同学们，大家好!
这一讲我们一起来分析一下非谓语动词等语法项目的测试特点和应对策略。
一、 非谓语动词
近几年的语法测试中非谓语动词约占31.1%，平均每年近5道题，可谓是语法项目考查的重点，那么非谓语动词的考查都有哪些特点，解答时又应注意些什么呢?下面我和大家就一起来分析一下：
1、非谓语动词考查特点
1) 谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断
对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构，如：
All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.
A. had been canceled B. have been canceled
C. were canceled D. having been canceled
四个选项中有三个是谓语动词，只有D是非谓语动词，只要同学们能判断出这里是非谓语动词做状语，则不用考虑时态的问题，答案自明。
2) 谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择
谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是四级语法测试中的一个题眼。如：
① I dont mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late.
A. you to delay making B. your delaying making
C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make
② Had I remembered ____ the windows, the thief would not have
got in.
A. to close B. closing
C. to have closed D. having closed
③ Your hair wants ______ . Youd better have it done tomorrow.
A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut
这类题涉及三个方面：
谓语动词后应该接不定式还是动名词?
即可接不定式又可接动名词时，结构和意思上有何差别?
不定式与动名词用主动形式还是用被动形式?
3) 做定语的非谓语动词的选择
从近几年的考查情况来看，对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况：
对一般概念的考查，而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语。如：
① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the citys
telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.
A. accomplished B. being accomplished
C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished
② If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor
and self-restraint as if I were the one ______.
A. to correct B. correcting
C. having been corrected D. being corrected
同学们只要掌握非谓语动词做定语的一般的规律,就可以判断①题答案为C，②题答案为D。
对固定结构的考查，如：
① The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his
arguments in favor of the new theory.
A. to be based on B. to base on
C. which to base on D. on which to base
② The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it
also puts them under a constant emotional strain.
A. to compete B. competing
C. to be competed D. having competed
①题为不定式做定语的固定形式，答案为D，②题为某些特定名词的定语结构，答案为A。在英语中有些名词，如动词变来的名词，形容词变来的名词，以及means, way, time, moment, reason等要求其后用不定式做定语，不定式没有体的变化。
4) 做状语的非谓语动词的选择
做状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的选择，如：
① ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.
A. Having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being Believed
② _______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a masters degree.
A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming
③ Realizing that he hadnt enough money and ____ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch.
A. not wanted B. no to want C. not wanting D. wanting not
④ ___ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.
A. Believe B. To believe C. Believing D. Believed
从以上各题来看，考查的侧重点有：
状语类别的判断
不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，目的状语要求用不定式，如②。
非谓语动词与句子属于之间的逻辑关系
根据主谓关系或动宾关系的不同来确定用现在分词还是用过去分词。
非谓语动词的否定形式
not否定非谓语动词时置于非谓语动词之前，如③。
独立成分
有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主语关系的限制，称为独立成分，这类成 分只记忆即可。如:
generally speaking, judging from..., to tell the truth..., 等。
5) 做补足语的非谓语动词的选择
做宾语补足语的非谓语动词受谓语动词的限制，不同动词后的宾语补足语形式要求不同。近几年对各类宾补都有考查。如：
① They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.
A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed
② After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory
dispute ______.
A. being settled B. to be settled C. had settled D. as settled
③ You will see this product ____ wherever you go.
A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising
④ His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose.
A. wondered B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondering
⑤ When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.
A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating
⑥ The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the
audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes.
A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. having been seated
考查涉及到感官动词后的宾语补足语，如③。
have, make, let, leave等特殊单词后的宾语补足语。
regard类后面的宾语补足语
with独立分句后面的
常用动词后面的宾语补足语。
6) 做表语的非谓语动词的选择
表语的考查多侧重于分词做表语形式的选择，很少有动名词的用法的考查，虽然选项中有不定式作为干扰项，只要能看出是做表语的也就不用考虑。如：
① The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of the
mountain.
A. isolated B. isolating C. being isolated D. having been isolated
② These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police,mainly because not all victims report them.
A. unrecorded B. to be unrecorded C. unrecording D. to have been unrecorded
分词做表语可以做系动词be的表语，也可以做其它系动词的表语，如go, feel,seem, look, remain等等。这些系动词后非谓语动词的饿用法规则是相同的。
7) to作为介词与作为不定式符号的选择
to可以是介词，也可以用来引导不定式，四级考试中对种类用法的考查也比较多。如：
① I have no objection _______ your story again.
A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard
② The traditional approach ____ with complex problems is to break down into smaller, more easily managed problems.
A. to dealing B. in dealing C. dealing D. to deal
③ The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager
of the company.
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
这类考题的考查方式有两种，一是四个选项中有两个相对的选项to do something 和 to doing something，这时考查的自然是to的性质;另一种是to在题干中，如③。
8) 分词前连词的使用
分词前连词的使用是为了使分词的作用更加明了，使考生更加准确地理解试题。考查有两种情况
根据连词选择适当的分词形式
Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______.
A. scolding B. to scold C. having scolded D. scolded
when的使用说明非谓语动词做时间状语，答案不可能是B，从scold与句子主语间的逻辑关系来看，应该是动宾关系，答案应该是D。
根据状语的功能选择不同的连词
Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of
patient do not take drugs ___ directed.
A. like B. so C. which D. as
由上下文的意思可以看出，分词所做的是方式状语，连词应该是as。
9) 非谓语动词的体
非谓语动词中分词的体有完成体和进行体，即having done, having been done和being done，完成体只用于做状语的场合，而进行体可以用于做定语和做补足语。
动名词的体也有having done, having been done和 being done的结构主要用于做主语和宾语的场合。
不定式的体有to be doing 和to have done，主要用于pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to等结构中。如：
① The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
having told在句中做介词宾语，表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。
② Id rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____ all the time.
A. to get worse B. to be getting worse C. to have got worse D. getting worse
从all the time的使用可以推断get worse是一个渐变过程，所以用不定式的进行体。
③ The speech _____ a lively discussion started.
A. being delivered B. was delivered C. be delivered D. having been delivered
该结构属于独立主格结构做时间状语，状语分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，所以应该用完成体，答案为D。
10)动名词复合结构
动名词符合结构可以做主语、宾语和表语，在对动名词的考查中总是将其逻辑主语包括进来，形成动名词的复合结构：
① _____ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents
wished for.
A. The girl was educated B. The girl educated
C. The girls being educated D. The girl to be educated
本题涉及题眼比较多，A，为从句做主语，但缺少that，D为不定式做主语，但缺少for，B结构不能做主语，答案是C，为动名词的复合结构。
② Ann never dreams of _____ for her to be sent abroad very soon.
A. there being a chance B. there to be a chance
C. there be a chance D. being a chance
介词后用动名词，表示存在时必须用there be句型，所以答案为A，这也是动名词复合结构，there为动名词的逻辑主语。
③ I dont mind _____ the decision as long as it is not too late.
A. you to delay making B. your delaying making
C. you delaying to make D. you delay to make
Mind要求接动名词,动名词的逻辑主语用形容词性物主代词，答案自然是B。
④ I would appreciate _____ it a secret.
A. your keeping B. you to keep C. that you keep D. that you will keep
2.非谓语动词解题策略
1)正确判断非谓语动词
这类题一般出现在独立主格结构中，如果在选项与句子之间没有连词，则说明，所选为独立主格结构，既名词或主格代词 + 分词。
All things ______, the planned trip will have to be called off.
A. considered B. be considered C. considering D. having considered
句子没有连词，说明所选结构不属于从句，那么就是独立主格做状语，根据动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系为动宾关系，答案应该是A。
____, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.
A. Other things being equal B. Were other things equal C. To be equal to other things D. Other things to be equal
做状语的可以是从句，但B的结构是虚拟条件，与这里不符，不表目的，C不对，不表将来，独立主格中非谓语动词不能是不定式，答案为A。
4) 判断动名词复合结构的方式
主语位置上，或动词、介词后的名词代词 + 非谓语动词，如果表示的是一个事件则是动名词复合结构，而不是名词 + 定语。请看以下各例：
He insisted on the windows _____ open while he was sleeping.
A. left B. being left C. leaving D . be left
insist on后不接从句，D可以排除。这里表达的是坚持要求开着窗子睡觉，所以应该是动名词复合结构，答案为B。
The road __________ caused us to be for our work for half an hour.
A. blocked B. was blocked C. blocking D. being blocked
做主语的表示上班迟到的原因，自然应该是交通堵塞，而不是被堵的道路，所以还是动名词复合结构，答案为D。
The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _________ to college.
A. had been admitted B. admitted C. having been admitted D. having admitted
消息表达的应该是个事件，说明不是被录取的孩子，介词of后不可能接从句，说明of后为动名词的复合结构，答案是C。
3) 注意分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系
正确判断非谓语动词与起逻辑主语之间的关系是正确选择非谓语动词形式的保证，不管是做什么成分的非谓语动词都体现以下特点：
如果非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，则用现在分词;
如果非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，则用过去分词;
如果表示将来，则用动词不定式。
这是非谓语动词运用的基本原则，然后再根据其不同的作用，掌握其更细的规则。如：
做定语时
做定语的可以是动名词、分词或不定式。动名词做前置定语，所构成的大多为固定短语，四级考试一般不涉及。主要考查分词和不定式做定语。分词或不定式做定语一般做后置定语。
① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the citys
telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.
A. accomplished B. being accomplished C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished
② Hard work ____ on time will lead to better grades.
A. done B. be done C. having done D. to have been done
③ As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town _____ 50 households
or more.
A. having B. to have C. to have had D. having had
④ Those _____ to the conference were mostly famous scientists.
A. invited B. were invited C. inviting D. to invite
做定语的非谓语动词有一下几种形式：
doing 结构:分词与中心词之间是主谓关系,表示正在进行,或状态。如③
being done结构：分词与中心词之间是动宾关系，表示被动和正在进行，如：No one is to enter the building being repaired.
to be done结构：不定式与中心词之间是动宾关系，表示将来和被动，如①。
done结构：分词与中心词之间是动宾关系，表示被动、完成或一般，如②④。
to do结构：不定式与中心词之间是主谓关系，表示将来。如：The professor to give us a speech tomorrow is said to have compiled many scientific works.
完成形式不能做定语，包括分词的完成形式和不定式的完成形式。
做状语
做状语的可以是不定式，也可以是分词。大体结构有：
doing 结构：分词与句子主语为主谓关系，表示与谓语动词同时发生，或基本上同时发生，或是同时存在的状态。如：
______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.
A. Having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being believed
done结构：只要分词与句子主语间是动宾关系就可以用过去分词，可以表示完成，可以表示正在进行，也可以表示条件。如：
_______ in this way, the situation doesnt seem so disappointing.
A. Too look at B. Looking at C. Looked at D. To be looked at
He came in, followed by a group of reporters.
having done结构：分词与句子主语是主谓关系，切发生在谓语动词之前。Having seen the film already, I declined his invitation to go to the cinema.
having been done结构：该结构表示完成被动，即分词与句子主语之间是动宾关系，且发生在谓语动词之前。如：Having been showed many times, he still didnt understand the operation of the machine.
to do 结构：这是不定式结构，在句中可以做目的状语，也可以做结果状语，但不定式动作总是发生在谓语动词之后。如：
_______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a masters degree.
A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming
表结果时一般为固定结构，如too to, enough to.，或是表示出乎意料的结果，常可加构成only to的结构。如：
I did what I could to comfort her only to make her cry even more. The next day, she woke to find herself in hospital.
being done结构：该结构表示被动与正在进行，一般置于句首，表示原因。如：Being chased by some spies, he hid himself in the grass.
做表语
测试中对表语的考查主要侧重在现在分词与过去分词的区别上，所以对于做表语的非谓语动词，主要看分词与句子主语之间的关系。做表语的分词一般只有doing和done两种形式。现在分词表示做表语的与主语是主谓关系;过去分词表示做表语的与主语之间是动宾关系。根据使用规律，如果主语是无生命名词，则表语分词为现在分词;如果主语是有生命名词，以过去分词居多，但也可以用现在分词，但意思不同。如：
How disappointed he felt at the result of the election.
How disappointing he is. He should have failed in such an election.
可接表语的系动词很多，除be外还有remain, feel, look, appear, seem, get, become, go。
做补足语
一般做宾补的非谓语动词动词的形式选择与其它成分中的非谓语动词形式选择规则基本相同。 doing结构：分词与宾语构成主谓关系，表正在进行。
When I caught him ____ me I stopped buying things there and
started dealing with another shop.
A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating
done结构：分词与宾语构成动宾关系，表示被动与完成。
Dont get your schedule _____;stay with us in this class.
A. to change B. changing C. changed D. change
to do 结构：不定式表示将来，如wish somebody to do, expect somebody to do, arrange for somebody to do等等。
being done结构：表示被动和正在进行, watch the flag being raised
Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe
until Columbus found it _____ in Cuba.
A. being cultivated B. been cultivated
C. having cultivated D. cultivating
to be done结构：用语表示将来与被动，一般用语主谓关系时可用to做宾补的动词后，如：want something to be done, order something to be done 完成形式不能做宾补。
4) 注意分析非谓语动词做什么状语
不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，如表示目的只能是不定式，另外，测试中也常有选择非谓语动词前连词的试题。因此，同学们应注意根据状语与句子间的关系，判断连词的使用。
5) 注意不定式的特殊句式
不定式在做定语和做状语时都有其特殊句式，注意这些句式的特点，考试中就会少走一点弯路。如：
have something to do类：
这类结构相当于汉语的连动结构，即有事要做，买东西吃，借书看等。
a room in which to live类：
该类结构是a room to live in 的变体。但如果不熟悉这个结构，考试中则难以决断。如：
You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _____ to suspend your tent.
A. there B. them C. which D. where
The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in favor of the new theory.
A. to be based on B. to base on C. which to base on D. on which to base
the first to do
该结构表示如果名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或序数词、最高级本身做名词用，其后应不定式做定语。
the ability to do
该结构表示，形容词变了的名词后用不定式做定语。
the need to do
该结构表示由动词变来的名词后用不定式做定语。
the way to do
该结构表示，在一些特定的名词后面常用不定式做定语，应注意记忆，如means, reason, time, pressure, moment。
P
6) 熟记固定搭配，分清不定式与to加动名词
其实容易产生不定式符号与介词混淆的只是为数不多的某些句式，只要平时注意积累即可。
prefer doing something to doing something
look forward to doing something
be used to doing something
stick to doing something
object to doing something/ have objection to doing something
be opposed to doing something
admit/confess to doing something
I have no objection _____ your story again.
A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard
The man in the corner confessed to ________ a lie to the manager of the company.
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
从出题人的心理来看，如果有to do something和 to doing something的对比项，一般答案是to doing something。
7) 分清宾补的类别
感官动词后的宾补可以是
doing, do, done, being done的结构，其中being done 只用于少数动词后面， 如find, smell, feel等。
have somebody do something 让某人做某事
have somebody doing something 让某人一直做某事
wont have somebody do something 不许某人做某事
have something done 使某事被做
have something + ving 让一直
catch,smell,keep,set,等只能接doing的结构,表示主动和正在进行。
leave somebody doing something 让某人一直做某事
leave something undone 使某事只做了一半
leave something to be done 事情有待于解决
leave somebody to do something让某事做某事，表示将来
with somebody to do something宾补与宾语是主谓关系，表示将来。
with somebody doing something 宾补与宾语之间是主谓关系，表示正在进行。
with something to do 宾补与宾语间是动宾关系，表示将来，动作执行者在句中找的着。
with something to be done宾补与宾语是动宾关系，表示将来，但动作执行者在句中找不着。
with something done 宾补与宾语之间是动宾关系，表示完成。
8) 注意下列结构中非谓语动词的体
pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to do something
不定式动作一般为状态动词，也可是终止性动词，表示与谓语动词同时存在或发生。
pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to have done something
不定式动作发生在谓语动词之前。
pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to be doing something
不定式动作与谓语动词同时进行
9)熟记哪些动词后接不定式,哪些接动名词,如果两者都可，又有什么差别。
既可接不定式,又可接动名词,用法有别的动词常考的有: forget,remember, regret, mean, try等。
10)注意want/need/require表示需要时的特殊句式
want/need/require表需要时，后接主动的动名词或被动的不定式，即doing 或to be done的形式。不可混淆。
3. 自我测试
以上我们简要分析了四级英语测试中非谓语动词的考查特点和应对策略，下面，请同学们做《语法分册》第八、九两章中的自测练习。
P
二、 比较级
1. Test Yourself
在我们分析比较级的测试特点探讨其应对策略之前,让我们首先看以下几题。
1) Radio, television and press ____ of conveying news and information.
A. are the most three common means
B. are the most common three means
C. are the three most common means
D. are three the most common means
2) If tap water were as dangerous as some people think, ________ would be getting sick.
A. a lot of more us B. more a lot of us
C. a lot of us more C. a lot more of us
3) The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasnt bothered by his loudness ___ by his lack of talent.
A. than B. more than C. as D. so much as
4) Americans eat ____ as they actually need every day.
A. twice as much protein B. twice protein as much twice
C. twice protein as much D. protein as twice much
5) There are few electronic applications ____ to raise fears regarding future employment opportunities than robots.
A. likely B. more likely C. most likely D. much likely
6) The little man was ____ more than one meter fifty tall.
A. nearly B. quite C. hardly D. almost
7) Certain programs work better for some ___ for others.
A. and B. than C. as D. but
8) It is not unusual for workers in that region ____.
A. to be paid more than a month late
B. to be paid later than more a month
C. to pay later than a month more
D. to pay late more than a month
9) It is reported that ________adopted children went to know who their natural parents are.
A. the most B. most of C. most D. the most of
10) The little man was _______one meter fifty high.
A. almost more than B. hardly more than C. nearly more than D. as much as
参考答案：
1) C 2) C 3) D 4) A 5) B 6) C 7) B 8) A 9) C 10) B
2. 比较级测试特点
在四级测试中，比较级属低档题，比较简单，考查范围大体有
1)比较级形式的判断
比较级考题在设计干扰项时一般都会有比较与非比较的选择，more than 与as/so as的选择。如上面的③，⑤。
2)比较级的修饰语
比较级的修饰语包括修饰语的结构和修饰语的选用。
结构指比较级修饰语须置于比较级之前，如①，②和④。
修饰语的选用根据其所表达的意思而定，如⑥，⑩。
3)比较级结构与其它结构的区别
如⑧中形容词修饰语more than a month与比较级结构的区别，⑨中most 与the most的区别。
3. 比较级应对策略
1)如果选项中有比较级结构，则该题则为比较级考查题，可根据比较级使用规则选择正确答案。
2)比较级修饰语应注意more than 或asas结构之前。
3)注意比较结构的完整性，要么是more than 结构，要么是as/so as 结构，或是the more ., the more .的句型。
4)注意结构的各种变体：
结构内出现名词时的结构可以是as old a car, as many /much/few/little as。
5)如果有比较 对象的选择应注意比较对象的一致性和互不包容性。如：
His English is better than anyone elses in his class.
4. 自我测试
请根据《语法分册》第十二章自检。
三、 情态动词
1. Test Yourself
首先让我们分析以下近几年情态动词的考题：
1) This box is too heavy, _________give me a hand?
A .would you mind B. would you please C. will you like to D. will you please to
2) Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night , no matter what we ____ during the day.
A. should have done B. would have done C. may have done D. must have done
3)It was very kind of you to do the washing-up,but you____ it.
A. mustnt have done B. wouldnt have done C. mightnt have done D. didnt have to do
4) If you dont like to swim, you ___ stay at home.
A. should as well B. may as well C. can as well D. would as well
5) You ____ him so closely;you should have kept your distance.
A. shouldnt follow B. mustnt follow C. couldnt have been following D. shouldnt have been following
6) You ___her in her office last Friday; shes been out of town for
two weeks.
A. neednt have seen B. must have seen C. might have seen D. cant have seen
7) The room is in a terrible mess; it ____ cleaned.
A. cant have been B. shouldnt have been C. mustnt have been D. wouldnt have been
参考答案
1) B 2) C 3) D 4) B 5) D 6) C 7) A
2.情态动词的测试要点
从以上例题可以看出，四级语法对情态动词的测试大体有以下几点。
1)情态动词的基本用法，如①④⑤。
2)情态动词 + 动词的完成形式的用法，如③⑥。
3)情态动词的推测性用法⑦。
3. 情态动词的应对策略
情态动词的使用主要根据其所表达的含义。解题时注意以下几点：
1)情态动词自身结构要正确
结构包括情态动词自身的搭配和其后的连带成分。除ought外情态动词后接原形动词，测试中常将不同结构的动词置于一起设干扰项，如①。四个选项都与请求有关，但would you mind后接动名词，一般说would you like to而不是will you like to，will you please后用原形动词，答案是would you please?
2)注意情态动词推测性用法中各个情态动词使用的句型是否与题干句型一致。
在情态动词的推测性用法中，must, can, may, might, could各用于不同的句型，应注意分辨。具体使用规律为：
must只用于肯定句中。
can/could不能用语肯定句中。
may/might不能用语疑问句中。
另外还应注意cant表示不可能，may not表示可能不。
考试时，如果有原因说明自己的猜测，一般应该must, cant用而不是may, may not。如：
He cant have stolen the money; he is not such kind of person.
Some pleasant thing must have happened to him. He is so excited.
3) 注意推测性用法中谓语动词发生的时间。
如果推测的为过去的事情，情态动词后则用完成形式。
There must have been no one in, for nobody answered the phone.
如果推测的是正在进行的事情，情态动词后则用动词的进行形式。
They must be talking about something very secret.
如果推测的是现在的状态等，情态动词后则用原形动词
He must be badly ill. He looks so pale.
如果推测的是将来发生的事情，情态动词后同样用原形动词，这时，情态动词只能是may/might。
There may be a terrible storm in the following few days.
4) 注意情态动词+动词的完成形式所表达的意思与题干意思是否相符。
其它情态动词+ 动词的完成形式并不表示推测，而分别表示：
could have done本来能够
He didnt take part in the competition, he _______ though.
A. won B. didnt win C. could win D. could have won
neednt have done 本来没不要
You ________. There was plenty of time.
A. neednt hurry B. cant hurry
C. mustnt have hurried D. neednt have hurried
should/ought to have done 本来应该
You _______ me earlier. I could have helped you.
A. should tell me B. should have told
C. need to tell D. neednt have told
shouldnt/oughtnt to have done 本来不应该
You ____ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.
A. shouldnt follow B. mustnt follow
C. couldnt have been following D. shouldnt have been following
might have done 本来应该
You ______ even though you were busy at that time.
A. might help him B. must have helped him
C. might have helped him D. should help him
这类题在设计干扰项时，一般都会有情态动词推测性用法的涉及，同学们应注意分词上下文的逻辑和语意关系。
5) 注意常用情态动词的基本句法和表意功能
其它常用动词的用法，如shall表示命令、威胁、许诺或征求许可，may/might as well等，同学们都应多多注意其用法。
4. 自我训练
请同学们做《语法分册》第十章测试题自检。
P
四、 倒装
倒装结构也是比较常见的一种句式，但考查的分量不大，考试都有哪些特点，如何应对，首先让我们一起来看一下近几年的考题。
1.Test Yourself.
1) I could not persuade him to accept it, ___ make him see the
importance of it.
A. if only I could not B. no more than I could
C. or I could not D. nor could I
2) Not until the game had begun ______at the sports ground.
A. had he arrived B. would he have arrived
C. did he arrive C. should he have arrived
3) The organization had broken no rules, but _____ had it acted
responsibly.
A. neither B. so C. either D. both
4) We have been told that under no circumstances ______ the telephone
in the office for personal affairs.
A. may we use B. we may use C. we could use D. did we use
5) Only under special circumstances_____to take make-up tests.
A. are freshmen permitted B. freshmen are permitted
C. permitted are freshmen D. are permitted freshmen
参考答案：
1) D 2) C 3) A 4) B 5) A
2.倒装测试范围和应对策略
倒装分部分倒装和全部倒装，但从近几年的测试来看，重点是部分倒装。对于倒装句型同学们所应注意的就是在哪些情况下需要倒装，并且如何倒装。注意下面常见的倒装条件。
1) 含有否定意味的词置于句首，主谓倒装。
同学们应注意常用否定词语，如：hardly, barely, not, seldom, little, few, nowhere, never, at no time, by no means, in no way, in no case, under no circumstances, not until, not only but also.., neither nor等。如果是在从句的句首，则从句倒装，如4)题。
2) only + 状语置于句首，主谓倒装。
Only后的状语可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句，要特别注意，从句并不倒装，而是主句倒装。如：
Only when the war was over was he able to get happily back to work.
3) Neither/So置于句首倒装，表示也/也不，如上面的2)3)题。
4) There/here/then或做状语的地点副词和地点介词短语置于句首，要全部倒装。如：
There stands a monument in the center of the square.
Down came a light form the ceiling when he was walking across the floor.
On the hay lay a wounded boy of not more than seventeen.
5) 现在分词和过去分词可提至句首构成分词+ be + 主语+其它+的倒装句式。如：
Enclosed in the letter was a photo of a beautiful girl.
Glooming in the test tube on the table was the mysterious something which they had been working so hard to find, radium.
6) so/such. that句型中，so + 形容词/副词提前，主谓倒装。如：
So boring was the speech that the audience all left halfway.
Such a noise did they make that the neighbors could not go to sleep at night.
3.自我检测
请同学们根据《语法分册》第二十二章练习自检。
同学们，英语的语法是一个包容性很广的话题，在这里我们很难穷尽四级考试中涉及的方方面面，语法能力的培养要靠同学们平时的训练。不管怎样，希望我的讲解对各位同学能有一定的帮助，愿同学们顺利通过语法这一关。
上一篇： 四级阅读理解重点词汇7
下一篇： 四级阅读理解重点词汇4