名师：大学英语四级考试语法提纲

　　四级语法讲义

　　一：时态：所谓的时态，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表：

　　1.主动形式

　　过去 现在 将来 过去将来

　　一般 did do will/shall do should/would do

　　进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing

　　完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done用于虚拟语气

　　完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing

　　2.被动形式

　　过去 现在 将来 过去将来

　　一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given

　　进行 was/were being given am/is/are being given

　　完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given

　　完成进行 / / /

　　v CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时;将来完成时;完成进行时。

　　v 时间状语从句当中的时态：

　　一般过去时 所有的过去

　　用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来

　　现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成

　　一.非谓语动词

　　一.不定式：

　　一)不定式的常考形式：

　　1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.

　　被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.

　　语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生

　　2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.

　　被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.

　　语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前

　　二)不定式常考的考点：

　　1)不定式做定语----将要发生

　　2)不定式做状语----目的

　　3)不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.

　　三)不定式的省略

　　1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel

　　+ do　 表示动作的完整性，真实性;

　　+ doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性

　　I saw him work in the garden yesterday.

　　昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。

　　I saw him working in the garden yesterday.

　　昨天我见他正在花园里干活。

　　v 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.

　　2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to

　　I d like to have John do it.

　　I have my package weighed.

　　Paul doesnt have to be made to learn.

　　3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do

　　四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：

　　want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do

　　force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do

　　be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do

　　五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式

　　accustom to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.

　　三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。

　　He needs encouraging.

　　二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词

　　1)是名词 seeing is believing

　　2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary.

　　一)动名词的形式:

　　一般形式：I dont like you smoking.

　　完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.

　　被动形式：This question is far from being settled.

　　二) 动名词常考的点

　　1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数

　　2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词

　　3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.

　　I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon.

　　A.you to call B.you call C.you calling D.youre calling

　　I regret not having taken your advice.

　　4)有些词后只能接动名词

　　admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...

　　另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法：

　　its no good; its no/little/hardly any/ use; its not/hardly/scarcely use; its worthwhile; spend money/time; there theres no point in; theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point...

　　I should have practiced more !

　　我应该多多练习!

　　I shouldnt dream away my time too much!

　　It shouldnt have been leaking for such a long time!

　　I may/might/could have finished!

　　一些常见的句型中，就会出现这种虚拟语气，而处于从句之中，should 常常被省略掉

　　o suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;

　　o demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;

　　o require, request;

　　o think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.

　　由于他们的含义中包含建议，假设，应该这类的含义，所以，由他们引起的从句中，就会包含有should+原型时态构成的虚拟语气。

　　这些动词引起的从句还有其他的变形：

　　主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句

　　Its suggested that

　　My suggestion is that

　　The only suggestion that...

　　The only suggestion I can give you now is that

　　一些形容词引起的表语从句中，也会有同样的情况

　　important; necessary; essential

　　Its natural ; strange; incredible that

　　a pity; a shame; no wonder

　　? 由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的从句中多使用should

　　v 表达与事实相反

　　1. 与现在相反：使用：

　　I wish I were not here!

　　Suppose we were not here.

　　He loved me as if I were his own son.

　　Hope I werent always losing things!

　　If only/If I hadnt been there!

　　What if I hadnt been waiting right here!

　　常考句型：Its time would rather

　　这两个从句，只能表达对现在的看法，所以，从句中只有一般过去时。

　　2. 与过去相反：过去完成时;

　　How nice it is if I had past the test!

　　How nice it is if I had slept a little more this morning!

　　4就近原则：n1 or n2 +v

　　either n1 or n2

　　5可数n1 and 可数n2+v

　　不可数n1 and 不可数n2+v

　　例外：war and peace is　war and peace是一个整体

　　但是如果主语表示的是同一个概念，同一人，同一事的时候，谓语动词用单数，这种结构的特征是and连接的两个词只有一个冠词。

　　The iron and steel industry is very important to our country.

　　The head master and mathematical teacher is coming.

　　The head master and the mathematical teacher are coming.

　　类似的还有：law and order　bread and

　　butter　black and white

　　To love and to be loved is

　　A lawyer and a teacher are

　　A lawyer and teacher is

　　6随后原则：not A but B / not only A but also B+v.

　　7百分比结构：most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persent

　　of+n1+v.

　　8倒装结构的主谓一致：

　　a)There be +n　由名词决定动词

　　b)Among , between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构：

　　Among / Between +系动词+n.

　　9The+adj的主谓一致：

　　a)当表示一类人，

　　b)当表示某一抽象概念时

　　The good is always attractive.

　　10 To do/doing/主从+vs

　　More than one+n

　　many a +n.

　　a day or two

　　二)、倒装

　　1 全部倒装

　　是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：Up went the plane = the plane went up.

　　1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。

　　2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。

　　注意：1) 上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能倒装。Here he comes. Away they went. 2) 谓语动词是be的时候，不能倒装。 Here it is. Here you are.

　　3) 形容词短语/分词短语位于句首，引起倒装

　　typical of　 characteristic of

　　coinciding with + n

　　4) 表示地点范围的介词短语位于句首，谓语动词为系动词，一定引起倒装

　　In+系动词+主，主同。

　　在倒装句型答案中不能出现there

　　常考介词要倒装：among　between　in　at　beneath

　　常考的系动词：be　lie　exist　remain　rest

　　部分倒装

　　1. 否定 adv 位于句首，引起倒装：not only, not until, hardly, scarcely,

　　seldom, rarely, no soonerthan

　　1) not until + 时间 + 主谓倒装，not until + 句子+主谓倒装

　　2) only+状语位于句首

　　only +ad.　 eg: recently

　　prep.短短语　 eg: in recently years

　　从句　 eg: when clause

　　only一个词本身不倒装

　　3) 在比较级结构中，than后面可以倒装，也可以不倒装。

　　部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。

　　? 1) Neither, nor, so 表示前面句子的共同否定或者肯定，产生倒装，一般主动词提前，谓语动词的其他部分就

　　4) as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 。

　　as〔让步〕虽然，尽管〔词序倒装。语气比 though 强〕。

　　Successful as he is, he is not proud. 他虽成功，却不骄傲。

　　Women as she is, shes every brave.

　　Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

　　注意：A) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。B) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。

　　5) 其他部分倒装

　　a) so that 句型中的so; such that句型中的such位于句首时，需倒装。

　　So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.

　　b) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中：May you all be happy.

　　c) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。Were I you, I would try it again.

　　四、复合句

　　从句可分为：

　　名词性从句 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句

　　形容词性从句定语从句

　　副词性从句状语从句

　　v 常考的关系代词：that; which; who/whom/whose; where; when; what; as。

　　v 常见的同位语从句现行词：fact, idea, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, opinion, problem, thought, understanding

　　v 常用的引导词

　　o 时间状语从句：while; when; before; whenever; as; after; till; until; since; once; ever since; as/so long as; as soon as; no sooner than; hardly when; scarcely/barely when; the moment/minute/instant; on doing

　　o 地点状语从句：where; wherever

　　o 原因状语从句：because; since; as; seeing that; considering that; now that; in that; for fear that; lest; owing to the fact that; because of the fact that; due to the fact that

　　o 方式状语从句：as; as if; as though; how; save that

　　o 比较状语从句：as; than; as not so hardly than;

　　o 结果状语从句：so that; so that; such that; so as to

　　o 条件状语从句：if; unless; in case; so long as; so far as; provided/providing/that; supposing; granted/granting that giving that.

　　o 让步状语从句：though; although; even if; even though; whether; as; however; no matter ; for all that; in spite of the fact that; granted that; regardless of the fact that

　　o 目的状语从句：that; so that; in order that; lest; for the fear that; in case

　　定语从句:

　　which 引导的定语从句结构

　　1)which是关系代词，which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子，

　　在这个句子中，which要作成分，作主语或者宾语

　　2)in which+完整的句子

　　which在定语从句中作in的宾语，所以不能作后面句子的主语

　　3)名词+of which+谓语动词

　　of which来修饰名词，名词在定语从句中作主语，所以后面直接跟谓语动词

　　I have five books three of which are borrowed from Mary.

　　4)介词+ which +to do 其功能相当于定语从句。

　　The key with which to open the door is lost.

　　5)定语从句的省略结构：

　　1. 如果that / which在定从中作 宾语，可以省略.

　　sub+vt+n++sub+vt

　　s+vt+n+s+v

　　s+vt+n1+n2+vt

　　当做题时，若发现两个名词在一起，但是似乎连不上，则一定省略that /

　　which，则动词为vt，做谓语。

　　6)定从的特殊省略

　　the way + 句子

　　the reason +句子　均为完整句

　　the time +句子

　　I do remember the first time I ever heard the sweetest voice in the world.

　　By the time省that+句子，句子。

　　7)定从的主系省略

　　即：which be , who be , that be可同时省

　　状语从句省略结构

　　这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件：

　　第一、特定的状语从句引导词：although　though　even though　when　while if as

　　第二、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致;

　　第三、从句的谓语必须是be动词，主语和be动词同进同出