动词的时态和语态
时态和语态是英语动词的两个最基本特征,是英语语法基础的基础,这里不一一解释了,只是将学生容易搞错以及考试的重点部分作一些说明。
许多学生和个别老师认为只有英语才有时态,这是个误解。其实,任何语言都有三个基本时态:过去、现在、将来。只是英语把时态的表述方式通过动词的变化分得比较细,如:现在时中又分为:一般式,进行式,完成式,完成进行式等。过去和将来时也可以此类推。
几个基本时态的概念、用法和考点
n 一般现在时:用来表述真理、习惯、现在的状态和性质等,常与always, usually, often, frequently, occasionally, seldom, rarely 等频度副词或from time to time, at all times等短语连用。
要点:频度副词的位置:
She seldom comes here.
She is always late.
n 现在完成时:用来表述已经完成或部分完成的动作或状态,其特点是1)不出现动作发生的具体时间;2)常与 for 或 since 引导的时间状语 连用。
要点:for 和 since 是现在完成时的标志词
实例:
______ the end of 1999 the output of the consuming products in Shanghai has increased by over 30%.
A. At
B. By
C. Since
D. After
在实考中,许多考生选了A,特别是有一定英语基础的考生,他们误认为该题是考at the end of 这个短语,我们将此类选项称为干扰项,往往安排在A的位置。因此,当你认为A特别简单时,要小心辨别是否是干扰项.此题的正确答案为C, 现在完成时。
n 现在进行时:用来表述正在进行的行为,常与now, look, listen等表示现在的词连用,如:
Look, the sun ______ brightly in the sky.
A. shines
B. was shining
C. is shining
D. has shown
解题思路:look看,表示与说话时间同步;brightly是副词,说明 shine不是半系动词,故答案为C
n 现在完成进行时:用来表述说话时已完成部分内容,目前还在做的行为,其特点是除了for 或 since外,常出现all day, all the morning等包括说话时间在内的时间状语连用,如整个上午,说话时也是上午。
n 一般过去时和过去完成时:这是中国学生学习的一个难点,因此也是考试的一个重点
过去完成时:发生在过去一个时间点之前的一个过去行为或状态,常用在:
1) 宾语从句中:He said he had read the book several times.
2) 状语从句中:When we arrived at the cinema, the film had begun.
3) 由by引导的时间状语句中:He had completed all the college courses by 15 years of age.
错:We had finished the task yesterday.
对:We finished the task yesterday. 或We had finished the task by yesterday.
要点:by 是过去完成时的标志词。
分清现在完成时、过去时、过去完成时的区别是英语时态学习的重点。
n 过去将来时:用来表述过去一个时间点以后的事情,其方向正好与过去完成时相反,如:
He said he would come to the meeting personally.
n 一般将来时和将来完成时:记住上面一句话: by 是将来完成时的标志词。
比较:
The world population will be over 6.5 billion in 2050.
The world population will have been over 6.5 billion by 2050.
其他的时态,如过去进行时,将来进行时等,只要把握好时间状语,一般比较容易理解,这里不再举例。
语态:表示行为的主动或被动,即:to do something 还是to be done
语态始终是英语语法的一个考点,只有及物动词才有被动语态。但要区分动词的及物和不及物不是靠几个讲座能解决的,要注意观察,特别是对本节第二句型和第五句型中提到的有关问题要反复思考。
解题思路:当你对主动和被动选项犹豫不决时,应倾向选被动项。
小结:第二讲的重点是:1)五个基本句型中应注意的问题; 2)英语时态的基本特征和用法,是英语语法必考内容。
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