上一讲我们了解了四六级写作的一般要求，那么怎样才能达到要求，将自己的水平充分发挥出来，取得写作上的优异成绩呢?今天，我们一起来探讨一下，四六级写作的方法和技巧，研究一下四六级高分作文的模式。
一、 四六级写作技法和策略
1、对应法
由于四六级写作都是提纲式写作，有时，我们可以采用对应法按照中文提纲分别写成三段。
如：96年6月份考题：
提纲：1) 有人认为淡水是取之不尽的。(雨水、河水、井水)
2、实际上淡水是非常紧缺的。(人口增加、工业用水增加)
3、我们应该怎么办?
Global Shortage of Fresh Water
Generally, people think that fresh water is inexhaustible. Every year there is enough rain. And there is plenty of fresh water in the rivers and lakes. Whats more, we have a lot of underground water.
Actually, fresh water is in a short supply. Due to the rapid population increase, fresh water consumption remains great. Besides, with the development of industry, more water is needed. Moreover, a lot of our rivers and lakes have been so polluted that water from them is undrinkable.
We must take some measures to solve the problem of water shortage. First, population growth should be slowed down to reduce fresh water demand. Second, pollution should be controlled to purify fresh water in the rivers and lakes. What is most important, we should cherish every drip of water in our daily life.
再如：95年1 月份试题：
提纲：1) 有人认为钱是幸福之本(source of happiness)
2) 有人认为金钱是万恶之源
3) 我的看法。
Some think that money is the source of happiness. Once they have money, they will enjoy everything. They can use the money they have to buy, a beautiful house or even a wife.
Some others think that money is the root of all evil. Due to the greed for money, people will do various kinds of evil things, such as stealing, robbing or even murder. Money can easily change a kind, honest man into a cruel, cunning woe.
In my opinion, both of the above-mentioned viewpoints go to an extreme. Money itself is neither good nor evil. It all depends on how we look at it. We can not deny the importance of money in the modern society. Meanwhile, we should not ignore the fact that something can not be bought by money, such as friendship, true love and so on.
这两例都是采用了对应写作方式，将提示中的三句分别扩展成三段，三段之间相互衔接，构成一个完整的篇章。
2.调整法
尽管是提纲式写作，提纲所提示的只是文章所要包括的主要内容，却不是文章的结构模式，一般情况下，同学们应根据英语文章的类型，重新安排文章。如上面有关钱的一个写作，按照英语的表达习惯，最好是加上一个引子。
What is money? To this question, different people hold differently. Some thing money is the source of happiness, while some regard it as the root of all evils. As far as I am concerned, they both have their reasons
Those who consider money as the source of happiness argue that money means massive house, beautiful clothes, or luxurious cars, and can enable them and their families live comfortably. They even believe that money can bring power, friendship, and love. But due to the temptation of money, there are many people who become thieves, robbers, or murderers. It is also out of the greed for money that some officials forget their duty and cause enormous losses to the country, so some people think that money is the root of all evil and suggest that we keep away from money.
In fact, money is merely a medium of exchange. It may bring you happiness; it may lead you to a life of crime. Whether it is good or bad depends on how it is used.
二、 首段和尾段的写作
上一讲中我们介绍了段落的扩展模式，也就是说，我们已经了解了文章中间一部分的叙述模式。根据四六级写作的特点，一般首段和尾段都要自己补上，那么怎么才能写好首尾段呢，下面我介绍一下，首尾段的写作方式。
1.首段的写作
首段的写作方式一般为：
运用事实性信息、调查或故事等引出话题，2)导入主题，然后提出自己的观点，也就是文章的论点
首段开篇的方式常见的有：
1) 谚语法
由于谚语一般已经被大家所接受，用谚语提出自己的观点也容易被读者所接受。
As the saying goes, Money makes the mare go, but there are many things we cant buy with money, such as time and true love.
2) 定义法
定义法是通过对文章中的关键词做一些简单或正面或反面的解释，限定其范围，这样比较有利于引出主题。
Practice makes perfect is an old saying. It tells us that it does not matter if we are clumsy at doing something. As long as we keep on trying and practicing, we will do a good job in the end.
3) 提问法
通过提问一个或一连串的问题，可以激发读者的兴趣，从而引出主题。
a. Do you have many friends? Are they similar to you or different from you? Which kind of friends do you prefer?
b. What is a good student? Different people may have different answers to this question.
4) 概括法
概括法指先总结文章内容所涉及的现状，然后引出主题。
In recent years, with the development of science and technology, the Internet has come into more and more homes and is playing a more and more important role in our work and daily life. It has become a must to us, but at the same time, Internet has also brought with it a lot of problems.
5) 故事法
故事法指用简单有趣的故事激发读者的兴趣，从而提出自己的观点。如下面Is Stress a Bad Thing?
6) 引语法
Just as eating without liking harms the health, learning without interest harms the memory and cant be retained. From Vincis words we can see how important it is to motivate the students in language learning.
7) 调查法
为了得到读者的认可，文章的开始可以引出调查数据等，借以提出主题，如下面Is Stress a Bad Thing?的1)和Can Schoolchildren Start Using the Internet?的4)。
8) 假设法
假设法是指通过假设提出一种选择，交代文章要涉及的问题，从而提出文章的主题。
Suppose you were offered two jobs, one is highly-paid but rather demanding, the other is less demanding, but poorly-paid, which would you prefer?
9) 综合法
具体写作时，同学们没有必要拘泥于一种方式，可以将上述方法总和起来。
首段示例1：
题目：Is Stress a Bad Thing?
提纲：
1)有人害怕压力
2) 有人认为压力并不是一件坏事
3) 我的看法
I cant stand the pressure and competition, explained one friend of mine when asked why he decided to quit his highly-paid but demanding position in his company recently. My friend may have his own reasons, but I dont think his decision is wise in reality.
It is true that my friends case is not unique. In the last few years quite a number of men and women have chosen to do something less competitive at the cost of a comfortable, easy life a highly-paid job can obtain. They are afraid that the stresses and strains of work will rob them of joy and happiness and do them harm both physically and mentally. In fact, however, stress isnt the bad thing it is often supposed to be. Unless it gets out of control, a certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and challenge, and to give purpose and significance to an otherwise meaningless, idle life. People under stress tend to express their full range of potential and to actualize their own personal worth - the very aim of a human life.
Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. What we can do is to develop our adaptive abilities to deal with it rather than to escape from it.
就这一标题而言，根据所提示的提纲，首段的写作还可以采用下列方式：
1) According to a recent survey, in the last few years, quite a number of young people have chosen to quit their demanding but highly-paid jobs. Although they may have their own respective reasons, I dont think their decision is wise in reality.
2) Which job do you prefer, a highly-paid but very competitive position or a poorly-paid but also less demanding job? You may choose the latter and have your own reasons, but I dont think this choice is wise enough whatever reasons.
3) Faced with a hard and demanding task, peoples attitude varies widely: some try to avoid it and others regard it as a challenge to their abilities. In fact the choice we make between flight or fight make the difference between leaders and mediocrities.
首段示例2：
标题：Can Schoolchildren Start Using the Internet?
提纲： 1)随着科技的发展，网络越来越普及;
2)网络有其优点但也有缺点;
3)我的观点
根据上面的提示，首段可有下列几种方式：
1) Nowadays, using the Internet has become a fashion. Many parents begin to teach their children to use the Internet. However, there are diverse opinions on this. Some think it wise, but I dont agree with them.
2) Today, the Internet is becoming more and more common. It begins to play a more and more important role in our society and life. Its so useful that most adults are learning how to use it. What about children? Of course they can start using it.
3) Today, with the development of science and technology, the Internet is beginning to play a more and more important role in our life. More and more people are starting to use the Internet, including schoolchildren. However, I think schoolchildren are too young to start using the Internet.
4) According to a recent survey, Internet users are becoming younger and younger, and Internet bars have become a resort for schoolchildren who log in to chat or play games. Faced with this phenomenon, many people argue for measures to prevent schoolchildren from using the Internet, and I think they have their reasons.
2. 结论段的写作
结论一般采用归纳概括、主题重述或提建议等方式。
常见的方式有：
1) 重述或总结主题
重述主题指于结论处以另外一种表达方式重申主题，与首段照应。
Families offer us warmth and care. Friends give us strength and horizon. They both help us understand the world as it is. Both of them are the dearest parts in our life.
2) 提出建议
Since postcards do us more harm and good, since we have many other ways to convey our feelings and promote our friendship, I hope everyone will take actions now to stop using postcards.
3) 概括总结
As we can see from the above, living in the suburb we can stay away from pollution, lead an easy leisure time, and neednt invest too much money, so I prefer living in the suburb to living in the city.
4) 引用名人名言
In particular, I enjoy what Francis Bacon said Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability.
5)综合法
与首段一样，结论段也可以是多种方法的综合。一般说来，总结加建议的比较多。
尾段示例1：
如网络的结论段可以如下所示：
10) As we all know, the next century will become one of the Internet. Internet will become more and more important in both our daily life and our work. So I suggest that schoolchildren should start using the Internet.
11) So I think schoolchildren not only can start using the Internet, but also should start using it They are sure to benefit a lot from the internet.
12) Internet can help our children know the world, get useful information and enrich their knowledge. So I think schoolchildren can start using the Internet.
13) In a word , the Internet is playing a more and more important role in our life and it is helpful for childrens growth both physically and mentally. It is better for them to start using the Internet as early as possible.
3.转承语的使用
根据不同的段落要求，选择适当的转承语
1) 比较对照
比较：like A, B
Just as A, B
A, similarly/correspondingly, likewise/in the same way, B
对照： Unlike/ Contrary to/ As opposed to A, B
A , however/on the other hand/in contrast, B ..
A , B, however/on the other hand/in contrast,
2)列举
First/ Second / Third / Last ,
The fist/ The second/ The third/ The last
Firstly/Secondly/Thirdly/Last
One/Another/Still another/The last
The most essential/most important/primary/chief is
3) 因果
as a result, consequently, therefore, hence, so, because of this, for these reasons, due to the fact that
4 起承转合常用语
1)起的常用语
When asked about/ When it comes to/ Faced with , some people
claim/think/argue/believe that , but/while others
Nowadays there is much/general discussion as to .
With the development/improvement/growth of ,
Now, it is commonly/widely/increasingly believed/thought/held/acknowledge that ,
According to a recent survey/investigation/poll,
Have you ever thought/wondered ?
Suppose
As the saying goes,
2) 承的常用语
Those who hold .
It is true that
To be sure ..
First/Firstly
The main/leading/underlying/root/ primary/chief/essential .
承接上文的方式与文章的段落结构有关，比较的与列举的不同，与举例的也不同。同学们应根据具体的情况选择适当的承接语。
P
3)转的常用语
It sounds like a good idea , but they fail to understand , but they ignore a more important fact
Closer examination , however, suggests that this argument may not be borne of by the following evidence .
Close examination of these arguments , however, would reveal how flimsy they are.
However logical ) these arguments may be, they dont make sense when is viewed the other way .
As opposed to the widely held idea , new studies challenge the opinion .
Good/Superior/Wonderful as ., it has its own disadvantages/ it brings its own problems.
They may be right about , but they seem to neglect /fail to mention/take into account
In all the discussion and debate over , one important/basic fact is ignored/overlooked/neglected.
It is true that/ Admittedly, but it is unlikely/doesnt follow/doesnt mean that
There is an element of truth in these arguments/statements, but they ignore a deeper and more basic/essential/important fact/factor
In many cases, however,
As far as .. is concerned,
4) 合的常用语
Experience/Evidence/All the facts suggest/show/demonstrate/ indicate that
From what has been discussed above/Taking into account all these factors, we may safely draw/reach/come to/arrive/ the conclusion that
In conclusion/To sum up/In summary/In short/To conclude .
It is important/necessary/essential that effective/proper/powerful actions/measure/remedies should be taken to
三、四六级作文的谋篇布局
谋篇布局
- 将提示的第一句作为文章的第一句
- 将提示的第三句作为第一段的最后一句
- 将提示的第二句展开成文章的中心段落
- 结论段归纳概括，提出建议。
例证
标题：City Life and Suburban Life
提纲：1) 最近几年越来越多的人迁往近郊居住
2)城市生活和近郊生活各有特点
3) 比较起来，我喜欢的是
In recent years more and more homes are being pushed outwards as the activities of business, government and pleasure tend to be concentrated in the centers of the cities. Although most people are reluctant to move to the outskirts of the cities, I feel like living in the suburbs.
It is true that the city can provide much convenience and entertainment, the very reason why people cant bear to part with city life. But the cost for the privilege of living in the city is also high. Whats more, there is more gas and noise pollution in the city, which is full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the roar of buses and taxies, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds. In contrast, living near the countryside one can enjoy the clean atmosphere, the closeness to nature and the quiet, peaceful surroundings --- the essentials of a healthy life. Although living in the suburbs one may suffer a little discomfort brought about by the necessity of traveling miles to work every day, it means nearly nothing when thinking of the high cost and heavily polluted environment of the city.
The new suburban life is fast becoming a predominant pattern of living in most cities; and with the improvement of traffic and the perfection of services, it will prove to hold great superiority over city life.
P
谋篇布局(2)
- 根据话题加引段，于段尾提出自己的观点(也就是提示中的第三句要求内容)
- 将提示的第一句和第二句写成文章的中心段落
- 根据文章的叙述重点，总结全文，提出方法等。
例证
标题： My View on College Students Part-time Jobs
提纲：1)有人认为大学生做兼职工作很有好处;
2)然而，有人认为大学生做兼职工作弊多利少;
3)我的看法
Nowadays, an increasing number of college students are doing part-time jobs. People hold different opinions on that.
Some people think that there are many advantages for college students to have part-time jobs. Firstly, part-time jobs offer them opportunities to apply what they have learned in school and demonstrate their abilities. Secondly, it enables them to be more independent of their family and builds up their self-confidence. Thirdly, part-time experiences may be of great help to their future careers. Finally, part-time jobs can broaden their college lives and help them know more of themselves and society.
However, some other people hold that doing part-time jobs has more disadvantages. The main job of college students is to study, not to work. If they have part-time jobs, they may have to reduce their time for sleep, rest, study and activities. Working several hours a day consumes a lot of time and energy and may affect their studies. As a result, they may find it hard to adjust to what the college expects of them as well as their employers expect, and finally, they may fall behind or fail in their studies.
In my opinion, students can choose to take up a part-time job according to their own situation. The most important thing for them is to keep a good balance between part-time jobs and his study.
谋篇布局(3)
- 将提示的第一句和第二句合为第一段，于段尾提出自己的观点;
- 说明自己的理由;
- 结论段总结全文
例文
标题：How to Achieve Success
提纲：1)有人说成功主要靠运气;
2)有人则认为成功主要靠勤奋，与运气毫无关系;
3)我的观点
Some people say the key to success is the luck, while others claim it is hard work. As far as I am concerned, there are many factors contributing to success and the three fundamental ones are diligence, devotion and perseverance.
Diligence is the first key factor to success. Diligence helps us remove ignorance, overcome difficulties, and enlighten our minds. It makes a fool wise, and a poor man rich. Devotion is another factor to success. Whatever we do, we must love it and do it whole-heartedly. Only when we set our minds on the job, can we do it well. Furthermore, perseverance, or a strong will, is the last key to success. Without a strong will, we are likely to give up when we meet some difficulties, let alone perform wonderful deeds.
To conclude, all great men achieve success through diligence, devotion and
perseverance. Just as the famous saying goes, No pains, no gains, Where there is a will, there is a way.
P
谋篇布局(4)
将提示中的第一句做为第一段主题句，然后拓展开
将提示的第二句做为第二段的主题句，拓展说明
将提示的第三句拓展成第三段，但注意与上面两段的照应，使其有总揽全文的作用
例文
标题：On Housing Reform
提示：1)旧房屋政策的弊端;
2)房改带来的好处;
3)我怎么办? The old house-allotting policy had at least two disadvantages. First, the government spent a lot of money building some houses, but these houses were allotted to people free of charge. Thus, the government would have no money to build more houses for people who badly needed them. Second, the persons who were in power could get more houses than those who were powerless. This was quite unfair.
On the contrary, the new system of house allotment may bring about many new things. For example, the government will have more money which can be used in house construction. So, the housing industry can develop more quickly. Besides, because houses will be sold to people, the chances they get will be equal.
When I enter the society, I would get a loan from the bank to buy my own house. Then, I would try to pay back the loan in the shortest time possible. After that, I would proudly claim: Now, I am the master of that house.
谋篇布局(5)
将提示中的第一句作为文章的第一段，并提主题;
举例说明自己的观点;
结论重述主题
例文
标题：On Punctuality
提示：
1) 准时在现代生活中仍然很重要;
2) 试举例说明
In our modern life, punctuality is one of the most important qualities that any person should possess. Punctuality demonstrates that you are reliable and can be trusted with responsibilities. Besides, it can make a person a good man. And if you are not punctual, you may injure others.
We should practice punctuality for the sake of others, as well as ourselves. He who is punctual will accomplish far more in a day than he who is not so. Washington was remarkable for this virtue. His mother had taught him, when a boy, or have certain hours for every employment, and to do everything at the appointed time. This habit helped, in his later life, to make him a good man. Without it, he could never have made such success.
Neglect of punctuality may injure both to others and to oneself. An applicant may be turned away just for the sake of being late for the interview. Students coming late for class will undoubtedly interrupt the teacher. Therefore, we ought never to say It is only once --- I will not do so again to excuse ourselves; otherwise we will be tardier and we will fail in our society.
In a word, if we form the habit of punctuality at school, it will be of great advantage to us in our future life.
四、参考范文
1. Why College Students Take a Part-time Job
a. 最近几年越来越多的大学生加入打工的队伍
b. 为什么大学生打工
c. 大学生打工的意义
According to a recent survey, about 25 percent of Chinese college students now hold a part-time or temporary job, compared with nearly none 10 years ago, and this figure increases to 72 percent during summer vacations. College students are working as tutors, salespersons, engineers and doing whatever work they can find.
Why do they want odd jobs --- jobs usually requiring little skill and knowledge? The primary reason, I think, is money. Feeling the financial pressure as books, movies and bus fares have all gone up in price, there is scarcely a young boy or girl who does not want to earn a little money to help cover the increasingly higher college costs, and at best save enough to go traveling or buy things they have long desired. In this way they hope to be economically independent and avoid the indignity of having to ask for money again and again. Besides they want to gain some experience in the ways of society. Students growing up from nursery school to college only know about books and have trouble dealing with realities. Working on a part-time basis can provide them with a rare opportunity to know the outside world and prepare them for a future career.
The significance for college students of doing a part-time job means more than money and experience. It will broaden their outlook and exert a profound influence on their personality and life.
P
The Job I like Best
a. 我最喜欢的工作是
b. 我为什么要选择这个工作
c. 结论
In the past three years of my college life I have never ceased to think what kind of work I shall take up upon graduation. Although my ideas are not consistent, I have now decided on a college teacher as my lifelong career.
A variety of reasons have led me to choose this occupation over other more lucrative ones.
First, teaching is learning. To make my lectures more constructive and stimulating, I have to read more books, explore new knowledge and gain a better understanding of the world --- the very thing I enjoy in my life. Second, teaching means freedom and independence. As a teacher, Im free to use my own ideas and make my own decisions, a privilege not everyone can have, even those with highly-paid positions. Finally, I like teaching because it offers a certain peace of mind. No more rushing to catch a morning bus, no more anxiety to please a boss, no more worries about your paycheck which is steady, if not handsome.
Nothing, not even a big salary, can equal for the opportunity to continue learning, the satisfaction of being your own boss, and a gentle peace of life.
3. How to Solve the Energy Problem
a. 有人认为解决能源危机的方式是厉行节约
b. 有人则认为开发新的能源是最好的办法
c. 我的看法
When asked about one of the biggest problems today, many people say that an energy crisis is approaching and is threatening mankinds survival. They are afraid that the world is likely to run out of oil and metals and to run short of food in the near future.
To this problem, most countries respond with the demand for more rigid conservation of our natural resources. Indeed, this is urgently needed, for the present waste of energy in industrial and personal consumption is so serious that it has become habitual and traditional. If the natural resources are used economically, we can certainly slow down the present drain on the limited energy supply. However, conservation alone is not the answer. It is obvious that even if we can save much energy, we can only delay the energy crisis, but cannot solve the problem completely. However abundant certain natural resources may be, they cannot reproduce themselves and are bound to be used up ultimately. So in the long run, we must develop new sources of energy instead of merely conserving the known, limited supplies.
Man is highly adaptable and creative, and since he is able to tap such resources as oil and metal, why cant he develop and harness solar energy, nuclear energy and other unknown energy resources?
4. The Internet
a. 什么是英特网
b.英特网的作用
c. 英特网对社会的影响
The Internet
The later part of the 1990s finds the worlds the Internet become fashionable in peoples daily life. The Internet is a network of thousands of networks, linking schools, universities, businesses, government agencies, libraries and millions of individuals.
Something like information superhighways, the internet can bring many conveniences into the school, home and office. College students can check the card catalogue of Library of Congress in the United States to finish their papers. Housewives can do shopping and pay bills without leaving their homes. Businessmen can sign a contract and land an order through electronic media. Patients can reach the worlds leading authorities and experts on the disease they may suffer from .men and women can have a conversation with people all over the world by sending and receiving electronic mail. With a basic computer and modem any individual can call up information about almost anything from almost anywhere and almost anytime.
The Internet exerts such a profound effect on our life that it revolutionizes the way of peoples living and thinking.
5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Home Computers
a. 家用电脑的普及
b.家用电脑的好处
c.家用电脑带来的问题
Just a few years ago, the idea of having a computer in ones home seemed far-fetched for most Chinese. Now, however, with the advent and popularity of the home computer, its advantages and disadvantages have been a subject of discussion.
There is no doubt that like TV, computers benefit people hugely. With the computer, the home will become a library, a school, an office and an entertainment center. All transactions, from banking to shopping, will be performed electronically and all information, form train schedules to discount price goods, will be as close as the press of a key. In addition to providing us many of the facilities and services we now must travel to obtain, with the Internet, the computer will even let us communicate directly with other homes and with information sources worldwide. Despite the increase in efficiency and convenience generated by the computer, the changes it brings could very well lead to potentially adverse consequences. For example, as nearly all activities could be conducted in the comfort of our homes, we could all become hermitlike, never feeling any need to leave the house. This would be unfortunate because our children especially will become so addicted to computers that they might never be exposed to either peer pressure or social interaction.
Unquestionably, the challenge of the home computer means we all should consider how we can control it, so that it wont control us.
6. Should Euthanasia Be Legalized
a.有人赞成实行安乐死
b.有人反对安乐死合法化
c.我的看法
Euthanasia, a quite and easy death, or mercy killing as we call it recently has made the headlines frequently. Many people applaud it and argue that euthanasia should be legalized.
As is pointed out, to practise euthanasia can benefit both the patient and his family. To a terminally ill person who is suffering excruciating pains day and night or living like a vegetable, to be allowed to end his life painlessly is a good release. To his family it is also a big relief considering the financial and emotional drain on them that having to sustain his life entails. However, the legalization of euthanasia may also bring with it problems our society has not previously faced. Is it humane, for example, that a terminally ill patient is thus caused to feel guilty for remaining alive because he does not want to die? Is it wise that a patient is killed alive simply because of a mistaken terminal diagnosis? And is it possible that euthanasia could be taken advantage of for some ulterior or even criminal purposes?
Since the legalization of euthanasia will raise serous moral and social issues, the decision our society makes about euthanasia will undoubtedly have tremendous consequences in society.
同学们，写作能力的培养非一朝一夕的事情，不只是掌握一些固定的模式，一些常用的句式，背几篇范文就能解决的问题。但是，在临考之际，我就我所能给同学们归纳出了四六级写作的一些规律，和常用策略，希望能给同学们一些启示，一些帮助。祝同学们考个好成绩。
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