germans were climbing the mountains
D. he was lying on the ice
42. What can be inferred from paragraph2?
A. The Iceman was struck dead from behind.
B. The Iceman could have died from the wound in the head.
C. The Iceman was killing while working.
D. The Iceman lived a poor life.
43. All the following are assumptions once made about the Iceman EXCEPT _________.
A. he was a Swiss womans long-lost father
B. he came from Italy
C. he was a soldier in World War I
D. he was born about a thousand years ago
44. The scientists made the deduction that the Iceman _________.
A. had got a wound on the back of his head
B. had a tiny hole in his skin causing his death
C. was hit in the shoulder by an arrowhead
D. was probably in some kind of a battle
45. The word bandits in paragraph 4 could be best replaced by _________.
A. soldiers
B. hunters
C. robbers
D. shooters