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第4部分：阅读理解（第31～45题，每题3分，共45分）
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇
Light Night， Dark Stars
Thousands of people around the globe step outside to gaze at their night sky. On a clear night， with no clouds， moonlight， or artificial lights to block the view， people can see more than 14，000 stars in the sky， says Dennis Ward， an astronomer （天文学家） with the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research （UCAR） in Boulder， Colo. But when people are surrounded by city lights， he says， theyre lucky to see 150 stars.
If youve ever driven toward a big city at night and seen its glow from a great distance， youve witnessed light pollution. It occurs when light from streetlights， office （照亮） the night buildings， signs， and other sources streams into space and illuminates ~ sky. This haze （朦胧） of light makes many stars invisible to people on Earth. Even at night， big cities like New York glow from light pollution， making stargazing difficult.
Dust and particles of pollution from factories and industries worsen the effects of light pollution. If one city has a lot more light pollution than another， Ward says， that city will suffer the effects of light pollution on a much greater scale.
Hazy skies also make it far more difficult for astronomers to do their jobs.
Cities are getting larger. Suburbs are growing in once dark， rural areas. Light from all this new development is increasingly obscuring （使变模糊） the faint （微弱的） light given off by distant stars. And if scientists cant locate these objects， they cant learn more about them.
Light pollution doesnt only affect star visibility. It can harm wildlife too. Its clear that artificial light can attract animals， making them go off course. Theres increasing evidence， for example， that migrating （迁徙） birds use sunsets and sunrises to help find their way， says Sydney Gauthreaux Jr.， a scientist at Clemson University in South Carolina. When light occurs at night， he says， it has a very disruptive （破坏性的） influence. Sometimes birds fly into lighted towers， high-rises， and cables from radio and television towers. Experts estimate that millions of birds die this way every year.
31 On a clear night， people can see
A 150 stars.
B hundreds of stars.
C one thousand stars.
D more than 14，000 stars.
32 Light pollution occurs when
A artificial lights illuminate the night sky.
B the moon lights up the night sky.
C too many stars are visible in the night sky
D streetlights are turned off.
33 Nowadays even suburbs are becoming unsuitable for scientists to do their jobs because
A the night sky there is too dark.
B the once dark areas are also polluted by lights.
C these areas are not polluted by chemicals.
D these areas are less developed.
34 How does light pollution affect wildlife？
A Animals may go off course.
B It helps migrating birds find their homes.
C Animals are afraid to go out after sunset.
D It helps birds fall asleep.
35 The title Light Night， Dark Stars means
A the night sky is brightly lit up and stars are black.
B lights appear at night and stars are seen in the dark.
C city lights at night illuminate stars in the sky.
D city lights illuminate the night sky， making stars invisible
第二篇
Shopping at Second-hand Clothing Stores
When 33-year-old Pete Barth was in college， shopping at second-hand clothing stores was just something he did - like changing the tires on his car. He looked at his budget， and decided he could save a lot of money by shopping for clothes at thrift shops.
Even new clothes are fairly disposable （用后即丢掉的） and wear out after a couple of years， Barth said. In thrift shops， you can find some great stuff whose quality is better than new clothes.
Since then， Barth， who works at a Goodwill thrift shop in the US state of Florida， has found that there are all kinds of reasons for shopping for second-hand clothing. Some people like him， shop to save money. Some shop for a crazy-looking shirt. And some hop as a means of conserving energy and helping the environment.
Pat Akins， an accountant at a Florida Salvation Army （SA） （救世军） thrift shop， said hat， for her， shopping at thrift shops is a way to help the environment.
When my daughter was little， we looked at it as recycling， Akins said. Also， why ay 30 dollars for a new coat when you can get another one for a lot less？
Akins said that the SA has shops all over the US - some as big as department stores. All of the clothes are donated （捐赠）， and when they have a surplus （盈余）， theyll have stuff a bag specials， where customers can fill a grocery sack with clothes for only or 10 dollars.
Julia Slocum， 22， points out， however， that the huge amount of second-hand clothing in the US is the result of American wastefulness.
Id say that second-hand stores are the result of our wasteful， materialistic culture， said Slocum， who works for a pro-conservation organization， the Center for a New American Dream. Thrift shops prevent that waste from going to landfills （垃圾填埋场）； they give clothing a second life， provide cheaper clothing for those who cant afford to buy new ones and generate （生成） income for charities. They also provide a way for the wealthy and middle classes to shed （摆脱） some of the guilt for their level of consumption.
36 Which statement about Barth is NOT true？
A He is 33 years old now.
B He works at a Goodwill thrift shop.
C He works at a Salvation Army thrift shop.
D He was a college student many years ago
37 When Barth was a college student， he often shopped at thrift shops
A to save money.
B to save energy.
C to help the environment.
D to make friends with poor people.
38 What does Akins do？
A She is a soldier.
B She is an accountant.
C She is a saleswoman
D She is a road sweeper.
39 Thrift shops can do everything EXCEPT
A give clothing a second life.
B generate in come for charities.
C provide cheaper clothes for the poor.
D stop rich people from wasting money
40 The word thrift in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by
A charity.
B one dollar.
C first class.
D two dollars.
第三篇
Water
The second most important constituent （构成成份） of the biosphere （生物圈） is liquid water. This can only exist in a very narrow range of temperatures， since water freezes at 0℃ and boils at 100℃。 Life as we know it would only be possible on the surface of a planet which had temperatures somewhere within this narrow range.
The earths supply of water probably remains fairly constant in quantity. The total quantity of water is not known very accurately， but it is about enough to cover the surface of the globe to a depth of about two and three-quarter kilometers. Most of it is in the form of the salt water of the oceans - about 97 per cent. The rest is fresh， but three-quarters of this is in the form of ice at the Poles and on mountains， and cannot be used by living systems until melted. Of the remaining fractional which is somewhat less than one per cent of the whole， there is 1020 times as much stored underground water as there is actually on the surface. There is also a tiny， but extremely important fraction of the water supply which is present as water vapor in the atmosphere.
Water vapor in the atmosphere is the channel through which the whole water
circulation （循环） of the biosphere has to pass. Water evaporated （蒸发） from the surface of the oceans， from lakes and rivers and from moist （潮湿的） earth is added to it. From it the water comes out again as rain or snow， falling on either the sea or the land. There is， as might be expected， a more intensive evaporation per unit area over the sea and oceans than over the land， but there is more rainfall over the land than over the oceans， and the balance is restored by the runoff from the land in the form of rivers.
41 Liquid water only exists
A in the center of the earth.
B on the surface of our planet.
C in a very narrow range of temperatures
D in the coastal areas of the earth.
42 The total quantity of water on Earth
A remains almost unchanged.
B has greatly increased in recent years
C is decreasing constantly.
D is affected by global warming.
43 Most of the fresh water on Earth
A is stored underground.
B is in the form of ice at the Poles and on mountains
C is found in rivers and lakes.
D comes from the rain.
44 The word fraction in the second paragraph means
A a very small amount.
B a large area.
C an important system.
D a major source of information.
45 There is more rainfall
A over the mountains than over the rivers
B over the rivers than over the mountains.
C over the oceans than over the land.
D over the land than over the oceans