1、Mary is a beautiful girl.
名词的扩展靠限定,最基本的就是在名词的前面增加一个形容词这样的定语,上面的句子就是表语girl的前面加了一个形容词。显然,如果只是Mary is a girl这样的句子会让人觉得非常枯燥,没有什么意义,所传递的信息量极其有限。所以,名词前面加定语,可以使被限定的名词更加生动,更加形象而富有生命。如果要对名词给出更多限定,挖掘更多内部信息,我们可以在名词前面加多个定语来限定,如Mary is a beautiful Chinese girl.
放在名词前面起到限定作用的定语有很多种形式,形容词,名词,动词现在分词,动词过去分词等。虽然形式多样,但是这类定语还是比较好理解,只要顺着句子的顺序,就基本可以明白是怎么回事。
2、The computer that I bought yesterday works well.
有时候,我们需要对名词给出很多的说明,用大量的信息来限定名词。这时,如果还是把长长的限定成分放在名词前面,就会头重脚轻,所以英语中会用跟在名词后面的定语从句来限定前面的名词。根据定语的功能还可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。两者的区别在于前者与被限定名词之间没有逗号,而后者则有逗号隔开;前者起到限定作用,不可或缺,后者起到补充作用,舍去后对剩余部分影响不大。
本句子通过that I bought yesterday这个that引导的定语从句,使得主语the computer得到限定而明确,是我昨天买的计算机而不是别的。如果明白了这个名词可以通过后面加定语从句来扩展,我们的句子马上可以变得复杂起来,请看下例:
Another popular spectator sport, which is known as the sport of kings, is horse-racing, which is controlled by the Jockey Club.
译文:另一种以特大型运动著称的流行观赏运动是赛马,这种比赛由赛马总会控制。
本句话中,两个which引导的定语从句分别对前面的名词spectator sport和horse-racing,如果去掉这两个定语从句,句子就比较简单Another popular spectator sport is horse-racing.
请再看下例:
Each course which a student attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree.
译文:学生所上的每门课都将给他一个学分,当学生把所得学分累加到一定数量就可以获得一个学位。
本句子的表象也是有点复杂,但是如果我们明白定语从句可以限定名词,就可以把定语从句的部分先括起来跳过不看,抓住主干。第一个从句which a student attends到这里已经完整,所以括起来,同理第二个从句which he may count towards a degree,剩下的即为主干Each course gives him a credit.在翻译时,要注意汉语句子的结构平衡,所以一般把短的定语从句放在被限定名词前面翻译,而把相对较长的定语从句放在被限定的名词后面翻译。
有时候,定语从句的引导词如果在从句中作宾语,那么引导词可以省略,如下例:
Pollution and waste is a problem everyone can help to solve by cutting out unnecessary buying, excess consumption and careless disposal of the products we use in our daily lives.
本句话的主干就是开头部分Pollution and waste is a problem.在problem后面紧跟着everyone can help to solve这个定语从句,省略了引导词that,by后面引导的是限定动词solve的状语by cutting out unnecessary buying, excess consumption and careless disposal of the products。在状语部分,最后是名词products,后面又有一个省略that的定语从句 we use in our daily lives。显然,省略引导词后,定语从句判断的难度会加大,但是我们可以根据句子的含义来判断句子和前面名词的限定关系。
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