1.试验型
2.科技成果型 3.现象解释型
按照体裁分为三类：
一、 说明文 1.抓住说明对象 2.重要数据事实
二、 议论文 属于文科类文章
三、 记叙文
阅读中难点句型：
一、 多重复合句----关键抓住主句主干成分
二、 多重并列句----两个主句并列在一起，而非主句从句嵌套在一起
三、 强调句----被强调部分为主语、宾语、状语 It is that
四、 被动句----基本结构 A is done by B
五、 倒装句----否定词 hardly, rarely, seldom, never, not until, not only 引起句子倒装
六、 省略句----e.g. He is a good man, so am I.
建议采用的阅读方法：
一、 扫描题干，大致了解题目类型及分布，将其中细节题题干关键词划出。
二、速读原文，遇到题干关键词或其同义词时做适当标记;关注考试原则句。
考试原则句：重要句，转折句，条件句，因果关系句，复合句等难句，时间，数字，人名，比较。
三、定位答案，正确选项为文章对应语句的同义改写。
题型攻略：
一、主题题
两种变体：1.写作目的题型 purpose of writing
2.文章标题题型 the best title
做题方法：1.找主题句
2.找主体词
二、细节题 类型：1.对错题 2.例证题 3.一般细节题
做题方法：准确定位
三、词汇题
类型：1.指代题 2.词义题
做题方法：1.根据上下文关系
2.构词法
st:stay--stand--stationary--street--star--statue--status
pose:position-expose
1. 词根词缀 2. 阅读记忆
3. 联想记忆 如：handsome
morose
ancillary
四、推理题
正确答案特点：文章对应内容的同义改写
五、作者态度题
做题方法：1.找作者直接评价语句
2.找表达感情色彩的形容词、动词、副词
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
21. The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly _________.
A) for oceanographic studies
B) for military purposes
C) for business considerations
D) for investigating the depths of the oceans
22. It was ________ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.
A) the American Navy
B) some early intercontinental travellers
C) those who earned a living from the sea
D) the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable
23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was __________.
A) to make some sound experiments in the oceans
B) to collect samples of sea plants and animals
C) to estimate the length of cable that was to be made
D) to measure the depths of two oceans
24. Defied in the 5th paragraph probably means ________
A) doubted B) gave proof to
C) challenged D) agreed to
25. This passage is mainly about _________
A) the beginnings of oceanography
B) the laying of the first undersea cable
C) the investigation of ocean depths
D) the early intercontinental communications
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Oceanography has been defined as The application of all sciences to the study of the sea.
注：1.Oceanography 由 Ocean 和 graphy 组成，意为海洋学
2.application 表示申请用介词for,表示应用用介词to
3.第一句给某个东西下定义，称为篇章定义，必为文章主题
Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work.
注：1.第二段：在十九世纪之前，对海洋感兴趣的科学家很少，可以推断本文根据时间顺序来描述海洋学发展的过程
2.further 跟在 to 后面是个动词，表示推进
For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question What is at the bottom of the oceans? had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.
注：1. remote 遥远的
2. and with...多重复合句
3. intercontinental 洲际的
4. let alone 更不用说
5. first time 由不感兴趣转折到感兴趣 ，谓语是 was
6. 第二句that引导同位语从句，when引导表语从句，整句意思为当有人基于商业目的建议在美国和欧洲之间铺设电报电缆的时候，人们才提出问题：海底是什么?
7.route 路线 router 路由器
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
注：1. it was ...that...强调句型
2. turn to sb. for sth. 向某人请教某事
3. 出现问题中划线词：Maury,1840s
3. investigate 调查， 测量
The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there
was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.
注：1.not until 引导的句子要倒装
2.living growth 生物
3.a fact 作同位语
4.contemporary 当代的
5.defy 前后意思相反，可以推出24题答案为C
24. Defied in the 5th paragraph probably means ________
A) doubted B) gave proof to
C) challenged D) agreed to
注：词汇题。定位倒数第二段
Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition , which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea. Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being published in 1895.
注：oceanography 最末一段与第一段首句都出现 oceanagraphy, 回环结构。
21. The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly _________.
A) for oceanographic studies
B) for military purposes
C) for business considerations
D) for investigating the depths of the oceans
注：推理题。定位第三段,倒数第三行。选项 D 的内容出现在第四段，为窜段选项
For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question What is at the bottom of the oceans? had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.
22. It was ________ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.
A) the American Navy
B) some early intercontinental travellers
C) those who earned a living from the sea
D) the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable
注：细节题。定位第四段,选项 B和C是窜段选项
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was __________.
A) to make some sound experiments in the oceans
B) to collect samples of sea plants and animals
C) to estimate the length of cable that was to be made
D) to measure the depths of two oceans
注：1.细节题。定位第四段，第二行。
2.B 和 C 是窜段选项，A选项中的sound和文章中的sounding含义不同。
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
24. Defied in the 5th paragraph probably means ________
A) doubted B) gave proof to
C) challenged D) agreed to
注：词汇题。定位倒数第二段,defy 前后意思相反，可以推出24题答案为C
25. This passage is mainly about _________
A) the beginnings of oceanography
B) the laying of the first undersea cable
C) the investigation of ocean depths
D) the early intercontinental communications
注：主题题。主题关键词为oceanography
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about ____.
A) relationships between causes and results
B) classification of reasoning
C) some other common types of reasoning
D) some special type of reasoning
2. According to the passage, to do the effect to effect reasoning is to reason ____.
A) from cause to effect
B) from effect to cause
C) from effect to effect and on to cause
D) from effect to cause and on to another effect
3. A necessary cause is ____.
A) one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur
B) one of the causes that can produce the effect
C) one that is enough to make the effect occur
D) none of them
4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off.
The power failure is a ____.
A) necessary cause B) sufficient cause
C) contributory cause D) none of them
5. This passage mainly discusses ____.
A) causal reasoning B) classification of cause
C) various types of reasoning D) the causal process
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an
examination?
注：1.reasoning 推理
2.第一句 Another...下结论，是主题句
3.第二、三句 We want to ...an examination?是举例,可以略读
4.malnutrition 中mal是表示不好的前缀;overnutrition 营养过剩
Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator wont work we first relate the effect to the cause and then relate that cause to another effect. This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out-power off-refrigerator not working -temperature will rise-milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.
注：1.causal 原因的，因果关系的
2.三种推理方式：从原因到结果、从结果到原因、从结果到原因再到另一个结果，第三种更重要
3.extensive 广泛的，来自extend延伸 extensive reading 泛读
4.In other words 换而言之 a succession of 一系列
5.本段讲关系链
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion ，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided , though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugsor an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
注：intersection 交叉路口 inter+section
In establishing or refuting a causal relation it is usually necessary to show the process by which the alleged cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.
注：在证实或驳斥因果关系需要把推理过程显示出来，如灯灭了，牛奶变酸：灯灭了-停电-冰箱不工作-温度上升-牛奶变酸
1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about ____.
A) relationships between causes and results
B) classification of reasoning
C) some other common types of reasoning
D) some special type of reasoning
注：文章之前的段落内容=首句+结构提示词，one-the
other/some-another
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination?
2. According to the passage, to do the effect to effect reasoning is to reason
A) from cause to effect
B) from effect to cause
C) from effect to effect and on to cause
D) from effect to cause and on to another effect
3. A necessary cause is ____.
A) one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur
B) one of the causes that can produce the effect
C) one that is enough to make the effect occur
D) none of them
注：第三段，A选项是必须在场的相同意思的改写。B选项是原因之一，sufficient cause，C选项没有必须含义。
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion ，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided , though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugsor an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
6 ...
4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off.
The power failure is a ____.
A) necessary cause B) sufficient cause
C) contributory cause D) none of them
注：断电不是冰箱不工作的必要原因，而是原因之一，冰箱坏了也可以导致冰箱不工作。
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion ，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided , though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugsor an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
5. This passage mainly discusses ____.
A) causal reasoning B) classification of cause
C) various types of reasoning
D) the causal process
注：主题题。文中只提到因果关系推理的几种操作方法
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination?
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:
6. The authors purpose writing this passage is to tell ____.
A) readers how to be popular in with around
B) teen-agers how to learn to decide things for themselves
C) parents how to control and guide their children
D) people how to understand and respect each other
7. According to the author, many teen-agers think they are brave enough to act on their own, but, in fact, most of them ____.
A) have much difficulty understanding each other
B) lack confidence
C) dare not cope with problems single-handed
D) are very much afraid of getting lost
8. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A) There is no popularity that really counts.
B) What many parents are doing is in fact hindering their children from finding their own paths.
C) It is not necessarily bad for a teen-ager to disagree with his or her classmates.
D) Most teen-agers claim that they want to do what they like to, but they are actually doing the same.
9. The author thinks of advertisements as ____.
A) convincing B) influential
C) instructive D) authoritative
10. During the teen-age years, one should learn to ____.
A) differ from others in as many ways as possible
B) get into the right season and become popular
C) find ones real self
D) rebel against parents and the popularity waves
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:
I hear many parents complaining that their teen-age children are rebelling, I wish it were so. At your age you ought to be growing away from your parents. You should be learning to stand on your own two feet. But take a good look at the present rebellion. It seems that teenagers are all taking the same way of showing that they disagree with their parents. Instead of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at one anothers hands for reassurance.
注：1.rebel 背叛、反叛
2.从第一句话看出本文是文科文章，所以从态度着手，I wish it were so 说明作者是负态度。
3.should 虚拟语气，表示负态度
4.reassurance=re+assure-ance 使确信;boldly 勇敢的;strike out 开辟
They claim they want to dress as they please. But they all wear the same clothes. They set off in new directions in music. But somehow they all end up crowded round listening to the same record. Their reason for thinking or acting in thus-and-such a way is that the crowd is doing it. They have come out of their cocoon--- into a larger cocoon.
注：1.But 表明作者负态度
2.set off 开始 3.end up 结果
4.reason 用来解释前面的现象
5.把青少年从众心理比喻成蚕茧
It has become harder and harder for a teen-ager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go his or her own way. Industry firmly carved out a teen-age market. These days every teen-ager can learn from the advertisements what a teen-ager should have and be. And many of todays parents have come to award high marks for the popularity of their children. All this adds up to a great barrier for the teen-ager who wants to find his or her own path.
注：1.第一句结论句，后面跟着解释
2.第二、三句 Industry... 工业广告对青少年的影响
3.第四句 And many of... 父母亲对青少年的影响
4.have come to 逐渐如何 award 奖励，鼓励; popularity 潮流，名声
But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to classical music instead of going to a party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you dont care to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it. Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come-with the people who respect you for who you are. Thats the only kind of popularity that really counts.
注: 1.path 路径
2.三个 you may 举例来支持前面一句话The path is worth following.
3.Find yourself.Be yourself. 提出建议,后面句子给出原因
4.count vi.重要，vt.数
6. The authors purpose writing this passage is to tell ____.
A) readers how to be popular in with around
B) teen-agers how to learn to decide things for themselves
C) parents how to control and guide their children
D) people how to understand and respect each other
注：写作目的题型，目标读者：青少年
7. According to the author, many teen-agers think they are brave enough to act on their own, but, in fact, most of them ____.
A) have much difficulty understanding each other
B) lack confidence
C) dare not cope with problems single-handed
D) are very much afraid of getting lost
注：brave定位第一段boldly
I hear many parents complaining that their teen-age children are rebelling, I wish it were so. At your age you ought to be growing away from your parents. You should be learning to stand on your own two feet. But take a good look at the present rebellion. It seems that teenagers are all taking the same way of showing that they disagree with their parents. Instead
of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at one anothers hands for reassurance.
8. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A) There is no popularity that really counts.
B) What many parents are doing is in fact hindering their children from finding their own paths.
C) It is not necessarily bad for a teen-ager to disagree with his or her classmates.
D) Most teen-agers claim that they want to do what they like to, but they are actually doing the same.
注：1.与文章最后一句话相反
2.no + n. 中no 相当于not any 表示没有任何的，为绝对化语气
no + adj. 中no 表示否定
But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to classical music instead of going to a party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you dont care to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it. Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come-with the people who respect you for who you are. Thats the only kind of popularity that really counts.
9. The author thinks of advertisements as ____.
A) convincing B) influential C) instructive D) authoritative
注：态度题，找作者直接评价语句，倒数第二段，应该是负评价。
convincing 有说服力的 authoritative 权威的
instructive 有启发性的,有教育意义的
influential 有影响的
A、C、D都属于正面评价，只有B为中性评价
It has become harder and harder for a teen-ager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go his or her own way. Industry firmly carved out a teen-age market. These days every teen-ager can learn from the advertisements what a teen-ager should have and be. And many of todays parents have come to award high marks for the popularity of their children. All this adds up to a great barrier for the teen-ager who wants to find his or her own path.
10. During the teen-age years, one should learn to ____.
A) differ from others in as many ways as possible
B) get into the right season and become popular
C) find ones real self
D) rebel against parents and the popularity waves
注：考最后一段，作者提出的建议
But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to classical music instead of going to a party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you dont care to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it. Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come-with the people who respect you for who you are. Thats the only kind of popularity that really counts.
31. If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably ________.
A) he is a lazy person
B) he refuses to follow his own energy cycle
C) he is not sure when his energy is low
D) he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening
32. Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage?
A) Unawareness of energy cycles.
B) Familiar monologues.
C) A change in a family members energy cycle.
D) Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members.
33. If one wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning, he should _________.
A) change his energy cycle B) overcome his laziness
C) get up earlier than usual D) go to bed earlier
34. You are advised to rise with a yawn and stretch because it will _________.
A) help to keep your energy for the days work
B) help you to control your temper early in the day
C) enable you to concentrate on your routine work
D) keep your energy cycle under control all day
35. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A) Getting off to work with a minimum effort helps save ones energy.
B) Dr. Kleitman explains why people reach their peaks at different hours of day.
C) Habit helps one adapt to his own energy cycle.
D) Children have energy cycles, too.
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that its painful? This might be called laziness, but Dr. Kleitman has a new explanation. He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.
注：1.第一句提出现象，后面跟着对现象的解释，这种解释一般是考点
2.but 转折词和 might 虚拟语气都表达作者负态度
3.最后一句话 he has proved... 主题句
During the hours when you labor through your work you may say that youre hot. Thats true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues as: Get up, John! Youll be late for work again! The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
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