6. instead of,in place of 这组词都有 替代 之意。
instead of: 代替、而不是、不而 可以引导动名词、名词、代词乃至介词短语,用法比in place of 更为广泛。
How is it that you have come instead of your father?怎么你代替你父亲来了?
They built a reservoir half way up the mountain instead of at thetop. 他们不是在山顶而是在半山腰修建了一个水库。
in place of: 代替、用而不用、取代 只能用于名词、代词,而且可以写作in ones place。
Jane couldnt go ,so I attended the conference in her place. 简不能脱身,所以我代替她出席了会议。
The Vice President talked at the meeting in place of the President becaue the President was sick. 由于总统生病,副总统代替他在会上讲话。
30.begin,commence,initiate,start 四个词都可作 开始但仍有差异。
begin是这组词中最常用的,强调从零开始。含与其反义词end 相对比之意。如:
The meeting begins at 8 oclock. 会议8 点钟开始。begin 可后接介词at,on ,upon ,with,含义各有不同。
begin at表示从某个特定点 开始。如:
Let us begin at the third chapter,让我们从第三章开始。
begin on/upon 表示 着手从事 某方面的工作,如:
we must begin on the govemment survey tomorrow. 明天我们必须着手研究政府的调查 。
begin with 表示在确定顺序时作为第一件要做的事。如:
We alwars begin with the hardest problems. 我们总是先对付最困难的问题。
start 含与stop相对比之义,常表示某件事中断后又重新开始。如:The children liked to see the train start. 孩子们希望看到火车启动。
He is starting his watch aftr it has stopped. 手表停了之后他正在上发条使它重新开始走。
start 与begin 相比,start 侧重在 开始 这一动作上,含突然开始之意:而begin 则侧重表示为实现某一目标的整个奋斗中的第一步,含 起点 之意。试比较:
One of the students decided to start a college magazine. 有位学生决定创办一份校刊。
He began a coure of sludy leading to a doctornte. 他开始了一门博士学位课程。
start,begin都可后接动名词或动词不定式作宾语。如:
She began/started to write when she was only a high school student. 。她上高中时就开始写作了。
She started/began skiing last winter. 她从去年冬天开始滑雪。
commence 比begin ,start 正式,侧重表示 开始诉讼程序、宗教或其他仪式、军事行为等。如:
The church servie commenced with a hymn. 礼拜以唱赞美诗开始。
commence 不应用于一般场合,如不应讲:Commence to eat your breakfast.;而应用begin to eat 来表示。
initiate 强调做某件事所迈出的第一步,但不包含所开始的事的结尾,常指始动力,可译成开创、发动、发起。如:
He inisiated a scheme for helping old people with shopping and housework. 。他发起了帮助老人买东西、做家务的计划。
initiate 常与cany on ,contine ,maintain 形成对照,因此除口语以外,在表示开创,发起 时,initiate 比begin,start 更为具体、确切。试比较:
He initiated the negotiation. 他首创谈判。
He began the negotiations. 他开始了谈判。
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