主谓一致
在英语中,最重要的一致关系就是主谓一致了,一般来说单数主语用单数动词,复数主语用复数动词。但是主语有时候并不仅仅是简单的单数或者复数。比如说集合名词就既能当单数主语又可以作复数主语。另外如不定代词、不定式,以及从句等都能作主语,它们的单复数就不那么容易划分了,这样使用单复数动词的相应具体规则也比较多,但是这些规则基本上都离不开三个大的原则。
1 、语法一致。如: the boy plays 和 the boys play 完全符合语法上一致的原则,也可以说是基本原则。
2 、意义一致,或者是概念一致。动词的单复数取决于主语所表达的概念,而不是一味由表面的语法标记决定的。如集合名词 team 本身就有复数的意思,表示整个球队的队员们,如: The basketball team are warming up .篮球队队员们正在做热身运动。
3 、邻近词一致的原则,也可以说是近邻原则。即动词的数要与它紧挨着的名词,或者代词的数一致。如: Mike is one of the brightest students who have graduated from Harvard University ,在这个句子里,最靠近从句中的先行词的是 students ,而不是 one ,所以句子中的动词采用复数形式。实际上,一般用 one of+ 复数名词时,后面的 who 引出的定语从句都是修饰复数名词,但如用 the only one of+ 复数名词时, who 引出的定语从句中的动词则应用单数形式,因为该从句修饰的是 one .
关于主谓一致的问题,另外还有几点需要注意:
l 、当中心词为度量、距离、价格等复数名词的时候,谓语动词则采用单数形式。如: Two miles is a short distance .
2 、在如 many a+ 单数名词; each and each 组后面,谓语动词仍然用单数形式。如: Many a student makes the same mistake .
3 、当主语后面跟由 with , together with , but , along with , like . in addition to , as well as , as much as , rather than , except 等连接的词组时,其谓语动词的形式依主语的单复数形式而定。如: Statistics as well as physics always causes me a lot of headaches .在这里,谓语 cause 的形式就要依据主语 statistics ,而不用考虑 as well as 后面加的另外一个名词。学科的名词都要用单数谓语动词,所以应该是 causes. 相关例题:
Every policeman and fireman _______on the alert .
A . have been B . was C . are D . were
这道题目的知识点正是上文中提到过的第二点,在 each and each , every and every , no and no 之后的谓语动词应该采取单数的形式,所以正确答案应该是 B ,每一个警察和火警人员都保持警戒状态。
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