英语六级基础语法辅导精华:情态动词
情态动词有一定的意义,表示人的看法和态度,不表示动作或状态,因而不能单独做谓语,必须和实意动词或系动词的原形一起构成谓语,没有人称和数的变化。把情态动词放在句首、句尾用问号便构成疑问句;在其后加上not或never等否定词就构成否定句。如:
My mother can drive. 我妈会开车。
My mother cant drive. 我妈不会开车。
Can your mother drive? 你妈会开车吗?
Cant your mother drive? 你妈不会开车吗?
You neednt look at me like that. 你不必那样瞧着我。
常用的情态动词有can, could; may, might; must; should; need; dare; ought to 等。
(一)can/could 的用法
1、表示具备某种能力,但不一定做事情。仅仅表示有能力而已。can表示现在;could表示过去。如:
The nine-year old boy can swim across the river. 那个九岁的男孩能游过那条河。
Can you swim across the river? 你能游过那条河吗?
I could do such things then, but I cant now. 我那时候能做这样的事情,但现在不能了。
We couldnt get the truck to start. 我们发动不了那辆卡车。
2、表示请求(疑问句中)、允许。Could 比 Can 委婉;两者都指现在。回答一律用 can 或 cannot, 也可以用mustnt. 如:
Can /could I smoke here? 我可以在这里抽烟吗?
Yes, you can. 是的,你可以。
No, you cannot smoke here. 你不能在这里抽烟。
You can go now. 你现在可以走了。
Could you lend me $55? 你能借给我55美圆吗?
Yes, of course. 当然可以。
No, I cannot/Im sorry I cannot. 不,不行/对不起,恐怕不行。
Could you tell me where John is? 你能告诉我约翰在哪儿吗?
3、表示可能性。 但是并不牵涉到是否真会发生:都可以表示现在和将来,只是could的语气更加不肯定。如
That can/could be very awkward. 那可就太尴尬了。
Can/Could it be true? 那会/可能是真的。
That cant/couldnt be true. 那不可能是真的。
Will you answer the phone? It could be your mother. 你去接电话好吗?可能是你妈妈。
What can/could they be doing? 他们可能会在干吗呢?
Could/Can they be chatting in his office? 他们可能在他办公室里聊天吗?
No, they cant/couldnt be doing that now. 不, 现在他们不可能在做那事。
(二)may/might 的用法
1、表示允许或请求允许;might语气更礼貌:
May I turn on the TV? 我可以把电视打开吗?
You may go home now. 你现在可以回家了。
She asked if she might have my bike. 她问是否可以借用我的自行车。
He told me I might go and see him any time. 他和我说我可在任何时候去见他。
can/could和may/might 都可以表示允许和请求允许。can最直截了当;could 礼貌客气;may 既尊重又婉转礼貌;might 带者太多的虚礼,所以很少使用。如:
对所有这些问句的肯定回答:
Yes, of course. Yes, you can/may.
对所有这些问句的否定回答:
No, you cant/may not /mustnt /Im afraid not.
2、表示可能性,是也许之意。这时may和might无时间上的差别,只是might在语气上更不肯定一些。如:
You may/might have some fever. 你也许发烧了。He said that the news might be true. 他说这消息可能是真的。
They may/might be having a bath. 他们也许正在洗澡。
We may be buying a new house. 我们也许要买个新房子。
表示可能性时,may/might不用于疑问句,可用can/could或别的说法。如:
Is it likely to rain, do you think? 会下雨吗,你认为?(不说May it rain?)
Can/could they be having a bath? 他们可能正在洗澡吗?
(三)must的用法
1、表示义务、命令或劝告,是必须之意。对自己、对别人均可:
We must take this seriously. 我们必须严肃对待这事。
You must tell me the truth. 你必须和我说实话。
Patients must use medicine according to the doctors orders. 病人用药必须遵医嘱。
在回答由must引起的问题时,如果是否定回答,多用neednt 或 dont have to,表示不必、没必要而mustnt表示绝对不行、不可以的意思,有时用来回答can或may开头的问句,表示口气很强的不允许:
Must the ladies wear dresses? No, they dont have to/they neednt. 女士们必须着连衣裙吗?不,不必。
Can/May I come in? No, you cant/mustnt. 可以进来吗?不行/绝对不行。
must 仅用于表示现在和未来。其他时态用have to。但在间接引语中可用must表示过去:
I had to leave early because I wasnt feeling well. 我不得不早点离开,因为我觉得不舒服。
Youll have to take care of the child. 你将不得不照顾这个孩子。
She has had to work over ten hours a day. 她一直不得不每天工作十几个小时。
They decided they must stop smoking. 他们决定他们必须戒烟。
He asked me if he must leave at once and I told him he didnt have to. 他问我是否他必须马上离开,我告诉他不必。
2、表示推测,是肯定、一定之意。此时,must只用于肯定句。在否定句或疑问句中,用can/could:
There must be a mistake. 准是弄错了。
Can/Could there be a mistake 可能会有错吗?
There cant/couldnt be a mistake. 不可能会有错吗?
He must be over sixty now. 他肯定六十多岁了。
He cant/couldnt be sixty now. 他现在不会是六十岁。
Can/Could he be over sixty now? 他现在会有六十多岁吗?
They must be watching the news now. 他们这会儿肯定在看资讯。
They cant/couldnt be watching the news now. 他们这会儿不可能在看资讯。
Can/Could they be watching the news now? 他们这会儿可能在看资讯吗?
我们先对表示推测的表达法作一个总结:
(1)表示对现在和将来状况的推测:must 一定,may 可能,might 也许,cant 不可能。从一定到不可能,可能性逐渐降低。
(2)对已经过去的情况的推测:must, may, might, cant/couldnt 这些词后面分别加上have + 过去分词,表示一定,可能, 也许,不可能。从一定到不可能,可能性逐渐降低。
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