很高兴又与大家相聚网上课堂，今天我们要讲的是四六级英语完形填空的测试特点和应对策略。
完形填空是考查语言知识和语篇水平的综合测试方式。要求考生具有一定的阅读理解能力，扎实的语法知识，同时对各类词法、句法、上下文逻辑关系、语义搭配以及写作技巧等还需具有较强的运用能力。选择完形填空与单句选择填空在形式上相似，但考查的内容却包括词汇、语法、阅读和写作等各方面的应用能力。
下面我们首先来分析一下完形填空与词汇语法、阅读以及写作之间的关系。
一、完形填空与其它测试手段之间的关系
1、完形填空与词汇、语法填空 大学完形填空所采用的形式与词汇语法选择填空的形式是一致的。
在测试要点上，完形填空与词汇语法选择填空也有很大相似之处，如单词的基本用法、同义词近义词辨别、常用句型、各种从句、谓语动词的时态、语态、语气、以及非谓语动词的用法等等。如：
1)When the new students are finally __80__，there may be one more step they have to take before registering for classes and getting to work.
80. A. adopted B. accepted C. received D. permitted 该题考查常用单词辨析。
2)__84__ these programs, the young people to get know the __85__ for registration and student advising, university rules, the __86___ of the library and all the other __87__ services of the college or university.
84. A. For B. Among C. In D. On
85. A. processes B. procedures C. projects D. provisions
86. A. application B. usage C. use D. utility
87. A. major B. prominent C. key D. great
84题考查的是常用介词的用法;
85----87题考查的是常用单词的区别。
3) The behavior and ideals of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new __79__ is better and higher than anything __80__ the past.
79. A. that B. what C. whichever D. whatever
80. A. for B. to C. within D. in
79题考查的是定语从句引导词的运用;80题考查的是常用介词短语的搭配。
4) Take it for granted that he likes everything and he probably __70__.
70. A. should B. may C. will D. must
70题所考查的是情态动词的用法。
5) If all places __87__ alike, there would be little need for geographers.
87. A. being B. are C. be D. were
87题所考查的是谓语动词虚拟语气的用法。
6)The secondary routes may go up steep slopes, along high cliffs, or down frightening hillside to towns __87__ in deep valley.
87. A. lying B. laying C. laid D. lied
87题所考查的既有lie与lay的区别，又有现在分词与过去分词的用法。
7)People see the sun moving ___80__ the sky as morning turns to night, and the earth seems stationary __81__ that is happening.
80. A. around B. across C. on D. above
81. A. since B. so C. while D. for
80题考查的是常用介词的搭配，81题考查的是时间状语从句。 完形填空中对词汇，语法的考查从以上各例可窥见一斑，其干扰项的设计与单项填空基本类似，但完形填空对上下文的依赖性更强。这就要求同学们不只是了解词汇和语法知识，同时还必须具备一定的阅读理解能力，对上下文的正确理解是完形填空的关键
2、完形填空与阅读理解
完形填空是根据对文章的理解，依据一定的语言语篇知识将句子中所缺部分补全，使句子正确，使文章通顺连贯。虽然完形填空并没有对文章的主题拟定、细节判断和事情因果推理的考查题，但同样要求考生能把握文章的主题，同样必须理解文章的细节，进行必要的推理、判断。只有在正确理解文章的基础上，才能根据意思的需要，补足缺少的部分。 下面是93年6月的一篇四级完形填空真题。因第一句通常是介绍文章的主题，为了便于考生理解全文，文章第一句没有挖空。通过首句的阅读，考生可以推测，该篇短文介绍的是与学生学习责任有关的事情，作者欲阐述的观点是：学生应该自己负责自己的学习。
Many teachers believe that the respon-sibilities for learning lie with the students .__71__ a long reading assignment is given， instructors expect students to be familiar with the __72___ in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The __73___student is considered to be __74___ who is motivated to learn for the sake of __75___, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned __76__ brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is __77___ for learning the material assigned. When research is __78__, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with __79__ guidance. It is the __80__ responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain __81__ a university library works; they expect students, __82__grade students, to be able tot exhaust the reference __83__ in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but ___84___ that their students not be ___85__ dependent on them. In the United States, professors have many other duties __86___ teaching, such as administrative or research work. __87___ the time that a professor can spend with a student out of class is __88___. If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either __89__ a professor during office hours __90__ make an appointment.
71. A. If B. Because C. Although D. Before
72. A. suggestion B. context C. abstract D. information
73. A. poor B. ideal C. average D. disappointed
74. A. such B. one C. any D. some
75. A. fun B. work C. learning D. prize
76. A. by B. in C. for D. with
77. A. criticized B. responsible C. innocent D. dismissed
78. A. collected B. distributed C. assigned D. finished
79. A. maximum B. minimum C. possible D. practical
80. A. students B. assistants C. professors D. librarians
81. A. when B. what C. why D. how
82. A. particularly B. essentially C. obviously D. rarely
83. A. selections B. collections C. sources D. origins
84. A. hate B. dislike C. like D. prefer
85. A. too B. such C. much D. more
86. A. but B. except C. with D. besides
87. A. However B. Therefore C. Furthermore D. Nevertheless
88. A. plentiful B. limited C. irregular D. flexible
89. A. greet B. annoy C. approach D. attach
90. A. or B. to C. and D. but
文章的所有细节都是为同一主题服务的。抓住这一主题，对文章细节的理解就不会出现偏差。
老师所期望的是具有自制力的学生，自然希望自己的学生不要太依赖自己，84答案为D，85 答案为A;当分派给学生任务时，自然希望学生能够独立完成，尽可能少地需要自己的指导，说明79题答案为B;在完成研究任务时，查阅各种材料也应该是学生的责任，80题答案为A;大学里，老师的任务很多，除了教学外还有行政、科研等任务，所以老师能给学生的时间是有限的，从这一因果关系可以判断88答案为B，因此，如果学生真地有问题就应该主动找老师或者给老师约好，89题答案为C，90题答案为A，所有这些都是围绕一个主题展开，即：学生的学习责任应由学生自己负责。 正确理解全文是做好完形填空的前提，但仅靠理解能力是不够的。完形填空最终考查的是正确表达思想的能力。也就是说，做好完形填空还需要一定的写作能力。
3、完形填空与写作
完形填空是使考生通过阅读有空缺的短文，利用自己的语言、语篇等方面的知识使短文的结构和意思恢复完整。阅读使考生获取对短文信息的了解，写作则帮助考生恢复短文结构和意思的完整性。
不同的体裁，不同的主题，其语段写作模式不同，有举例、有列举、有比较对照、有因果分析。根据语段的结构模式把握短文写作的思路，预测文章的发展，从而为解题找出依据。
写作的基本原则是：文章结构完整、内容统一、语意连贯、语言简洁，其中词语的同现、复现手段以及衔接语的使用，是文章结构得以完整、语意得以连贯、逻辑得以明了的主要手段，而完形填空中对此也有相当部分的考查。如：
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A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply---all these were important __71___ in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. __72__ they were not enough. Something __73__ was needed to start the industrial process. That something special was men --- __74__ individuals who could invent machines, find new __75__ of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society. The men who __76___ the machines of the Industrial Revolution __77___ from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were __78__ inventors than scientists. A man who is a __79___ scientist is primarily interested in doing his research __80___. He is not necessarily working __81__ that his findings can be used. An inventor or one interested in applied science is __82__ trying to make something that has a concrete __83__. He may try to solve a problem by using the theories __84__ science or by experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a __85__ result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of __86___ other objectives. Most of the people who __87___ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists. A few were both scientists and inventors. Even those who had __88__ or no training in science might not have made their inventions __89__ a groundwork had not been laid by scientists years __90__.
71. A. cases B. reasons C. factors D. situations
72. A. But B. And C. Besides D. Even
73. A. else B. near C. extra D. similar
74. A. generating B. effective C. motivation D. creative
75. A. origins B. sources C. bases D. discoveries
76. A. employed B. created C. operated D. controlled
77. A. came B. arrived C. stemmed D. appeared
78. A. less B. better C. more D. worse
79. A. genuine B. practical C. pure D. clever
80. A. happily B. occasionally C. reluctantly D. accurately
81. A. now B. and C. all D. so
82. A. seldom B. sometimes C. usually D. never
83. a. plan B. use C. idea D. means
84. A. of B. with C. to D. as
85. A. single B. sole C. specialized D. specific
86. A. few B. those C. many D. all
87. A. proposed B. developed C. supplied D. offered
88. A. little B. much C. some D. any
89. A. as B. if C. because D. while
90. A. ago B. past C. ahead D. before
该篇短文讲的是在英国工业革命中起重要作用的人，是人发明了机器。有关机器发明的概念贯穿整篇文章，第一段中的 ___74__ men who could invent machines 第二段中的 the men who ___76___the machines of Industrial Revolution 和 many of them were ___78__ inventors than scientists 最后一段的Most of the people who __87__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors。这些概念的重复在文章中起着纽带的作用，把整篇文章连接起来。考试若能读出这些，答案则自明。能发明机器自然是creative, 发明也就意味着 create 、 develop 。所以这些人与其说是科学家不如说是发明家，78题答案应是C。 从文章的叙述逻辑来看，文章开端说明财富、自然资源、充足的劳动力等在促使英国成为工业革命中心的重要性，而接着介绍人的因素，并且文章的主要篇幅都是介绍的人的因素，说明72题应是转折词but，由but引出文章的主题。第二段中Many of them were more inventors than scientists预示着下文将说明发明家 与科学家的不同。按照这个脉络去阅读，考生可以很轻松地找到下一个用于连接上下文的重复手段。第二段结尾so that his findings can be used 中used 与第三段第一句中的 applied science 以及to make something that has a concrete ___83___，是前后两段有机地衔接在一起，考生可以很轻松地判断83为use。另外第三段中冒号的使用从某种程度上就已经交代了答案。通过分析后面的具体例子，考生可以判断85答案为D。 衔接的手法很多，它们是文章必不可少的纽带，同时也是完形填空常常考查的题点。掌握应有的写作技能将有助于完形填空能力的提高。
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二、 大学英语四级完形填空测试要点
从干扰项的设计来看，近几年完形填空大体有以下特点:
1. 搭配题
1) 名词与介词的搭配，如95年的answers to ;
2) 形容词和介词的搭配 be confident in ;
3) 动词与介词的搭配，如97年的take sth for granted ,98年的judge from , get to work 和 adapt to ;
4) 动词和名词的搭配，如98年的 take step ;
5) 副词与分词的搭配,如98年的well prepared 等等。
这些都是常用的固定搭配,考生只要平时多加注意，在考试中便可轻松应对。
2.短语
另外一类比较简单的选项为短语，这些也大都是约定俗成的，如95年的take place，come from，97年的have an idea, come back, 98年的in the past, 2000年的learn by heart。
3.上下文线索
名词、动词、形容词的选择题中，大多情况下是四个选项没有任何联系，语义差别也比较大，选择时需根据上下文进行语意方面的判断，多数情况下，上下文中有同现和复现现象，考生应注意利用这些提示。
三、 完形填空解题技巧
注意词汇知识的运用
完形填空中对词的考查以实词为主，如形容词、动词、副词等。其中有相当一部分词汇题中各个选项之间并无大的联系。这类题要求考生应从上下文的语义入手，根据各选项单词的意思和结构进行选择。
1. 注意动词自身的结构功能
对动词来说，一般从两点设干扰项，一是动词的结构功能，如能不能接宾语，接什么样的宾语，能不能接复合宾语;二是上下文的语义要求。有相当部分选择题考生只从结构上就可做出正确的判断。 如：
① Individuals of every race __76__ civilization to go backward or forward.
76. A. make B. cause C. move D. turn
根据动词的句法功能可以判断答案为B。
② Some high school students may be __76__ to have an interview with representatives of the university.
A. acquired B. considered C. ordered D. required
根据四个选项的句法功能可以排除A，B两个选项。从常识来看，大学招生时的面试是一项要求，而非一项命令，所以答案为D。
2. 注意分析动词所包含的肯定/否定含义与上下文的关系
在做动词选择题时，除观察动词自身的结构功能之外，还应注意其语义特点，比如，有的单词含有肯定含义，有的却有否定的含义。考生可借助这一特点，分析具体的上下文。如：
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Do not talk too much to the child __75_ meal times, but let him get on with his food, and do not _76__ him to leave table immediately after a meal or he will __77__learn to swallow his food __78__ he can hurry back to his toys.
75. A. on B. over C. by D. during
76. A. agree B. allow C. force D. persuade
77. A. hurriedly B. soon C. fast D. slowly
78. A. so B. until C. lest D. although
76题动词的选择依赖于上下句意思的需要。从四个选项的结构功能来看，A不对，因为agree后不能接复合宾语。从语意角度来看，A，B包含否定的含义，C，D包含肯定的含义。不同意/允许孩子马上离开即阻止孩子离开， 而不强迫/说服孩子马上离开即允许孩子离开，只是不采用强制的手段。根据下文否则孩子会养成狼吞虎咽的习惯以便尽快地回去玩自己的玩具，答案应是B。可见，动词的选择不仅应看其句法功能，还需根据上下文确定其语义要求。
3.注意分析上下文的情景
结构是为意思服务的，在完形填空中大部分选项只看动词的结构功能是很难判断的，考生应注意分析上下文的情景。对于行为动词的选择应想象当时所发生的事情，根据目睹的所发生的事情进行选择。如：
③ The plane was moving unsteadily through the air, and __71__ the passengers had fastened their seat belts, they were suddenly __72__ forward.
71. A. although B. while C. therefore D. then
72. A. shifted B. thrown C. put D. moved
虽然72中的四个动词都能与forward.搭配，但根据飞机在空中如此颠簸的情况，乘客应该是被抛向前方。另外，shift一般还表示左右摇摆为多，put forward一般做提出解，move forward是向前移动可能是乘客从座位上走下来，向前漫漫移动，与当时飞机上的情形不符。
4. 注意上下句的联系，不要孤立地根据一句进行判断
完形填空不同于词汇语法填空之处就于，在完形填空所依赖的上下文比词汇语法填空要大的多。在做完形填空时，考生必须仔细阅读上下文，切不可只凭一句的提示进行判断。如：
It later became a custom to write directions on small cards, or etiquette, as to how visitors should dress themselves and ___81__ during an important ceremony at the royal court. the word etiquette began to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow.
81. A. act B. prepare C. respond D. follow
该题中四个选项意思差别很大，也没有结构上的特殊要求，只能根据上下文的意思确定选项。本句所处短文所要说明的是词语的演变问题。该句所表达的是在法语中etiquette是一种卡片，用来书写提示，提示客人应该穿什么衣服，以及在仪式上应注意的事项，即言谈举止应注意的问题，再结合下文的to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow可以判断本题答案应是A。
5. 注意词汇与话题的同现
每个单词都有其适应的空间，其适合的话题，与同一话题相连的单词就构成了一个以话题为中心的词汇链。在做完形填空时考生可以借助词汇链的知识帮助完成选择。如
I have no doubt that all of these people were __74__ in school that the earth revolves around the sun; may even have written ita test.
74. A. learned B. suggested C. taught D. advised
与学校这个话题相连的动词很多，如teach, learn, study, attend, leave, take, drop out, dismiss等等。根据本题四个选项的特点和74处被动语态的使用，考生可以轻松地判断答案为C。
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6. 注意介词的表意功能和搭配功能
完形填空中涉及到介词选择的有两种：一种是常用介词的基本用法;另一种是与介词有关的搭配，测试中以搭配居多，也有部分常用介词用法的考查。在做这类考题时将介词选项的表意功能与上下文结合起来即可。 如：
① He may try to solve a problem by using the theories __84__ science or by experimenting through trial and error.
84. A. of B. with C. to D. as
科学的理论，of表示有关。
② Some geography books focus on a small area __77__ a town or city.
77. A. outside B. as C. except D. like
四个介词无任何相同之处，意思差别很大，根据a small area和 town city之间的列举关系，答案应是D。
③ A geographer might be described __85_ one who observes, records, and explains the differences between places.
85. A. for B. as C. to D. by
表示作为的介词是as。
④ They read over the questions __83__ trying to answer any of them.
83. A. after B. besides C. before D. against
阅读问题和回答问题之间所存在的是时间上的前后问题，自然是先阅读问题后回答，所以答案为C。
⑤ People see the sun moving __80__ the sky as morning turns to night, and the earth seems stationary that is happening.
80. A. around B. across C. on D. above
太阳由东向西划过天空，四个选项中只有B，能表示从一边到另一边，答案应是B。
7. 根据代词在上下文中的替代作用选择适当的代词
就代词而言，重点是看其在上下文中的替代作用，同时要特别注意that,one等的运用。如：
① The foreign research scholar usually isolates __76_ in the laboratory as a means of protection.
76. A. himself B. him C. oneself D. one
这是反身代词的一般用法，句子主语不是泛指的one，C不对，答案为A。
② What he needs is to be fitted with a highly organized university system quite different from __79__ at home.
79. A. those B. what C. which D. that
根据所对比的内容university system，可以判断，79所代替的是可数单数特指，说明答案应是D。
③ Never asks a child whether he likes or dislikes a food and never _66__ else to do so.
66. A. everybody B. anybody C. somebody D. nobody
本句为否定句，因此应选择非断定词，即答案为B。
④ At meal times it is a good idea to give a child a small portion and let him come back for a second helping rather than give him as __74__ as he is likely to eat all at once.
74. A. much B. little C. few D. many
本句所谈论的是一顿饭应该让孩子吃多少，从这一点上来讲，量的表达应用不可数代词，C，D可以排除。从上文中的a small portion来看，这里所要表达是而不是孩子想吃多少就让他吃多少， 即 as much as he is likely to eat， 答案为A。
8. 注意词语的搭配，根据搭配选择正确答案
注意常用短语动词的辨认
动词是构成句子必不可少的成分，作为谓语动词的一部分，短语动词也是十分活跃的成分，在完形填空的考查中占有一定的比重。这类短语有两种考查方式。一是，四个选项中只有一个搭配是正确的，这是最简单的一种;另一种是，四个选项的搭配不只一个正确，这时考生需借助于上下文语义做出适当的判断。试看以下各例：
① The man who the machines of the Industrial Revolution __76__ from many backgrounds and many occupations.
76. A. came B. arrived C. stemmed D. appeared
该题选项中只有一个可与from搭配，即A。
② At meal times it is a good to give a child a small portion and let him _73__ back for a second helping rather than give him as as he is likely to eat all at once.
73. A. ask B. come C. return D. take
从搭配上而言，B，D都是正确的，但take back表示收回前言，承认自己是错误的，与本题语义不符。这里只表示回来，所以答案是B。
③ The word geography __74_ from two Greek words.
74. A. falls B. results C. removes D. comes
该题可有两个正确的搭配，但result from表示起因于，而这里表示的是单词的来源，答案应该是D。
注意动词与名词、介词和副词的搭配功能
① The initial effort to recall __77__ the mind for operation.
77. A. leads B. begins C. helps D. prepares
本题答案为D，prepare for表示使做好准备。
② The more knowledge students have the school, the easier it will be for them to __90__ to the new environment.
90. A. fit B. suit C. yield D. adapt
使自己适应新的环境应是adapt oneself to 。
③ But they will also __72__ beyond the individual places and consider the earth as a .
72. A. pass B. reach C. come D. go
本题中跟与beyond搭配的只有选项D。
④ He is faced in his daily work __80__ differences in philosophy, arrangements of courses and methods of teaching.
A. toward B. with C. to D. at
与be faced搭配的介词是with。
⑤ But you were to remove the skin you could not __64__ anything about the race to which the individual belonged.
64.A speak B. talk C. tell D. mention
从搭配功能上讲，只有tell可接something about。
注意形容词与名词的搭配
These highways generally large urban centers which means that they become crowded with ___78_ traffic during rush hours.
78. A. large B. fast C. light D. heavy
用来修饰traffic的有light/heavy。根据上文中crowded和下文rush hours可以判断这里的正确搭配应是heavy traffic。
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注意名词与介词的搭配
名词与介词所构成的固定搭配是一种常见的语言形式，也是英语完形填空测试中经常涉及的题点。对于这类搭配，考生只要平时注意识记即可。
① But they also beyond the individual places and consider the earth as a __73__.
73. A. whole B. part C. unit D. total
本题答案为A，构成as a whole的搭配，意为作为整体。
② By the time the easier questions are answered, answers _88__ the more difficult ones will usually come into the consciousness.
88. A. to B. of C. about D. for
本题所考查的实际上是名词与介词的搭配，答案为A。
注意形容词与介词的搭配
① Even if a grade is not given, the student is __77__ for learning the material assigned.
77. A. criticized B. innocent C. responsible D. dismissed
从搭配能力上来看，A，D结构也是正确的，但语义与上下文不和。答案应是C, be responsible for 表示对负责，而上下文所讲的正是学生应该对自己的学习负起责任。
② The man had to the airport several times in order to become __85_ with the controls of the plane.
85. A. intimate B. familiar C. understood D. close
从搭配上来看，只有B是正确的，另外，从语意角度上讲也应该是B。在机场上空盘旋目的是为了熟悉飞机的驾驶操作，以便安全降落。
③ Then they answer first the ones __85__ which they are most confident.
85. A. of B. with C. for D. in
which所引导的是定语从句，所填介词是从句中介词的提前，根据从句中介词的搭配，答案应是D，对很自信应该是be confident in。
9. 注意区分同义词、近义词和形似词
近几年的四级英语考试对同义词、近义词和形似词的测试逐渐增多。一般四个选项中至少有两个为近义词。对于这类考题，考生除具备一定的词语辨析的能力外，主要是看上下文的语义关系。如：
① They expect students, particularly graduate students to be able to exhaust the reference __83__ in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but __84_ that their students should not be too dependent on them.
83. A. selections B. collections C. sources D. origins
84. A. hate B. dislike C. like D. prefer
83中collections为全集、汇编;selections为选集，图书馆的资料不只是选集或汇编，所以该两个选项与语意不符。C，D意思接近，但所指有别，只源泉、来源，指起源、起因。图书馆所提供的应该是参考材料的源泉，答案应是C。
② These secondary routes may go up steel slopes, along high , or down frightening hillsides to towns __87__ in deep valleys.
87. A. lying B. laying C. laid D. lied
本题的选择涉及到lie 和lay语义和用法区别以及非谓语动词的用法。表示坐落的应该是不及物动词lie, 做定语与被修饰对象之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系，应该用现在分词形式，即A。
③ At this moment, the air hostess ___73__. She looked pale, but was quite __74__.
73. A. showed B. presented C. exposed D. appeared
74. A. well B. still C. calm D. quiet
73中四个选项都有出现、显露方面的意思，但自身的语义特征构成了各自及物不及物的区别。A，B，C 都是及物动词，而这里应用不及物动词，表示出现之意，所以答案为D。
74除A外，三个选项意思接近，为近义词。但语义的侧重不同，与人连用时，still表示站着不动，quiet表示安静，不乱说，乱动，calm则表示人，镇定、平静。上文的脸色苍白，说明了恐惧的存在，而一般在这种状态下，人们的行为会有些失常，表现出不够镇定，不能泰然处之。句中but的使用，所以，答案应该是C。
④ If the father says he hates fat meat or the mother __67_vegetables in the childs hearing he is _68__ to copy the procedure.
67. A. opposes B. denies C. refuses D. offends
68. A. willing B. possible C. obliged D. likely
67四个选项都具有否定的含义。由上文来看，这里所表示的应该是母亲不喜欢吃蔬菜之类的含义。四个选项中，A搭配不对，因oppose后一般不接表示具体事物的名词。deny表示拒绝给予，意思不符，offend表示冒犯，触怒，与vegetable搭配不当。refuse表示拒绝，即拒绝吃蔬菜，为正确选项。
68中有两种选项：A，B表示与意愿有关的概念;B，D表示可能性。从上下文的语义发展来看，应该是可能性。B，D两个选项中，B句法结构不对，答案为D。
⑤ Human brains are the __68___.
68. A. same B. identical C. similar D. alike
四个选项都表示相同的概念，对于这四个词的选择，考生不必去分析每个词之间的语义差别，最好是从搭配上入手。四个单词中只有same与定冠词连用，答案自然是A。
⑥ Long before they graduate from high school, these students take special _72__ to prepare for advanced study.
72. A. courses B. disciplines C. majors D. subjects
除B之外，其它三个选项都与课程有关，subject是学科科目， major表示专业， course意为课程。另外从搭配来看，能与take搭配的也只是选项A。
⑦Some high school students may be _76__ to have an interview with representatives of the university.
76. A. acquired B. considered C. ordered D. required
A，D为形似词，意思差别很大，考生要注意区分。根据招生的安排，大学老师与考生见面并非强制性行为，而是对报考考生的一个要求，答案为D。
⑧They are _78__ to show that they have a good attitude and the _79__ to succeed.
78. A. decided B. intended C. settled D. determined
79. A. power B. ability C. possibility D. quality
78中四个选项都可表示决定，但能构成be + ved结构的却只有D。从语义角度上讲，面试考生要展示的是自己的能力，而非可能性。A与能力似乎有点联系，但具体地来说，表示的是权利，能源，所以79题的正确选项应该是B。
10. 运用语法知识
四级完形填空中也相当一部分是考查语法的试题，主要集中在虚拟语气、定语从句和状语从句和倒装句。
根据虚拟语气选择时态
If all places __87_ alike, there would be little need for geographers.
87. A. being B. are C. be D. were
本题是对虚拟从句中时态的考查。首先，从主句的时态可以判断这是个虚拟条件句，从句中应该使用虚拟语气。四个选项中只有D是虚拟语气的结构，答案为D。
根据句子的虚拟条件选择连词
Even those who had little or no training in science might not have made their inventions _89__ a ground-work had not been laid by scientists years before.
89. A. as B. if C. because D. while
本题所考查的是虚拟条件从句与其它从句的区别。从上下文的语义和主从句的时态可以判断，这里是虚拟语气，答案为B。
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正确判断定语从句
只有当确定定语从句以后，才能正确地选择关系词。在定语从句的确定中，首先确定关联词所连接的是一简单句，并列句还是从句，尤其是在两句之间有逗号相隔的情况下。如：
① The word geography from two Greek words, ge, the Greek word for earth, and graphein, __75_ means to write.
75. A. what B. that C. which D. it
可以判断the Greek word for earth,为同位语，用来说明解释 ge， 从句法结构的对称来看graphein 后也应该是用来解释说明graphein的，这就说明，graphein后不是一个简单句，而是一个定语从句，从逗号的使用可以很容易判断，并且是一个非限制性定语从句，说明答案为C。
② He invited a lot of people to his birthday party, all of ____ were professors.
A. them B. whom C. which D. those
这句话涉及定语从句的辨别。如果填them，就成了一个简单句，但两句之间没有连词，不符合英语的句法要求。如果填whom则为非限制性定语从句，对主句内容进行补充说明。
注意定语从句的关系词的运用
有时，四个选项都是定语从句的关系词，很显然是考查定语从句关系词的使用。在关系词的选择中可从两点去考虑，一是先行词为何，二是关系词在定语从句中的作用。如：
① Through these less direct routes, longer and slower, they generally go to place __88_ the air is clean and the scenery is beautiful, and the driver may have a to get a fresh, clean of the world.
88. A. there B. which C. when D. where
这一个定语从句关系词的考查题。其中三个选项都可做定语从句的关系词。根据定语从句的先行词，以及先行词在从句中的作用，可以判断，本题答案为D。
② The behavior and ideals of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new __79__ is better and higher than anything the past.
79. A. that B. what C. whichever D. whatever
先行词是something， 关系词在从句中做主语，说明，关系词应该是that，即A。
③ These highways generally large urban centers which means that they become crowded with traffic during rush hours, __79_ the fast, direct way becomes a very slow route.
79. A. when B. for C. but D. that
从句所表达的是什么时候这种直接快捷的高速公路变得如此缓慢，是对的解释，先行词为时间，关系词在从句中做状语，说明答案为A。
根据定语从句的关系词判断先行词
如先行词不同，关系词也随着不同，只有当先行词为表示地点时关系词才可用where。所以从关系词的使用情况可以判断先行词的类别。四六级完形填空中不乏此类的考题。如：
① This is thought to be a __89__ where further study is called .
89. A. scope B. field C. range D. district
根据关系词where和从句中所表示的研究,可以确定先行词应该是field领域。
② The __62_ a meal is cooked and served is most important and an served meal will often improve a childs appetite.
62. A. procedure B. process C. way D. method
定语从句的关系词省略，关系词在从句中又不做任何成分，说明先行词一定是way。
根据先行词的修饰语判断从句中副词的使用
当定语从句的先行词被形容词最高级修饰时，从句中应该用完成时态并且用ever。如果了解这一规律，下面一题可轻松解答。
The largest brain _71__ examined belonged to a person of weak .
71. A. ever B. then C. never D. once
初看，这里没有什么定语从句，实际上，分词做定语与从句做定语概念是一样的，只是结构的差别而已。这里的分词做定语就相当于that had ever been examined，因此，考生还是可以按照定语从句的规律来判断。
根据上下文的逻辑关系判断状语从句连词的使用
① It shook violently _89__ it touched the ground and then moved rapidly the runway and after a long run it stopped safely.
89. A. as B. unless C. while D. so
飞机着陆与剧烈振动之间既有因果关系，又有时间上的关系，但没有条件的关系，因为这里所描述的是具体发生的事情。如为因果，则着陆为因，振动为果;D因果倒置，不对。表示时间的连词while从句中一般与持续性动词或状态动词连用，表示一个动作在另一个动作的过程之中发生，显然与本句的情况不符。答案应是A，as表示同时发生。
② Did you ever have someones name on the tip of your tongue and yet you were unable to recall it? __71__ this happens again, do not to recall it.
71. A. As B. When C. While D. Whether
71所表示的应该是表示时间的副词。A，B，C都可连接时间状语从句，其中A强调同时发生;C强调主句谓语动词在从句谓语动词的进行之中发生，两者都与本题不符，答案应该是When。
③ Most children with healthy appetites are ready to eat almost anything that is offered them and a child rarely dislikes food __61_ it is badly cooked.
61. A. if B. until C. that D. unless
从意思上讲，孩子喜欢与不喜欢某一饭菜和饭菜做的质量之间应该是条件或因果的关系。从本句所表达的方式来看应该是除非饭菜做的不好，孩子是很少会不喜欢的，由此看来，答案应该是D。
④ The United States is well-known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time. _71__ these wide modern roads are generally and well maintained, with sharp curves and many straight , a direct route is not always the most one.
71. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. Therefore
从句介绍高速公路的优点，而主句提出其不足，前后显然是转折的关系，从句为让步状语从句，答案为A。
注意分析连词在从句中的作用和语意要求。
① We know, however, __88__ no two places are exactly the same.
88. A. although B. be C. whether D. that
从结构上看，空格后为宾语从句，A，B不能引导宾语从句，可以排除。从句中没有疑问或判断的意思，所以答案应该是D。
② Professors do not have the time to explain __81_ a university library works.
81. A. when B. what C. why D. how
空格后表示解释的内容，自然是做宾语的，为宾语从句。从连词和句子的关系来看，应该是表示方式，即解释如何使用图书馆，答案为D。
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注意倒装的条件
英语中主谓倒装的情况很多，如，only + 状语置于句首倒装，含有否定意味的词置于句首倒装;so表示某人也如何;neither/nor表示某人也不如何，置于句首倒装，虚拟语气中条件句if省略，将were/should/had置于句首等等。这几年的完形填空中对倒装语序的考查集中在nor的使用上。如：
① Human brains are the . No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will in size, but this occurs within every race. __70_ does size have anything to do with intelligence.
70. A. Only B. Or C. Nor D. So
② Under __79__ circumstance must a child be coaxed forced to eat.
79. A. some B. such C. such D. no
以上两题中都是采用了倒装语序。而四个选项中只有一个为否定词。按照含有否定意味的词提前，主谓倒装的原则，两题都应选择否定词。第一题答案为C，表示人脑的大小同智力也没有什么关系;第二题答案为D，表示在任何情况下都不应该强迫或哄骗孩子进食。
运用篇章技巧
一个完整的语篇，一篇内容充实，结构合理，行文流畅的短文所依赖的不只是词汇和语法，更多的是篇章技巧。作者借助于篇章技巧成文，同学们在复现作者的语言时同样可以借助篇章技巧。完形填空毕竟不同于单项选择，作为一个意思连贯，结构完整的语篇，其中篇章技巧的使用是完形填空解题中至关重要的手段。
1. 运用词汇复现技巧：
复现有原词复现、同义词复现、反义词复现、同根词复现、概括词复现等。完形填空中，考生可以利用上下文的复现信息，确定正确的表达方式。
1) 原词复现
为了表达的需求，在具体的上下文中同一概念重复出现。考生可以借助于上下文中这一信息选择答案。如：
① It can be said that foreign __74__ that makes the faculty member from abroad an asset also problems of adjustment, both for the university and for the individual. Both the visiting professor and his students background in each others culture.
74. A. situation B. background C. circumstances D. condition
四个选项都表示情况的概念,而一个外籍老师的情况又该用什么词来表达,通过文章后半部的阅读考生就不难发现background一词，便可判断此处答案为B。
② As the plane circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong. Moving the pilot , the man took his seat and listened carefully to the instructions that were being sent by radio from the airport . The plane was now dangerously close the ground, but to everyones , it soon began to climb. The man had to __84___ the airport several times in order to become with the controls of the plane. Following __88___, the man guided the plane toward the airfield.
84. A. surround B. circle C. observe D. view
88. A. impressions B. information C. inspections D. instructions
从上文中的circled可以推断84在机场上盘旋应该是B。从上文中listened to the instructions可以判断88为D。这样，84为上文中circle的复现;follow instructions 为listen to instructions的复现。
③ Again, a word from one language may pass into other languages and __74__ a new meaning. So, in Spanish the word etiquette today is used to __77_ the small tags which a store to a suit, a dress or a bottle. The word etiquette in French, , gradually developed a different meaning. the word etiquette began to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow.
74. A. developed B. pick C. change D. bases
77. A. show B. indicate C. hold D. design
一个单词出现的新的意思，用来表示什么表达方式可以从下文的复现信息判断。这样考生就用不着为各选项之间的辨析而头痛。
2) 同义词、近义词复现
同义词，近义词是借助意思相同或相近的表达方式，或解释性的语言使上下文语意得以连接起来。做完形填空时，考生应注意分析上下文中出现的解释性语言。如：
① Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the students. It is the __80__responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library.
A. students b. professors C. assistants D. librarians
从前面的responsibilities for learning lie with the students可以判断查找材料也应该是学生的责任，所以答案为A。
② That something special was men --- individuals who could invent machines, The men who __76__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution from many backgrounds and many occupations. Most of the people who __87__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists.
76. A. employed B. created C. operated D. controlled
87. A. proposed B. developed C. supplied D. offered
从上下文来看，这一部分所谈论的是人发明机器的事情。从复现信息，可以推断，76、87都应该是与发明有关的词语。从这一点出发，就不难判断，76答案为B;87 答案为B。
③ An inventor or one interested in applied science is trying to make something that has a concrete __83__.
83. A. plan B. use C. idea D. means
applied science 即应用科学，从apply一词可以看出下文复现的应该是 用这一概念，所以83答案为C。
3) 反义词复现
语意的连贯有时通过对比的结构采用反义复现的手段，或者是以反义的方式对前文加以解释。在考试中，考生应注意分析这类概念复现，从反义的角度判断正确的选项。
① Forcing yourself to recall never helps because it doesnt ____ your memory; it only tightens it.
81. A. loosen B. weaken C. decrease D. reduce
前后两部分互为解释，一为肯定，一为否定，为反义复现。从下文的tighten可以判断，上文应该是选loosen。
② There are four types of blood. __67__ types are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race.
67. A. All B. Most C. No D. Some
并列连词and说明前后语意一致，那么，前后应该是反义复现，与no 反义的自然是A 。
4) 同源词复现
对于上下文语意复现的表达，考生还借助复现信息的同源词。如以下各例：
① Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the students. If a long reading assignment is given, the instructors expect students to be familiar with the in the reading When research is __78__, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with guidance.
78. A. collected B. assigned C. distributed D. finished
该部分作者通过两个例子说明，应该有学生负责自己的学习，都是从布置作业方面解释。说明布置阅读作业时要求学生如何;布置研究作业时又该要求学生如何。两个例子概念复现，借助于give reading assignment的表达方式，可以确定78应该是B，构成assign research的结构。
② these wide modern roads are generally and well maintained, with sharp curves and many straight others are uneven road __85__ through the country.
85. A. driving B. curving C. crossing D. travelling
上文中提高高速公路上的弯道时用的是curve，85复现弯道的概念，用的应该是与curve有关的动词，即curving。
5) 上义词复现
上义词具有概括的作用。在写作中，有时为了表达的需要，作者会先概述，再分述。概述时用的为上义词，分述则用比较具体的下义词。在解答完形填空时，考生应注意分析这中分总关系，选择适当的表达方式。
① Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a __85__ result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of other objectives.
85. A. single B. sole C. specialized D. specific
冒号后自然是对上文的解释，从解释的内容来看，三者统一于一个概念之下：specific为具体，所以答案为D。
② Consider the everyday English __87__ Goodbye.
87. A. expression B. statement C. proverb D. conversation
Goodbye为所填之词的同位语，goodbye 为下义词，其上义词应该是A，expression。
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2.运用词汇同现技巧
同现指意义上相互联系的单词同时出现在同一语篇当中。一个语篇，一个话题，要求与之相连的词汇。由于单词意义的差别、所使用的语域不同，因此所适应的上下文也各有别。为了保证语篇的和谐性，得体性，有必要一话题为中心，了解有相关单词组成的词汇链。
1)场所同现
① This is thought to be a __89_ where further study is called .
89. A. a scope B. field C. range D. district
研究就有研究的领域、研究的课题、从事研究的人员。所以 研究与领域是同现，答案自然就是B。
② Another to divide the study of __80__ is to distinguish between physical geography and cultural geography. The former focuses on the natural world; the _81__ starts with human beings and _82___ how human beings and their environment act each other. But when geography is considered as a single subject, __84__ branch can neglect the other.
80. A. world B. earth C. globe D. geography
81. A. second B. next C. later D. latter
82. A. learns B. studies C. realizes D. understands
84. A. neither B. to C. one D. by
从文章主题来看，本短文所谈论的是地理。地理作为一门科学有其研究的内容。所以，geography, science, study是同现词汇, 80答案为D，这从下文分述中的复现也可证明;82答案为B，是同现动词。
从上文former的使用可以推断82答案为D，因former与latter为结构同现。
最后the other的使用说明只有两个，况且这一段所讨论的就是两种地理观的区别，那么两者都不自然就是neither， 也就是说neither与the other本来是同现关系。
2)修饰同现
③ these wide modern roads are generally __72__ and well maintained, with sharp curves and many straight __74__, a direct route is not always the most .
72. A. stable B. smooth C. splendid D. complicated
74. A. selections B. separations C. series D. sections
本题涉及到名词同现和形容词同现。与高速公路同现的形容词自然应该是平坦，有高速公路同现的名词自然有路段。由此来判断可知72答案为B，74答案为D。
3)因果同现
④ Furthermore, these highways generally __77__ large urban centers which means that they become crowded with __78_ traffic during rush hours.
77. A. lead B. connect C. collect D. communicate
78. A. large B. fast C. light D. heavy
道路的作用是连接人们有去之处,目的是为了交通,因此,highways, connect, traffic为同现词汇，而与traffic同现的形容词有light, heavy。由此可见77答案为B，78答案可为C，也可为D。但与rush hour同现的却只能是heavy traffic，所以78题答案为D。
4)结构同现
⑤ _84__ of these are good two-lane roads; others are uneven roads through the country.
84. A. All B. Lots C. Several D. Some
如果考生熟悉some与others结构上的同现关系，就用不着在分析数量上下功夫，答案自然可得。
⑥ Never ask a child __64__ he likes or dislikes a food and never likes and dislikes in front of or allow else to do so.
64. A. whether B. what C. that D. which
本题考查的乃是结构同现，与or 搭配的只有whether，即A。
5)同义同现
⑦ If a student has problem with classroom work, the student should either __89__ a professor during office hours __90__ make an appointment.
89. A. greet B. attach C. approach D. annoy
90. A. or B. and C. to D. but
90 与either构成结构同现 either or，89与make an appointment为近义同现。make an appointment就是approach老师的一种方式，所以89题答案为C.
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逻辑关系
一个完整的语篇应该是符合逻辑的，文章逻辑关系的取得主要靠转承语的使用。正确使用转承语，是保证文章连贯和谐，保证文章逻辑的有效手段。作者利用转承语保证文章的逻辑，同学们在做完形填空时通过自己对上下文的理解，找到适当的逻辑关系，然后选择正确的转承语。因此同学们有必要掌握各种转承语的用法。
完形填空的目的不是阅读，而是根据阅读掌握的信息恢复作者写作的原貌。从转承语上来说，即要求考生根据文章的语意发展和逻辑关系，确定适当的词语。
转承语与连词不同。连词一般是句子层面上的东西，要求考生所理解的是一句中主从句之间的语意联系，而转承语要求考生掌握的是语篇层面上的东西，考生需根据语篇上下文的逻辑关系才能确定适当的表达方式。因此，在转承语的选择上，同学们要仔细阅读文章的上下文内容，从整体上去把握。试看下列例题：
① The foreign research scholar usually isolates in the laboratory as a means of protection; __77_, what he needs is to be fitted a highly organized university system quite different from at home.
77. A. otherwise B. moreover C. however D. also
外籍研究学者习惯于将自己关闭在实验室之内，而他们所需要的却是溶入与他们原来所处的教育体系不同的体系之内。从上下文来看，两句的关系为转折，所以答案为C。
② a geographer might be described one who observes, records, and explains the between places. If all places alike, there would be little need for geographers. We know, however, no two places are exactly the same. Geography, __89_, is a point of view, a special way of at places.
89. A. still B. then c. nevertheless D. moreover
在讨论了对地理学的研究之后，于文章的最后结论道，地理学也是一种观点，一种观察不同地区的特殊方法。由此可见，89 答案为B。
③ In the United States, professor have many other duties teaching, such as administrative or research work. __87__ the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is .
87. A. However B. Furthermore C. Therefore D. Nevertheless
因为教授们的工作很多，不只是教学，所以他们能与学生在一起的时间比较有限。从上下文的逻辑关系来看，应该是因果关系，答案为C。
④ The plane was now dangerously close the ground, but to everyones , it soon began to climb. The man had to the airport several times in order to become with the controls of the plane. __86__ the danger had not yet passed. The terrible came when he had to land.
86. A. Then B. Therefore C. But D. Moreover
飞机又爬到空中，在机场盘旋了几次，驾驶员也熟悉了飞机的操作，似乎危险已过，但情况远非如此。从下文中所介绍的飞机降落时的情况可以看出86答案应该是C。
⑤ Students find preparatory method helpful examinations. They read over the questions trying to answer any of them. __84___ they answer first the on
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