考试易犯的五大错误 四级阅读对能力和速度的要求： 1、速度方面的要求： 提高速度的方法： 1、改掉阅读的不良习惯 2、增加视野的宽度 3、养成阅读的习惯 4、用技巧性方式提高阅读速度 1）看文章时要有所不为 Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual tasks and assignments, and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is appropriate. We encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this efficiently. An advanced pupil can do advanced work: it does not matter what age the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every encouragement to attain this goal. We invited staff volunteers who had a strong liking for either Coca-Cola Classic（传统型）or Pepsi, Diet（低糖的）Coke, or Diet Pepsi. These were people who thought theyd have no trouble telling their brand from the other brand. We eventually located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet cola drinkers. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet versions for the other. We asked them to tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we analyzed the records statistically to compare the participants choices with what mere guess-work could have accomplished. Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people who believed they could recognize their brand. In the end, only 7 out of 19 regular cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all four trials. The diet-cola drinkers did a little worse-only 7 of 27 identified all four samples correctly. 2）找答案要有方向感 Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another and to determine where we fit in society. As we go about our everyday lives, we mentally attempt to place people in terms of their statuses. For example, we must judge whether the person in the library is a reader or a librarian, whether the telephone caller is a friend or a salesman, whether the unfamiliar person on our property is a thief or a meter reader, and so on. The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter, and change throughout life. Most of us can, at very high speed, assume the statuses that various situations require. Much of social interaction consists of identifying and selecting among appropriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statuses in relation to us. This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation. Although some of us find the task more difficult than other, most of us perform it rather effortlessly. A status has been compared to ready-made clothes. Within certain limits, the buyer can choose style and fabric. But an American is not free to choose costume（服装）of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince. We must choose from among the clothing presented by our society. Furthermore, our choice is limited to a size that will fit, as well as by our pocketbook（钱包）. Having made a choice within these limits we can have certain alterations made, but apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores have on their racks. Statuses too come ready made, and the range of choice among them is limited. 51. In the first paragraph, the writer tells us that statuses can help us ________. A) determine whether a person is fit for a certain jobB) behave appropriately in relation to other peopleC) protect ourselves in unfamiliar situationsD) make friends with other people 52. According to the writer, people often assume different statuses ________. A) in order to identify themselves with othersB) in order to better identify others C) as their mental processes change D) as the situation changes. 53. The word appraisal most probably means ________ . A) involvement C) assessment B) appreciation D) presentation 54. In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the pronoun it refers to ________ . A) fitting our actions to those of other people appropriatelyB) identification of other peoples statusesC) selecting ones own statuses D) constant mental process 55. By saying that an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince , the writer means ________. A) different people have different styles of clothesB) ready-made clothes may need alterationsC) statuses come ready made just like clothesD) our choice of statuses is limited Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always encourage such people, but I also explain that theres a big difference between being a writer and writing. In most cases these individuals are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hours alone at a typewriter. Youve got to want to write, I say to them, not want to be a writer.The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-paying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never rewarded. When I left a 20-year career in the U.S. Coast Guard to become a freelance writer（自由撰稿者）, I had no prospects at all: What I did have was a friend who found me my room in a New York apartment building. It didnt even matter that it was cold and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used manual typewriter and felt like a genuine writer. After a year or so, however, I still hadnt gotten a break and began to doubt myself. It was so hard to sell a story that barely made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to write. I had dreamed about it for years. I wasnt going to be one of those people who die wondering, What if? I would keep putting my dream to the test even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure. This is Shadowland of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there. 56. The passage is meant to ________. A) warn young people of the hardships that a successful writer has to experienceB) advise young people to give up their idea of becoming a professional writerC) show young people its unrealistic for a writer to pursue wealth and fameD) encourage young people to pursue a writing career57. What can be concluded from the passage? A) Genuine writers often find their work interesting and rewarding. B) A writers success depends on luck rather than on effort. C) Famous writers usually live in poverty and isolation. D) The chances for a writer to become successful are small. 58. Why did the author begin to doubt himself after the first year of his writing career? A) He wasnt able to produce a single book. B) He hadnt seen a change for the better. C) He wasnt able to have a rest for a whole year. D) He found his dream would never come true. 59. ... people who die wondering, What if? refers to those ________. A) who think too much of the dark side of lifeB) who regret giving up their career halfwayC) who think a lot without making a decisionD) who are full of imagination even upon death60. Shadowland in the last sentence refers to ________. A) the wonderland on often dreams about B) the bright future that one is looking forward toC) the state of uncertainty before ones final goal is reachedD) a world that exists only in ones imagination
2、能力方面的要求： 1）把握文章主题 2）说明重要细节 3）进行分析推理 4）领会作者的态度 七种题型： 1、态度题 2、是非判断题 3、细节题 4、观点题 5、考文章主题的主题题型 6、推理题 7、词汇题
Taste is such a subjective matter that we dont usually conduct preference tests for food. The most you can say about anyones preference, is that its one persons opinion. But because the two big cola（可乐饮料）companiesCoca-Cola and Pepsi Cola are marketed so aggressively, weve wondered how big a role taste preference actually plays in brand loyalty. We set up a taste test that challenged people who identified themselves as either Coca-Cola or Pepsi fans: Find your brand in a blind tasting. We invited staff volunteers who had a strong liking for either Coca-Cola Classic（传统型）or Pepsi, Diet（低糖的）Coke, or Diet Pepsi. These were people who thought theyd have no trouble telling their brand from the other brand. We eventually located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet cola drinkers. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet versions for the other. We asked them to tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we analyzed the records statistically to compare the participants choices with what mere guess-work could have accomplished. Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people who believed they could recognize their brand. In the end, only 7 out of 19 regular cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all four trials. The diet-cola drinkers did a little worse-only 7 of 27 identified all four samples correctly. While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times. Two people got all four samples wrong. Overall, half the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first, so fatigue, or taste burnout, was not a factor. Our preference test results suggest that only a few Pepsi participants and Coke fans may really be able to tell their favorite brand by taste and price. 56. According to the passage the preference test was conducted in order to ________. A) find out the role taste preference plays in a persons drinkingB) reveal which cola is more to the liking of the drinkersC) show that a persons opinion about taste is mere guess-workD) compare the ability of the participants in choosing their drinks57. The statistics recorded in the preference tests show ________. A) Coca-Cola and Pepsi are peoples two most favorite drinksB) there is not much difference in taste between Coca-Cola and PepsiC) few people had trouble telling Coca-Cola from PepsiD) peoples tastes differ from one another58. It is implied in the first paragraph that ________. A) the purpose of taste tests is to promote the sale of colasB) the improvement of quality is the chief concern of the two cola companiesC) the competition between the two colas is very strongD) blind tasting is necessary for identifying fans59. The word burnout here refers to the state of ________. A) being seriously burnt in the skin B) being unable to burn for lack of fuel C) being badly damaged by fire D) being unable to function because of excessive use60. The authors purpose in writing this passage is to ________. A) show that taste preference is highly subjectiveB) argue that taste testing is an important marketing strategyC) emphasize that taste and price are closely related to each otherD) recommend that blind tasting be introduced in the quality control of colas
如何提高阅读能力： 1、扩大阅读量 2、模仿长句、难句、复杂句 3、攻克单词关 四级阅读的做题方法： 1、在题干中找关键词 2、分析原文，同时定位关键词 3、做题时，要回到文章分析相关内容 4、结合排除法选择答案课程安排： 1、前6次课：9大考点；7种题型；两种能力 2、快速阅读；简答题教材使用： 1、真题的作用 2、模拟教材的误导作用考试易犯的五大错误 练习 Oceanography has been defined as The application of all sciences to the study of the sea. Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant（不愿意）to go to sea to further his work. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question What is at the bottom of the oceans? had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers has to know the depth profile（起伏形状）of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured. It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings（测深）were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea. The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea. Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition（考察）, which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea. Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being published in 1895. 21. The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly ________. A) for oceanographic studies C) for business considerationsB) for military purposes D) for investigating the depths of the oceans22. It was ________ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies. A) the American Navy B) some early intercontinental travellersC) those who earned a living from the seaD) the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was ________. A) to make some sound experiments in the oceansB) to collect samples of sea plants and animalsC) to estimate the length of cable that was to be madeD) to measure the depths of two oceans 24. Defied in the 5th paragraph probably means ________. A) doubtedB) challenged C) gave proof toD) agreed to 25. This passage is mainly about ______. A) the beginnings of oceanography B) the laying of the first undersea cableC) the investigation of ocean depths D) the early intercontinental communicationsPsychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive（认知学派的）researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary（金钱的）rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements（刺激）indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. If kids know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity, says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. But its easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades. In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims. 66. Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward ________. A) the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewardsB) the amount of monetary rewards for students creativityC) the study of relationship between actions and their consequencesD) the effects of external rewards on students performance67. What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students? A) They have no doubts about them. C) They approve of them. B) They have doubts about them. D) They avoid talking about them. 68. Which of the following can best raise students creativity according to Robert Eisenberger? A) Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with before. B) Assigning them tasks which require inventiveness. C) Giving them rewards they really deserve. D) Giving them rewards they anticipate. 69. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe ________. A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of studentsB) punishment is more effective than rewardingC) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standardsD) discouraging the students anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency70. The phrase token economies probably refers to ________. A) ways to develop economy C) approaches to solving problemsB) systems of rewarding students D) methods of improving performance 阅读 Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit（学分）which he may count towards a degree. In many American universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasting for one semester（学期）. A typical course consists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks; while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester. Normally a student would expect to take four years attending two semesters each year. It is possible to spread the period of work for the degree over a longer period. It is also possible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course, though this is not in fact done as a regular practice. For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs. Elections to positions in student organization arouse much enthusiasm. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities. Any student who is thought to have broken the rules, for example, by cheating has to appear before a student court. With the enormous numbers of students, the operation of the system does involve a certain amount of activity. A student who has held one of these positions of authority is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in his career. 26. Normally a student would at least attend ________ classes each week. A) 36 C) 20 B) 12 D) 15 27. According to the first paragraph an American student is allowed ________. A) to live in a different university B) to take a particular course in a different universityC) to live at home and drive to classes D) to get two degrees from two different universities28. American university students are usually under pressure of work because ________. A) their academic performance will affect their future careersB) they are heavily involved in student affairsC) they have to observe university disciplineD) they want to run for positions of authority29. Some students are enthusiastic for positions in student organisations probably because ________. A) they hate the constant pressure and strain of their studyB) they will then be able to stay longer in the universityC) such positions help them get better jobsD) such positions are usually well paid 30. The student organisations seem to be effective in ________. A) dealing with the academic affairs of the universityB) ensuring that the students observe university regulationsC) evaluating students performance by bringing them before a courtD) keeping up the students enthusiasm for social activitiesDo you find getting up in the morning so difficult that its painful? This might be called laziness, but Dr. Kleitman has a new explanation. He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle. During the hours when you labour through your work you may say that youre hot. Thats true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues（自言自语）as: Get up, John! youll be late for work again! The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has. You cant change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help. Dr. Kleitman believes. Maybe youre sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway. Counteract（对抗）your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy is low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise before you usual hour. This wont change your cycle, but youll get up steam（鼓起干劲）and work better at your low point. Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn（呵欠）and stretch. Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours. 31. If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably ________. A) he is a lazy person B) he refuses to follow his own energy cycleC) he is not sure when his energy is low D) he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening32. Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage? A) Unawareness of energy cycles. B) Familiar monologues. C) A change in a family members energy cycle. D) Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members. 33. If one wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning, he should ________. A) change his energy cycle B) overcome his laziness C) get up earlier that usual D) go to bed earlier 34. You are advised to rise with a yawn and stretch because it will ________. A) help to keep your energy for the days workB) help you to control your temper early in the dayC) enable you to concentrate on your routine workD) keep your energy cycle under control all day35. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE? A) Getting off to work with a minimum effort helps save ones energy. B) Dr. Kleitman explains why people reach their peaks at different hours of day. C) Habit helps one adapt to his own energy cycle. D) Children have energy cycles, too. 总结 1、数字 1）数字串考且仅考一个题 2）计算题至少涉及两个数字 2、转折 1）第一段的转折经常和文章主题有关联 2）转折前后对应的单词是反义词，对应的句子是反义句 3）如果句子里面含有however，被考的可能性90％以上 3、举例 如果题干在问一个例子说明什么，则文章中例子本身可以不看29. The example of the Apollo II moon launch is given to illustrate that ________. A) minor mistakes can be ignored in achieving major objectivesB) keeping ones goal in mind helps in deciding which details can be overlookedC) adjustments are the key to the successful completion of any workD) failure is the mother of success On average, American kids ages 3 to 12 spent 29 hours a week in school, eight hours more that they did in 1981. They also did more household work and participated in more of such organized activities as soccer and ballet（芭蕾舞）. Involvement in sports, in particular, rose almost 50% from 1981 to 1997: boys now spend an average of four hours a week playing sports; girls log half that time. All in all, however, childrens leisure time dropped from 40% of the day in 1981 to 25%Children are affected by the same time crunch（危机）that affects their parents, says Sandra Hofferth, who headed the recent study of childrens timetable, A chief reason, she says, is that more mothers are working outside the home. All work and no play could make for some very messed-up kids. Play is the most powerful way a child explores the world and learns about himself, says T. Berry Brazelton, professor at Harvard Medical School. Unstructured play encourages independent thinking and allows the young to negotiate their relationships with their peers, but kids ages 3 to 12 spent only 12 hours a week engaged in it. The children sampled spent a quarter of their rapidly decreasing free time watching television. But that, believe it or not, was one of the findings parents might regard as good news. If theyre spending less time in front of the TV set, however, kids arent replacing it with reading. Despite efforts to get kids more interested in books, the children spent just over an hour a week reading. Lets face it, whos got the time? 21. By mentioning the same time crunch Sandra Hofferth means ________. A) children have little time to play with their parentsB) children are not taken good care of by their working parentsC) both parents and children suffer from lack of leisure timeD) both parents and children have trouble managing their time22. According to the author, the reason given by Sandra Hofferth for the time crunch is ________. A) quite convincing B) partially true C) totally groundless D) rather confusing 23. According to the author a child develops better if ________. A) he has plenty of time reading and studyingB) he is left to play with his peers in his own wayC) he has more time participating in school activitiesD) he is free to interact with his working parents24. The author is concerned about the fact that American kids ________. A) are engaged in more and more structured activitiesB) are increasingly neglected by their working mothersC) are spending more and more time watching TVD) are involved less and less in household work25. We can infer from the passage that ________. A) extracurricular activities promote childrens intelligenceB) most children will turn to reading with TV sets switched offC) efforts to get kids interested in reading have been fruitfulD) most parents believe reading to be beneficial to childrenSuppose we built a robot（机器人）to explore the planet Mars. We provide the robot with seeing detectors to keep it away from danger. It is powered entirely by the sun. Should we program the robot to be equally active at all times? No. The robot would be using up energy at a time when it was not receiving any. So we would probably program it to cease its activity at night and to wake up at dawn the next morning. According to the evolutionary（进化的）theory of sleep, evolution equipped us with a regular pattern of sleeping and waking for the same reason. The theory does not deny（否认）that sleep provides some important restorative functions. It merely says that evolution has programmed us to perform those functions at a time when activity would be inefficient and possibly dangerous. However, sleep protects us only from the sort of trouble we might walk into; it does not protect us from trouble that comes looking for us. So we sleep well when we are in a familiar, safe place, but we sleep lightly, if at all, when we fear that bears will nose into the tent. The evolutionary theory accounts well for differences in sleep among creatures. Why do cats, for instance, sleep so much, while horses sleep so little? Surely cats do not need five times as much repair and restoration as horses do. But cats can afford to have long periods of inactivity because they spend little time eating and are unlikely to be attacked while they sleep. Horses must spend almost all their waking hours eating, because what they eat is very low in energy value. Moreover, they cannot afford to sleep too long or too deeply, because their survival depends on their ability to run away from attackers. 21. The author uses the example of the robot in space exploration to tell us ________. A) the differences between robots and menB) the reason why men need to sleep C) about the need for robots to save powerD) about the danger of men working at night22. Evolution has programmed man to sleep at night chiefly to help him ________. A) maintain a regular pattern of life B) prevent trouble that comes looking for himC) avoid danger and inefficient labour D) restore his bodily functions 23. According to the author, we cannot sleep well when we ________. A) are worrying about our safety C) are in a tentB) are overworked D) are away from home 24. Cats sleep much more than horses do partly because cats ________. A) need more time for restoration B) are unlikely to be attackers C) are more active than horses when they are awakeD) spend less time eating to get enough energy25. Which of the following is the main idea of the passage? A) Evolution has equipped all creatures with a regular pattern of sleeping and waking. B) The study of sleep is an important part of the evolutionary theory. C) Sleep patterns must be taken into consideration in the designing of robots. D) The sleeping pattern of a living creature is determined by the food it eats. Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage: We find that bright children are rarely heal back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming（把按能力分班）pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade! Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual（智力的）ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning. In our classrooms, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the opportunity to learn to co-operate, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They also learn how to cope with（对付）personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyse and evaluate, and to communicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher. Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual tasks and assignments, and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is appropriate. We encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this efficiently. An advanced pupil can do advanced work: it does not matter what age the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every encouragement to attain this goal. 36. In the passage the authors attitude towards mixed-ability teaching is ________. A) critical C) approving B) questioning D) objective 37. By held back the author means ________. A) made to remain in the same classes B) forced to study in the lower classes C) drawn to their studies D) prevented from advancing 38. The author argues that a teachers chief concern should be the development of the students ________. A) personal qualities and social skills B) total personality C) learning ability and communicative skillsD) intellectual ability 39. Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED in the third paragraph? A) Group work gives pupils the opportunity to learn to work together with others. B) Pupils also learn to develop their reasoning abilities. C) Group work provides pupils with the opportunity to learn to be capable organizers. D) Pupils also learn how to participate in teaching activities. 40. The authors purpose of writing this passage is to ________. A) argue for teaching bright and not-so-bright pupils in the same classB) recommend pair work and group work for classroom activitiesC) offer advice on the proper use of the libraryD) emphasize the importance of appropriate formal classroom teachingQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse. They see a day in the not-too-distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to rust. Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to stay. They hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable future. The motorcar will undoubtedly change significantly over the next 30 years. It should become smaller, safer, and more economical, and should not be powered by the gasoline engine. The car of the future should be far more pollution-free than present types. Regardless of its power source, the auto in the future will still be the main problem in urban traffic congestion（拥挤）. One proposed solution to this problem is the automated highway system. When the auto enters the highway system, a retractable（可伸缩的）arm will drop from the auto and make contact with a rail, which is similar to those powering subway trains electrically. Once attached to the rail, the car will become electrically powered from the system, and control of the vehicle will pass to a central computer. The computer will then monitor all of he cars movements. The driver will use a telephone to dial instructions about his destination into the system. The computer will calculate the best route, and reserve space for the car all the way to the correct exit from the highway. The driver will then be free to relax and wait for the buzzer（蜂鸣器）that will warn him of his coming exit. It is estimated that an automated highway will be able to handle 10000 vehicles per hour, compared with the 1500 to 2000 vehicles that can be carried by a present-day highway. 21. One significant improvement in the future car will probably be ________. A) its power source B) its driving system C) its monitoring system D) its seating capacity 22. What is the authors main concern? A) How to render automobiles pollution-free. B) How to make smaller and safer automobiles. C) How to solve the problem of traffic jams. D) How to develop an automated subway system. 23. What provides autos with electric power in an automated highway system? A) A rail. B) An engine C) A retractable arm. D) A computer controller. 24. In an automated highway system, all the driver needs to do is ________. A) keep in the right lane B) wait to arrive at his destination C) keep in constant touch with the computer centerD) inform the system of his destination by phone25. What is the authors attitude toward the future of autos? A) Enthusiastic. B) Pessimistic. C) Optimistic. D) Cautious. Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. Dogs are social animals and without proper training, they will behave like wild animals. They will soil your house, destroy your belongings, bark excessively, fight other dogs and even bite you. Nearly all behavior problems are perfectly normal dog activities that occur at the wrong time or place or are directed at the wrong thing. The key to preventing or treating behavior problems is learning to teach the dog to redirect its normal behavior to outlets that are acceptable in the domestic setting. One of the best things you can do for your dog and yourself is to obedience train（驯服）it. Obedience training doesnt solve all behavior problems, but it is the foundation for solving just about any problem. Training opens up a line of communication between you and your dog. Effective communication is necessary to instruct your dog about what you want it to do. Training is also an easy way to establish the social rank order. When your dog obeys a simple request of come here, sit, it is showing obedience and respect for you. It is not necessary to establish yourself as top dog or leader of the dog pack（群）by using extreme measures. You can teach your dog its subordinate（从属的）role by teaching it to show submission to you. Most dogs love performing tricks for you to pleasantly accept that you are in charge. Training should be fun and rewarding for you and your dog. It can enrich your relationship and make living together more enjoyable. A well-trained dog is more confident and can more safely be allowed a greater amount of freedom that an untrained animal. 21. Behavior problems of dogs are believed to ________. A) worsen in modern society B) occur when they go wild C) be just part of their nature D) present a threat to the community 22. The primary purpose of obedience training is to ________. A) teach the dog to perform clever tricksB) enable the dog to regain its normal behaviorC) make the dog aware of its owners authorityD) provide the dog with outlets for its wild behavior23. Effective communication between a dog and its owner is ________. A) an extreme measure in obedience trainingB) a good way to teach the dog new tricksC) the foundation for dogs to perform tasksD) essential to solving the dogs behavior problems24. Why do pet dogs love performing tricks for their masters? A) To show their willingness to obey. B) To show their affection for their masters. C) To avoid being punished. D) To win leadership of the dog pack. 25. When a dog has received effective obedience training, its owner ________. A) will enjoy a better family life B) can give the dog more freedom C) can give the dog more rewards D) will have more confidence in himself Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage: Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States? Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian（百姓的）clothes. People have become conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity（身份）than to step out of uniform? Uniforms also have many practical benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are tax-deductible（可减税的）. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes. Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least. Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long-lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes. 31. It is surprising that Americans who worship variety and individuality ________A) still judge a man by his clothes B) hold the uniform in such high regard C) enjoy having a professional identity D) will respect an elevator operator as much as a general in uniform32. People are accustomed to think that a man in uniform ________. A) suggests quality work B) discards his social identity C) appears to be more practical D) looks superior to a person in civilian clothes33. The chief function of a uniform is to ________. A) provide practical benefits to the wearerB) make the wearer catch the public eye C) inspire the wearers confidence in himselfD) provide the wearer with a professional identity34. According to the passage, people wearing uniforms ________. A) are usually helpful B) have little or no individual freedom C) tend to lose their individuality D) enjoy greater popularity 35. The best title for this passage would be ________. A) Uniforms and Society B) The Importance of Wearing a Uniform C) Practical Benefits of Wearing a UniformD) Advantages and Disadvantages of Uniforms因果原则： （1）重点单词：reason, because, for, since。 （2）如果一个句子里存在因果关系、转折关系，该句很有可能涉及考题。 比较原则： （1）重点单词：most, more, especially, differ。 （2）当几种情况并列出现，必考最典型的内容。 举例： When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturers claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty（保单）, or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction. A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the higher up the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumers favour, assuming he or she has a just claim. Consumers should complain in person whenever possible, but if they cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter. Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in question. If this cannot be done, the consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong, rather than by making general statements. For example, The left speaker does not work at all and the sound coming out of the right one is unclear is better than This stereo（立体声音响）does not work.The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, the consumer should do this, stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible. But if a polite complaint does not achieve the desired result, the consumer can go a step further. She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers rights. 31. When a consumer finds that his purchase has a fault in it, the first thing he should do is to ________. A) complain personally to the manager B) threaten to take the matter to court C) write a firm letter of complaint to the store of purchaseD) show some written proof of the purchase to the store32. If a consumer wants a quick settlement of his problem, its better to complain to ________. A) a shop assistant C) the manufacturer B) the store manager D) a public organization33. The most effective complaint can be made by ________. A) showing the faulty item to the manufacturerB) explaining exactly what is wrong with the itemC) saying firmly that the item is of poor qualityD) asking politely to change the item 34. The phrase live up to in the context means ________. A) meet the standard of C) fulfil the demands ofB) realize the purpose of D) keep the promise of35. The passage tells us _________. A) how to settle a consumers complaint about a faulty itemB) how to make an effective complaint about a faulty itemC) how to avoid buying a faulty item D) how to deal with complaints from customersQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage: Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats. It is said that the Englishman objects to this type of existence, but if the case is such, he does in fact differ from the inhabitants of most countries of the world today. In the past our own blocks of flats have been associated with the lower-income groups and they have lacked the obvious provisions, such as central heating, constant hot water supply, electrically operated lifts from top to bottom, and so on, as well as such details important notwithstanding（然而）, as easy facilities for disposal of dust and rubbish and storage places for baby carriages on the ground floor, playgrounds for children on the top of the buildings, and drying grounds for washing. It is likely that the dispute regarding flats versus（对，对抗）individual houses will continue to rage on for a long time as far as Britain is concerned. And it is unfortunate that there should be hot feelings on both sides whenever this subject is raised. Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption（设想）that everyone prefers an individual home and garden and on the high cost per unit of accommodation. The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both money and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident. 31. We can infer from the passage that ________. A) people in most countries of the world today are not opposed to living in flatsB) English people, like most people in other countries, dislike living in flatsC) people in Britain are forced to move into high blocks of flatsD) modern flats still fail to provide the necessary facilities for living32. What is said about the blocks of flats built in the past in Britain? A) They were sold to people before necessary facilities were installed. B) They were usually not large enough to accommodate big families. C) They were mostly inhabited by people who did not earn much. D) They provided playgrounds for children on the top of the buildings. 33. The word rage means ________. A) be ignored C) encourage people greatlyB) be in fashion D) develop with great force34. Some people oppose the building of flats because ________. A) the living expenses for each individual family are higherB) they believe people like to live in houses with gardensC) it involves higher cost compared with the building of housesD) the disposal of rubbish remains a problem for those living in flats35. The author mentions that people who live in suburban houses ________. A) do not have access to easy facilities because they live away from the cityB) have to pay a lot of money to employ people to do service workC) have to spend more money and time travelling to work every dayD) take longer time to know each other because they are a scattered community 四级中重要的句型： 1、主谓分离。如果第一个名词后面没有谓语动词，则第一个名词为本句话的主语。 举例：Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, ... 2、并列双结构。指一个句子中会有两个成分并列。通过并列连词（and） 从后向前找出并列的核心单词。 举例：The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both money and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident. 举例：Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption（设想）that everyone prefers an individual home and garden and on the high cost per unit of accommodation. 3、多重复合句。理解方法：括起从句，抓住主干。 4、环环相扣句型。把长句分割为短句，分层次各个击破。 举例：At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state. 重要的句子： 1、For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question What is at the bottom of the oceans? had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. 2、Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit（学分）which he may count towards a degree. 3、Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. ...A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. 4、Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats....In the past our own blocks of flats have been associated with the lower-income groups and they have lacked the obvious provisions, such as central heating, constant hot water supply, electrically operated lifts from top to bottom, and so on, as well as such details important notwithstanding（然而）, as easy facilities for disposal of dust and rubbish and storage places for baby carriages on the ground floor, playgrounds for children on the top of the buildings, and drying grounds for washing. Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption（设想）that everyone prefers an individual home and garden and on the high cost per unit of accommodation. 5、The key to preventing or treating behavior problems is learning to teach the dog to redirect its normal behavior to outlets that are acceptable in the domestic setting. 对四级细节题的总结： 1、答案不跨段。 2、90%根据关键词定位。10%利用题目的顺序。 3、考点不重复。 举例：27. Some scientists believe that a breakthrough in the use of solar energy depends on ________. A) sufficient funding C) advanced technology B) further experiments D) well-equiped laboratories30. The application of advanced technology to research in solar energy ________. A) would lead to a big increase in research fundingB) would make it unnecessary to import oilC) would make it possible to meet the future energy needs of the EECD) would provide a much greater proportion of the Communitys future energy needs举例：39. Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of ________. A) instrumental support B) informational support C) social companionship D) the strengthening of self-respect 40. Social companionship is beneficial in that ________. 4、当细节题只有12个时，原文中的细节部分要快看。 A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement（新拓居地）spread ever farther westward. The early trains were impractical curiosities, and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems. The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load, and the development of a safe, effective stopping system. Once these were solved, the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation. By 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi. There were also regional southern and western lines. The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental system. In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point, so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with the Pacific. The Government helped the railroads generously with money and land. Actual work on this project began four years later. The Central Pacific Company, starting from California, used Chinese labor, while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish labourers. The two groups worked at remarkable speed, each trying to cover a greater distance than the other. In 1869 they met at a place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah. Many visitors came there for the great occasion. There were joyous celebrations all over the country, with parades and the ringing of church bells to honor the great achievement. The railroad was very important in encouraging westward movement. It also helped build up industry and farming by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets. In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States. 36. The major problems with Americas railroad system in the mid 19th century lay in ________. A) poor quality rails and unreliable stopping systemsB) lack of financial support for developmentC) limited railroad lines D) lack of a transcontinental railroad 37. The building of the first transcontinental system ________. A) brought about a rapid growth of industry and farming in the westB) attracted many visitors to the construction sitesC) attracted labourers from Europe D) encouraged people to travel all over the country38. The best title for this passage would be ________. A) Settlements Spread Westward B) The Coast-to-Coast Railroad: A Vital LinkC) American Railroad History D) The Importance of Railroads in the American Economy39. The construction of the transcontinental railroad took ________. A) 9 years C) 4 years B) 7 years D) 3 years 40. What most likely made people think about a transcontinental railroad? A) The possibility of government support for such a task. B) The need to explore Utah. C) The need to connect the east coast with the west. D) The need to develop the railroad industry in the west. Unit 20 Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. For an increasing number of students at American universities, Old is suddenly in. The reason is obvious: the graying of America means jobs. Coupled with the aging of the baby-boom（生育高峰）generation, a longer life span means that the nations elderly population is bound to expand significantly over the next 50 years. By 2050, 25 percent of all Americans will be older than 65, up from 14 percent in 1995. The change poses profound questions for government and society, of course. But it also creates career opportunities in medicine and health professions, and in law and business as well. In addition to the doctors, were going to need more sociologists, biologists, urban planners and specialized lawyers, says Professor Edward Schneider of the University of Southern Californias School of Gerontology（老年学）. Lawyers can specialize in elder law, which covers everything from trusts and estates to nursing-home abuse and age discrimination（歧视）. Businessmen see huge opportunities in the elder market because the baby boomers, 74 million strong, are likely to be the wealthiest group of retirees in human history. Any student who combines an expert knowledge in gerontology with, say an MBA or law degree will have a license to print money, one professor says. Margarite Santos is a 21-year-old senior at USC. She began college as a biology major but found she was really bored with bacteria. So she took a class in gerontology and discovered that she liked it. She says, I did volunteer work in retirement homes and it was very satisfying.31. ... Old is suddenly in most probably means ________. A) America has suddenly become a nation of old peopleB) gerontology has suddenly become popularC) more elderly professors are found on American campusesD) American colleges have realized the need of enrolling older students32. With the aging of America, lawyers can benefit ________. A) from the adoption of the elder law B) from rendering special services to the elderlyC) by enriching their professional knowledgeD) by winning the trust of the elderly to promote their own interests33. Why can businessmen make money in the emerging elder market? A) Retirees are more generous in spending money. B) They can employ more gerontologists. C) The elderly possess an enormous purchasing power. D) There are more elderly people working than before. 34. Who can make big money in the new century according to the passage? A) Retirees who are business-minded. B) The volunteer workers in retirement homes. C) College graduates with an MBA or law degree. D) Professional with a good knowledge of gerontology. 35. It can seen from the passage that the expansion of Americas elderly population ________. A) will provide good job opportunities in many areasB) will impose an unbearable burden on societyC) may lead to nursing home abuse and age discriminationD) will create new fields of study in universities Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. The decline in moral standards which has long concerned social analystshas at last captured the attention of average Americans. And Jean Bethke Elshtain, for one, is glad. The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nations moral climate, says this ethics（伦理学）professor at the University of Chicago, is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it. But the challenge is not to be underestimated. Materialism and individualism in American society are the biggest obstacles. The thought thatIm in it for me has become deeply rooted in the national consciousness, Ms. Elshtain says. Some of this can be attributed to the disintegration of traditional communities, in which neighbors looked out for one another, she says. With todays greater mobility and with so many couples working, those bonds have been weakened, replaced by a greater emphasis on self. In a 1996 poll of Americans, loss of morality topped the list of the biggest problems facing the U.S. And Elshtain says the public is correct to sense that: Data show that Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s, such as classroom violence and high rate of births to unmarried mothers. The desire for a higher moral standard is not a lament（挽歌）for some nonexistent golden age, Elshtain says, nor is it a wishful（一厢情愿的）longing for a time that denied opportunities to women and minorities. Most people, in fact, favor the lessening of prejudice. Moral decline will not be reversed until people find ways to counter the materialism in society, she says. Slowly, you recognize that the things that matter are those that cant be bought.36. Professor Elshtain is pleased to see that Americans ________. A) have adapted to a new set of moral standardsB) are longing for the return of the good old daysC) have realized the importance of material thingsD) are awakening to the lowering of their moral standards37. The moral decline of American society is caused main by ________. A) its growing wealth B) the self-centeredness of individuals C) underestimating the impact of s
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